Chapter 1 Resources

Anything that can be used to satisfy a need or has value can be called a resource.
Water, electricity, rickshaw, vegetable and textbook all have utility and hence are
considered as resources. All the resources have value or worth. Some resources
have economic value, some do not. Some may become valuable only over a
period of time. For example, your grandmom’s home remedies may not have
commercial value at present but if they are patented and sold, they could also
become economically valuable. Meanwhile, the two factors that change
substances to resources include time and technology.

Types of Resources

Resources are of 3 kinds- natural, human made and human.

Natural Resources are drawn from nature and are used without much
modification. Examples include the air we breathe, water in our rivers and lakes,
soil, minerals and so on. Natural resources can also be categorised into
renewable and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources can be renewed
and get replenished very quickly. Solar and wind energy are renewable resources
that are unlimited and will not be affected by human activities. Meanwhile, non-
renewable resources have limited stock and once exhausted may take thousands
of years to be replenished. Some examples are coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Physical factors like terrain, climate and altitude affect the distribution of natural
resources.

Human Made Resources: At times, natural substances become resources only

after their original form has changed. People make use of natural resources to
manufacture human made resources like buildings, bridges, roads, machinery
and vehicles. Another example is technology.

Human Resource refers to the number (quantity) and abilities (mental and

physical) of the people. That is why human beings are a special resource. People
are human resources. Improving the quality of people’s skills so that they are
able to create more resources is known as human resource development.

Conserving Resources
Imagine a situation where all the water on the earth had dried up and all the
trees were cut down. There is no shade and nothing to eat or drink. If we are not
careful then even renewable resources can become very scarce and the non-
renewable ones can definitely get exhausted. Using resources carefully and giving
them time to get renewed is called resource conservation. Carefully utilising
resources so that besides meeting the requirements of the present, it also takes
care of future generations is called sustainable development. There are ways to
conserve resources. Each person can contribute by reducing consumption,
recycling and reusing things.

The future of our planet and people is dependent on our ability to maintain and
preserve the life support system that nature provides. Therefore, we are required
to ensure that:

 all uses of renewable resources are sustainable

 the diversity of life on the earth is conserved

 the damage to the natural environmental system is minimised

What Are Natural Resources?

Natural Resources: Resources that are drawn from Nature and used without
much modification are called natural resources. The air we breathe, the water in
our rivers and lakes, the soils, minerals are all natural resources. Many of these
resources are free gifts of nature and can be used directly. In some cases tools
and technology may be needed to use a natural resource in the best possible way.

What Do You Understand By Renewable Resources?

Renewable resources: Renewable resources are those which get renewed or

replenished quickly. Some of these are unlimited and are not affected by human
activities, such as solar and wind energy. Yet careless use of certain renewable
resources like water, soil and forest can affect their stock. Water seems to be an
unlimited renewable resource. But shortage and drying up of natural water
sources is a major problem in many parts of the world today.
What Is Human Resources?

Human Resources: People can make the best use of nature to create more
resources when they have the knowledge, skill and the technology to do so. That
is why human beings are a special resource. Education and health help in making
people a valuable resource. People are human resources. Improving the quality
of people’s skills so that they are able to create more resources is known as
human resource development

Important Notes

1. Non-renewable resources are those which have a limited stock. Once the
stocks are exhausted it may take thousands of years to be renewed or
replenished. Since this period is much more than human life spans, such
resources are considered non-renewable. Coal, petroleum and natural gas
are some examples.
2.
2. Actual resources are those resources whose quantity is known. These
resources are being used in the present. The rich deposits of coal in Ruhr
region of Germany and petroleum in the West Asia, the dark soils of the
Deccan plateau in Maharashtra are all actual resources.
3. Natural resources are classified into different groups depending upon their
level of development and use; origin; stock and distribution.

4. On the basis of their development and use resources can be classified into
two groups, actual resources and potential resources.

Question 1:

Answer the following questions.

(i) Why are resources distributed unequally over the Earth?

(ii) What is resource conservation?

(iii) Why are human resources important?

(iv) What is sustainable development?

Answer:

(i) The distribution of resources depends upon a number of physical factors

like terrain, climate and altitude. Since these factors differ so much over the
Earth, the distribution of resources is unequal.

(ii) Using resources carefully and giving them time to get renewed is called
resource conservation.

(iii) People can make the best use of nature to create more resources when
they have the knowledge, skill and technology to do so. This is why human
beings are a special resource. It is the abilities of human beings which help
in transferring a physical material into a valuable resource. Hence, human
resources are important.

(iv) Balancing the need to use resources and also conserving them for the
future is called sustainable development.

In other words, sustainable development means utilising resources in such a

manner that not only are the present requirements met but also the needs
of the future generations are taken care of.

Question 2:

Tick the correct answer.

(i) Which one of the following does not make a substance a resource?

(a) Utility (b) Value (c) Quantity

(ii) Which one of the following is a human-made resource?

(a) Medicines to treat cancer

(b) Spring water

(c) Tropical forests

(iii) Biotic resources are

(a) Derived from living things

(b) Made by human beings

(c) Derived from non-living things

Answer:

(i) Which one of the following does not make a substance a resource?

(a) Utility (b) Value (c) Quantity

(ii) Which one of the following is a human-made resource?

(a) Medicines to treat cancer

(b) Spring water

(c) Tropical forests

(iii) Biotic resources are

(a) Derived from living things

(b) Made by human beings

(c) Derived from non-living things

Question 3:

Differentiate between the following.

(a) Potential and actual resources

(b) Ubiquitous and localised resources

Answer: (a)

Potential resource Actual resource

A resource whose entire quantity is not

known A resource whose quantity is known

Not being used at present, but could be

used in the future Being used in the present

The present level of technology is not The present level of technology is

advanced enough to utilise it advanced enough to utilise it

Example: The uranium found in Ladakh, Example: The dark soils of the Deccan
which could be used in the future plateau in Maharashtra

Sr
Potential resource Actual resource
No.
 A resource whose entire quantity is
1. A resource whose quantity is known.
not known.

2. They are not being used at present. They are being used in the present.

As technology improves their use in Available technology is used to use

3.
future is possible. these resources.

The present level of technology is not The present level of technology is

4.
advanced enough to utilise it. advanced enough to utilise it.

The dark soils of the Deccan plateau

The uranium found in Ladakh, which
in Maharashtra Rich deposits of coal
5. could be used in the future is an
in Ruhr region of Germany is an
example of potential resource
example of actual resources.

(b) Ubiquitous and localised resources

Ans:

Sr.
Ubiquitous resource Localised resource
No.

A resource which is found A resource which is found only in

1.
everywhere. certain places.

Its presence is not governed by Its presence is governed by

2.
physical conditions. physical conditions.

The air we breathe is an example of Mineral-like Copper is an example

3.
ubiquitous resources of localised resources.
 Q1. Fill in the blanks.

                          i.        The types of resources on basis of stock are renewable and non-

renewable resources.

                         ii.        All resources have some value.

                        iii.        Time and technology are two important factors that can change

substances into resources.

iv.        On the basis of distribution resources can be ubiquitous or

localised.

                        v.        On the basis of origin, resources can be abiotic or biotic.

                       vi.        On the basis of development and use resources can be classified

into two groups, actual resources and potential resources.

Q2. True/False

    i.        Natural gas is a non-renewable resource. True

     ii.        High speed winds were a potential resource two hundred years

ago. True

     iii.      Coal, petroleum and natural gas are some examples renewable

resources. False

     iv.       All resources have same value. False

     v.       All natural sources of energy are renewable. False

     vi.      Value means worth. True

 Q3. What are non-renewable resources?

Ans. Non-renewable resources are those which have a limited stock.

Q4. What is a patent?

Ans. Patent means the exclusive right over any idea or invention.

Q5. What do you mean by stock of resource?

Ans. Stock of resource is the amount of resources available for use.

Q6. What is utility?

Ans. If a substance can be used in any way, it is said to have a utility.

Q7. How are resources classified based on their origin?

Ans. Based on the origin, resources can be classified as abiotic or biotic.

 Q8. What makes a substance a resource?

Or
How does something become a resource?

Ans. Utility or usability is what makes an object or substance a resource.

 Q9. Why is air a ubiquitous resource?

Ans. Air is a ubiquitous resource because air we breathe is found everywhere.

 Q10. What are renewable resources?

Ans. Renewable resources are those which get renewed or replenished quickly.

 Q11. How are resources classified according to their distribution?

Ans. On the basis of their distribution resources can be ubiquitous or localised.

 Q12. How are resources classified broadly?

Ans. Resources are generally classified into natural, human made and human.

Q13. What is resource conservation?

Ans. Using resources carefully and giving them time to get renewed is called
resource conservation.

 Q14. What is technology?

Ans. Technology is the application of latest knowledge and skill in doing or
making things.

Q15. Name some natural resources.

Ans. The air we breathe, the water in our rivers and lakes, the soils, minerals are
all natural resources.

 Q16. What are natural resources?

Ans. Resources that are drawn from nature and used without much modification
are called natural resources.

 Q17. What is sustainable development?

Ans. Balancing the need to use resources and also conserve them for the future is
called sustainable development.

Q18. What is a Human Resource?

Ans. Human Resource refers to the number (quantity) and abilities (mental and
physical) of the people.

Q19. How natural resources are classified?

Ans. Natural resources are classified into different groups depending upon their
level of development and use; origin; stock and distribution.

Q20. How are resources classified according to their development and use?
Ans. On the basis of their development and use resources can be classified into
two groups, actual resources and potential resources.
 
Q21. What is human resource development?
Ans. Improving the quality of people’s skills so that they are able to create more
resources is known as human resource development.
 
Q22. What are the physical factors that affect the distribution of natural
resources?
Ans. The distribution of natural resources depends upon number of physical
factors like terrain, climate and altitude.

Q23. Why are human resources important?

Ans. Human resources are important because people can make the best use of
nature to create more resources by applying knowledge, skill and the technology.
 
Q24. Why are people considered as a resource?
Ans. People are considered a resource because people can make the best use of
nature to create more resources when they have the knowledge, skill and the
technology to do so.
 
Q25. Why are resources distributed unequally over the earth?
Ans. The distribution of natural resources depends upon number of physical
factors like terrain, climate and altitude. The distribution of resources is unequal
because these factors differ so much over the earth.
 
Q26. How potential resource can be actual resource?
Ans. High speed winds were a potential resource two hundred years ago. Today
they are an actual resource and wind farms generate energy using windmills like
in Netherlands, some in Nagercoil in Tamil Nadu and on the Gujarat coast.
Q27. Mention how stock of certain renewable resources may get affected by
overuse.
Or
Why certain renewable resources need to be used judiciously?
Ans. Careless use of certain renewable resources like water, soil and forest can
affect their stock. Water seems to be an unlimited renewable resource. But
shortage and drying up of natural water sources is a major problem in many
parts of the world today.
 
Q28. Differentiate between abiotic and biotic resources.
Ans.
 Abiotic Resources Biotic Resources
1. Abiotic resources are non-living. 1. Biotic resources are living.
2. Soils, rocks and minerals are abiotic 2. Plants and animals are biotic
resources. resources.
 
Q29. Differentiate between ubiquitous and localised resources.
Ans.
Ubiquitous Resources Localised Resources
1. Resources that are found everywhere 1. Resources that are found only
are ubiquitous resources. in certain places are localized
resources.
2. Example: air we breathe 2. Example: copper and iron ore

Q30. Mention our duty to maintain and preserve the life support system
that nature provides us.

Ans. The future of our planet and its people is linked with our ability to maintain
and preserve the life support system that nature provides. Therefore it is our
duty to ensure that.
                          i.        all uses of renewable resources are sustainable
                         ii.        the diversity of life on the earth is conserved
iii.        the damage to natural environmental system is minimised.
Q31. What is the significance of time and technology in making a substance
a resource?
Ans. Time and technology are two important factors that can change substances
into resources. Each discovery or invention leads to many others. The discovery
of fire led to the practice of cooking and other processes while the invention of
the wheel ultimately resulted in development of newer modes of transport. The
technology to create hydroelectricity has turned energy in fast flowing water into
an important resource.
 
 Q32. Write the basic principles of sustainable development.
Ans. Some Principles of Sustainable Development
                          i.        Respect and care for all forms of life.
                         ii.        Improve the quality of human life.
                        iii.        Conserve the earth’s vitality and diversity.
iv.        Minimise the depletion of natural resources.
                         v.        Change personal attitude and practices toward the environment.
                        vi.        Enable communities to care for their own environment.

Q33. Differentiate between natural resources and human made resources.

Ans.

Natural Resources Human Made Resources

1. Resources that are drawn from nature 1. People use natural resources to
and used without much modification are make buildings, bridges, roads,
called natural resources. machinery and vehicles, which are
known as human made resources.
2. Many of these resources are free gifts 2. Sometimes, natural substances
of nature and can be used directly. become resources only when their
original form has been changed.
3. The air we breathe, the water in our 3. Technology is a human made
rivers and lakes, the soils, minerals are resource.
all natural resources.

Q34. Differentiate between potential and actual resources.

Ans.
Potential Resources Actual resources
1. Potential resources are those 1. Actual resources are those
whose entire quantity may not be resources whose quantity is known.
known.
2. These are not being used at 2. These resources are being used in
present. These resources could be the present.
used in the future.
3. The level of technology we have at 3. The level of technology we have at
present may not be advanced present is advanced enough to
enough to easily utilise these easily utilise these resources.
resources.
4. The uranium found in Ladakh is 4. The rich deposits of coal in Ruhr
an example of potential resource region of Germany and petroleum in
that could be used in the future. the West Asia, the dark soils of the
Deccan plateau in Maharashtra are
all actual resources.

Chapter 2
Land

A very important natural resource Land covers 30% of the earth’s surface and
not every part is habitable. Cause for the uneven population in certain parts is
varied characteristics of land and climate.

Areas that are sparsely populated or Densely populated areas

uninhabited

 Rugged topography  Plains

 Steep slopes of the mountains  River valleys

 Low-lying areas susceptible to water These are lands suitable for

agriculture

Uses of Land

The land is used for different purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining,
building houses, roads and setting up of industries. This is commonly termed as
Land use.

 Physical Factors determining the use of land- topography, soil, climate,

minerals and availability of water.

 Human Factors that are human determinants of land use pattern-

population and technology

Land can also be classified into private land and community land on the basis of
ownership. Private land owned by individuals whereas community land is owned
by the community for common uses such as the collection of fodder, fruits, nuts
or medicinal herbs. Another name for community lands is common property
resources. Even though people’s demands are ever growing availability of land is
limited thus leading people to encroach land to build commercial areas, shopping
complexes in urban areas and to expand agricultural land in rural areas. This
expansion of agriculture and construction activities also lead to major threats
like land degradation, landslides, soil erosion and desertification.

Conservation of Land Resource

Ever Growing population and their growing demands lead to large scale
destruction of forest cover and other natural resources. Meanwhile, given below
are the common methods used to conserve land resources:

 Afforestation

 land reclamation

 regulated use of chemical pesticide and fertilisers

 checks on overgrazing

Soil

The thin layer of grainy substance covering the surface of the earth and closely
linked to the land. Landforms determine the type of soil. Soil is made up of
organic matter, minerals and weathered rocks found on the earth through the
process of weathering. The right mix of minerals and organic matter make the
soil fertile.

Landslides

The mass movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope is known as Landslides
and it often takes place in conjunction with earthquakes, floods and volcanoes.
Meanwhile, a prolonged spell of rainfall can also cause a landslide.

Mitigation Mechanism

Development in scientific techniques has empowered us to understand what

factors cause landslides and how to manage them. Some of the broad mitigation
techniques of landslide are given as follows:

 Hazard mapping to locate areas prone to landslides. Hence, such areas can
be avoided for building settlements
  Construction of retention wall to stop the land from slipping

 Increase in the vegetation cover to arrest landslide

 The surface drainage control works to control the movement of a landslide

along with rainwater and spring flows

Factors of Soil Formation

 The nature of the parent rock

 Climatic factors

 Topography

 Role of organic material

 Time taken for the composition of soil formation

Degradation of Soil and Conservation Measures

Soil erosion and depletion are the major threats to the soil as a resource. Both
human and natural factors can lead to degradation of soils. Factors which lead to
soil degradation are:

 deforestation

 overgrazing
  overuse of chemical fertilizers or pesticides

 rain wash

 landslides and floods

Meanwhile, some methods of soil conservation are given below:

Mulching: The bare ground between plants is covered with a layer of organic

matter like straw and it helps to retain soil moisture

Contour barriers: Stones, grass, soil are used to build barriers along contours.
Trenches are made in front of the barriers to collect water

Rock dam: Rocks are piled up to slow down the flow of water and also help to
prevent gullies and further soil loss

Terrace farming: Broad flat steps or terraces are made on the steep slopes so
that flat surfaces are available to grow crops, thus reducing surface runoff and
soil erosion

Intercropping: Different crops are grown in alternate rows and are sown at

different times to protect the soil from rain wash

Contour ploughing: Ploughing parallel to the contours of a hill slope to form a

natural barrier for water to flow down the slope

Shelterbelts: In the coastal and dry regions, rows of trees are planted to check
the wind movement to protect soil cover

Water

Three fourth of earth’s surface is covered with a vital renewable natural resource
known as water. Oceans covers about 2/3rds of the earth’s surface and supports
a rich variety of plant and animal life. However, it is saline and not useful for
human consumption. Freshwater accounts for only 2.7% and 70% of these
occurs as ice-sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and mountain region
and they are inaccessible because of their location. Thus, only 1% of freshwater
is useful for human consumption.
Water can neither be added nor subtracted from the earth and its total volume
remains constant. Its abundance seems to vary only because of the constant
motion, cycling through the oceans, the air, the land and back again, through the
processes of evaporation, precipitation and run-off. This as you already know is
referred to as the ‘water cycle’.

Problems of Water Availability

Most parts of the world are facing shortages in the freshwater supply. Countries
located in climatic zones most susceptible to droughts face great problems of
water scarcity. Thus, water shortage may be a consequence of variation in
seasonal or annual precipitation or the scarcity is caused by overexploitation and
contamination of water sources.

Conservation of Water Resources

To get access to clean and adequate water sources, steps have been taken to
preserve this resource:

 Forest and other vegetation cover slow the surface runoff and replenish
underground water Water harvesting is another method to save the
surface runoff

 The canals used for irrigating field should be properly lined to minimise
losses by water seepage

 Sprinklers effectively irrigate the area by checking water losses through

seepage and evaporation

 In dry regions with high rates of evaporation, drip or trickle irrigation is

very useful

 The valuable water resource can, therefore, be conserved by adopting

these means of irrigation
Natural Vegetation and WildLife

Natural vegetation and wildlife exist only in the narrow zone of contact between
the

lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere that we call the biosphere. In the

biosphere living

beings are interrelated and interdependent on each other for survival. This life-
supporting

The system is known as the ecosystem. Wildlife includes animals, birds, insects
as well as the aquatic life forms. The birds feed on insects and act as
decomposers as well. Vulture due to its ability to feed on dead livestock is a
scavenger and considered a vital cleanser of the environment. So animals big or
small, all are integral to maintaining balance in the ecosystem.

Distribution of Natural Vegetation

The growth of vegetation depends primarily on temperature and moisture. The

major vegetation types of the world are grouped as forests, grasslands, scrubs
and tundra.

In areas of heavy rainfall- Huge trees thrive- forests are thus associated with
areas having abundant water supply. As the number of moisture decreases- the
size of trees and their density reduces-short stunted trees and shrubs grow in
regions of moderate rainfall. In dry areas- Thorny shrubs and scrubs grow in low
rainfall areas.

Conservation of Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

Changes in climate and human interference can cause the loss of natural habitats
for the plants and animals. Deforestation, soil erosion, constructional activities,
forest fires, tsunami and landslides are some of the human and natural factors
that accelerate the process of extinction of these resources. One other major
concern is the poaching that results in a sharp decline in the number of particular
species. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves are made to
protect our natural vegetation and wildlife. Conservation of creeks, lakes, and
wetlands is necessary to save the precious resource from depletion.

Awareness programmes like social forestry and Vanamohatasava are also

established at the regional and community level. School children are also
encouraged to bird watch and visit nature camps so that they appreciate the
habitat of varied species. Many countries have passed laws against the trade as
well as the killing of birds and animals. In India, killing lions, tigers, deers, great
Indian bustards and peacocks is illegal. Meanwhile, an international convention
CITES has been established that lists several species of animals and birds in
which trade is

prohibited.

1. Answer the following questions.

(i) Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation?

Ans: The two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation are
temperature and rainfall.

(ii) Write any two reasons for land degradation today.

Ans: Two factors contributing to land degradation are as mentioned below :

1. Deforestation.

2. Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides in agricultural

lands.

(iii) Why is land considered an important resource?

Ans: Land is considered as an important resource as it provides habitation to a

wide variety of flora and fauna. Also used by Human beings for various purposes
such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses and roads, and setting up
industries.
(iv) Name any two steps that government has taken to conserve plants and
animals.

Ans: The following steps are taken by the government to conserve plants and
animals:
(i) It has set up national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves for
the protection of natural vegetation and wildlife. Example: the Kaziranga
National Park in Assam.
(ii) It has banned the killing of tigers, deer, lions, peacocks and Indian bustards. It
has also prohibited the trade of the species of plants and animals protected under
the international agreement CITES(Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species).

(v) Suggest three ways to conserve water.

Ans: Three ways to conserve water:

(i) Rainwater harvesting- It is a process of storing rainwater in vessels of a big

surface area.
(ii) Lining irrigation canals to avoid seepage of water.
(iii) Replenishing ground water by promoting afforestation.

2. Tick the correct answer.

(i) Which one of the following is NOT a factor of soil formation?

(a) time (b) soil texture (c) organic matter

Ans : (b) Soil texture is NOT a factor of soil formation

(ii) Which one of the following methods is most appropriate to check soil
erosion on steep slopes?
(a) shelter belts (b) mulching (c) terrace cultivation

Ans : (c) Terrace cultivation is the most appropriate to check soil erosion on

steep slopes.
(iii) Which one of the following is NOT in favour of the conservation of
nature?
(a) switch off the bulb when not in use
(b) close the tap immediately after use
(c) dispose polybags after shopping

Ans :  (c) Dispose polybags after shopping is NOT in favour of the conservation of

nature.

3. Match the followings.

A B

(i) Land use (a) Prevent soil erosion.

(ii) Humus (b) Land suitable for agriculture.

(iii) Rock dams (c) Productive use of land.

(iv) Arable land (d) Organic matter deposited on topsoil.

Ans.

A B

(i) Land use (c) Productive use of land.

(ii) Humus (d) Organic matter deposited on topsoil.

(iii) Rock dams (a) Prevent soil erosion.

(iv) Arable land (b) Land suitable for agriculture.

4. State whether the given statement is true or false. If true, write the
reasons.

(i) Ganga–Brahmaputra plain of India is an overpopulated region.

Ans: This statement is true. The Ganga-Brahmaputra plain has even topography

and highly fertile soil. Hence, it can support a huge population.

(ii) Water availability per person in India is declining.

Ans: This statement is true. Though water is present in abundance, fresh water is

a scarce resource. The population of India has been growing. Hence, water
availability per person is declining. Water availability is a serious problem in
many regions of the world. Due to the wastage of water, deforestation, and the
pollution and depletion of fresh water reserves (such as rivers and ground
water), the availability of water is fast declining.

(iii) Rows of trees planted in the coastal areas to check the wind movement
is called inter cropping.

Ans:This statement is false. The described process is called shelter belts.

Inter cropping is the process in which different crops are grown in alternate
rows, and are sown at different times to protect the soil from rain wash.

(iv) Human interference and changes of climate can maintain the

ecosystem.

Ans: This statement is false. Human interference and climatic changes for the
most part adversely affect the balance of the ecosystem thereby creating
imbalance in the ecosystem
 Q1. Fill in the blanks.
                         i.        Three-fourth’s of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
                        ii.        Plains and river valleys offer suitable land for agriculture.
                       iii.        Community lands are also called common property resources.
                       iv.        Soil erosion and depletion are the major threats to soil as a resource.
v.        Fresh water accounts for only about 2.7 per cent.
                       vi.        Parent rock determines colour, texture, chemical properties mineral,
content, permeability of the soil.
         vii.        Temperature and rainfall influence rate of weathering and humus.
         viii.        A dripping tap wastes1200 litres in a year.

Q2. True/False
                        i.        Countries located in climatic zones most susceptible to droughts face
great problems of water scarcity. True
                       ii.        Plains and river valleys are the thinly populated areas of the
world. False
                      iii.        Human factors such as population and technology are also important
determinants of land use pattern. True
iv.        Forests are broadly classified as evergreen and deciduous. True
                       v.        Water is a vital renewable natural resource. False
                      vi.        It takes hundreds of years to make just one centimeter of soil. True
 
Q3. Which country has the highest percentage of land under forest?
Ans. Japan
 
Q4. Which country has the highest percentage of land under cropland?
Ans. India
 
Q5. Which country has the highest percentage of land under pasture?

Ans. Australia
Q6. What are the major threats to soil as a resource?
Ans. Soil erosion and depletion are the major threats to soil as a resource.
 
Q7. What method of soil conservation is used in coastal and dry regions?
Ans. Shelter belts are used to protect the soil in coastal and dry regions.
 
Q8. What percent of fresh water is fit for human use?
Ans. Only 1 per cent of freshwater is available and fit for human use.
 
Q9. What make the soil fertile?
Ans. The right mix of minerals and organic matter make the soil fertile.

Q10. What affect the rate of humus formation?

Ans. Flora, fauna and micro-organism affect the rate of humus formation.
 
Q11. Why is ocean water not fit for human consumption?
Ans. The ocean water is saline. Hence it is not fit for human consumption.
 
Q12. What is soil?
Ans. The thin layer of grainy substance covering the surface of the earth is called
soil.

Q13. Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil
formation?
Ans. Temperature and rainfall are the two main climatic factors responsible for
soil formation.
 
Q14. Which method is most appropriate to check soil erosion on steep
slopes?
Ans. Terrace farming is the most appropriate method to check soil erosion on
steep slopes.
 
Q15. What do you mean by shelter belt?
Ans. Rows of trees planted in the coastal areas to check the wind movement is
called shelter belt.
 
Q16. How are forest classified on the basis of latitude?
Ans. Forests are classified as tropical or temperate based on their location in
different latitudes.
 
Q17. What are the major types of vegetation in the world?
Ans. The major vegetation types of the world are grouped as forests, grasslands,
scrubs and tundra.
 
Q18. How are vultures important to the environment?
Ans. Vulture due to its ability to feed on dead livestock is a scavenger and
considered a vital cleanser of the environment.

Q19. What percentage of Earth is covered by land?

Ans. Land covers only about thirty per cent of the total area of the earth’s surface
and all parts of this small percentage are not habitable.

Q20. What is national park?

Ans. National park is a natural area designated to protect the ecological integrity
of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations.
 
 Q21. How is soil formed?
Ans. Soil is made up of organic matter, minerals and weathered rocks found on
the earth. This happens through the process of weathering.
 
Q22. What is weathering?
Ans. Weathering is the breaking up and decay of exposed rocks, by temperature
changes, frost action, plants, animals and man.
Q23. Why are plains and river valleys densely populated?
Ans. Plains and river valleys offer suitable land for agriculture. Hence, these are
the densely populated areas of the world.
 
Q24. Why Ganga Brahmaputra plain of India is an over populated region?
Ans. Ganga Brahmaputra plain of India is an over populated region because it has
even topography and highly fertile soil.
 
Q25. What are the different types of soil found in India?
Ans. Different types of soil found in India are alluvial, black, red, laterite, desertic
and mountain soil.
 
Q26. Why is fresh water the most precious substance on earth?
Ans. Fresh water is the most precious substance on earth because only 1 per cent
of freshwater is available and fit for human use.
Q27. What is rain water harvesting?
Ans. Rain water harvesting is the process of collecting rain water from roof tops
and directing it to an appropriate location and storing if for future use.

Q28. Write any two reasons for land degradation today?

Ans. Reasons for land degradation are:
                           i.        Deforestation
                          ii.        Overuse of chemical feritilisers or pesticides
 
Q29. What has led to a large scale destruction of forest cover and arable
land?
Ans. Growing population and their ever growing demand has led to a large scale
destruction of forest cover and arable land.
 
Q30. How to prevent surface runoff?
Ans. Forest and other vegetation cover slow the surface runoff and replenish
underground water. Water harvesting is another method to save surface runoff.
 
Q31. Suggest one way to control water pollution.
Ans. Water pollution can be controlled by treating sewage, agricultural chemicals
and industrial effluents suitably before releasing them in water bodies.
 
Q32. What is intercropping?
Ans. Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice in which different crops are
grown in alternate rows and are sown at different times to protect the soil from
rain wash.

Q33. Why Earth is called water planet?

Ans. Water is a vital renewable natural resource. Three-fourth’s of the earth’s
surface is covered with water. It is therefore appropriately called the ‘water
planet’.
 
Q34. What is biosphere?
Ans. Natural vegetation and wildlife exist only in the narrow zone of contact
between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere that we call biosphere.
Q35. What do you mean by ecosystem?
Ans. In the biosphere living beings are inter-related and interdependent on each
other for survival. This life supporting system is known as the ecosystem.
 
Q36. What is termed as Land use?
Ans. Land is used for different purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining,
building houses, roads and setting up of industries. This is commonly termed as
Land use.
Q37. Why land is considered an important resource?
Ans. Land is considered an important resource because it is used for different
purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads and setting
up of industries.
 
Q38. Which areas are sparsely populated or uninhabited?
Ans. The rugged topography, steep slopes of the mountains, low-lying areas
susceptible to water logging, desert areas, and thick forested areas are normally
sparsely populated or uninhabited.

Q39. How much land on Earth is inhabited?

Ans. Ninety per cent of the world population occupies only thirty per cent of land
area. The remaining seventy per cent of the land is either sparsely populated or
uninhabited.
Q40. What are the major threats to the environment due to over
exploitation of land resources?
Ans. Land degradation, landslides, soil erosion, desertification are the major
threats to the environment because of the expansion of agriculture and
constructional activities.
 
Q41. What are the reasons for water shortage?
Ans. Water shortage may be a consequence of variation in seasonal or annual
precipitation or the scarcity is caused by overexploitation and contamination of
water sources.
 
Q42. What is the major cause of water pollution?
Ans. Discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage, agricultural chemicals
and industrial effluents in water bodies are major contaminants. They pollute
water with nitrates, metals and pesticides.

Q43. What is ‘water cycle’?

Ans. Water is in constant motion, cycling through the oceans, the air, the land and
back again, through the processes of evaporation, precipitation and run-off. This
is referred to as the ‘water cycle’.
Q44. What are the major factors affecting soil formation?
Ans. The major factors of soil formation are the nature of the parent rock and
climatic factors. Other factors are the topography, role of organic material and
time taken for the composition of soil formation.
 
Q45. What are the uses of water resources?
Ans. Humans use huge amounts of water not only for drinking and washing but
also in the process of production. Water for agriculture, industries, generating
electricity through reservoirs of dams are the other usages.
 
Q46. What do you mean by private land and community land?
Ans. Private land is owned by individuals whereas, community land is owned by
the community for common uses like collection of fodder, fruits, nuts or
medicinal herbs. These community lands are also called common property
resources.

Q47. Which countries in the world are facing water shortage?

Ans. There is scarcity of water in many regions of the world. Most of Africa, West
Asia, South Asia, parts of western USA, north-west Mexico, parts of South
America and entire Australia are facing shortages in fresh water supply.
 
Q48. What human factors determine land use pattern?
Or
What factors determine land use pattern?
Ans. The use of land is determined by physical factors such as topography, soil,
climate, minerals and availability of water. Human factors such as population and
technology are also important determinants of land use pattern.
Q49. What are landslides and how do they occur?
Ans. Landslides are simply defined as the mass movement of rock, debris or earth
down a slope. They often take place in conjunction with earthquakes, floods and
volcanoes. A prolonged spell of rainfall can cause heavy landslide that can block
the flow of river for quite some time.

Q50. Why water availability per person in India is declining?

Ans. Increasing population, rising demands for food and cash crops, increasing
urbanisation and rising standards of living are the major factors leading to
shortages in supply of fresh water either due to drying up of water sources or
water pollution.
Q51. What are the reasons for the degradation of the soil?
Ans. Soil erosion and depletion are the major threats to soil as a resource. Both
human and natural factors can lead to degradation of soils. Factors which lead to
soil degradation are deforestation, overgrazing, overuse of chemical feritilisers
or pesticides, rain wash, landslides and floods.
 
Q52. Differentiate between tropical evergreen forests and deciduous
forests.
Ans.
Tropical Evergreen Forests Deciduous forests
Evergreen forests do not shed Deciduous forests shed their
their leaves simultaneously in leaves in a particular season to
any season of the year. conserve loss of moisture
through transpiration.
 Q53. Name any two steps that government has taken to conserve plants and
animals.
Ans. Two steps that government has taken to conserve plants and animals are:
                         i.        It has set up national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere
reserves to protect our natural vegetation and wildlife.
                        ii.        It has banned the killing of lions, tigers, deers, great Indian bustards
and peacocks.
 
Q54. Suggest three ways to conserve water.
Ans. Ways to conserve water
                          i.        Rain water harvesting.
                         ii.        The canals should be properly lined to minimise losses by water
seepage.
                        iii.        In dry regions with high rates of evaporation, drip or trickle
irrigation is very useful.
 
Q55. In what forms is freshwater found on the earth?
Ans. Fresh water accounts for only about 2.7 per cent. Nearly 70 per cent of this
occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and mountain regions.
Due to their location they are inaccessible. Only 1 per cent of freshwater is
available and fit for human use. It is found as ground water, as surface water in
rivers and lakes and as water vapour in the atmosphere.

Q56. What do you know about CITES?

Ans. CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. It
aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants
does not threaten their survival. Roughly 5,000 species of animals and 28,000
 species of plants are protected. Bears, dolphins, cacti, corals, orchids and aloes
are some examples.
 
Q57. Why there is uneven distribution of population in different parts of
the world?
Ans. The uneven distribution of population in different parts of the world is
mainly due to varied characteristics of land and climate. The rugged topography,
steep slopes of the mountains, low-lying areas susceptible to water logging,
desert areas, and thick forested areas are normally sparsely populated or
uninhabited. Plains and river valleys offer suitable land for agriculture. Hence,
these are the densely populated areas of the world.
 
Q58. How does rainfall affect vegetation?
Ans. In areas of heavy rainfall, huge trees may thrive. The forests are thus
associated with areas having abundant water supply. As the amount of moisture
decreases the size of trees and their density reduces. In the regions of moderate
rainfall short stunted trees and grasses grow forming the grasslands of the world.
In dry areas of low rainfall, thorny shrubs and scrubs grow. In such areas plants
have deep roots and leaves have thorny and waxy surface to reduce loss of
moisture by transpiration.

Q59. Why is wildlife important to us?

Ans. Wildlife is important to us because
                        i.        They provide us milk, meat, hides and wool.
  ii.        Insects like bees provide us honey, help in pollination of flowers and have an
important role to play as decomposers in the ecosystem.
                      iii.        The birds feed on insects and act as decomposers as well.
                      iv.        Vulture due to its ability to feed on dead livestock is a scavenger and
considered a vital cleanser of the environment.
 
Q60. What are the factors affecting soil formation?
Ans. Factors affecting soil formation are:
 Parent Rock - Determines colour, texture, chemical properties mineral, content,
permeability of soil.
Climate – Temperature and rainfall influence rate of weathering and humus.
Relief - Altitude and slope, determine accumulation of soil.
Flora, Fauna and Micro-organism - Affect the rate of humus formation.
Time - Determines thickness of soil profile.
Q61. “Vegetation and wildlife are valuable resources.” Comment
Ans. Vegetation and wildlife are valuable resources.
                          i.        Plants provide us with timber, give shelter to animals, produce
oxygen we breathe, protects soils so essential for growing crops, act as shelter
belts, help in storage of underground water, give us fruits, nuts, latex, turpentine
oil, gum, medicinal plants and paper.
                         ii.        Wildlife includes animals, birds, insects as well as the aquatic life
forms. They provide us milk, meat, hides and wool. Insects like bees provide us
honey, help in pollination of flowers and have an important role to play as
decomposers in the ecosystem. The birds feed on insects and act as decomposers
as well. Vulture due to its ability to feed on dead livestock is a scavenger and
considered a vital cleanser of the environment.

Q62. What are the threats to natural vegetation and wildlife?

Ans. Threats to natural vegetation and wildlife are:
                          i.        Changes of climate and human interferences can cause the loss of
natural habitats for the plants and animals. Many species have become
vulnerable or endangered and some are on the verge of extinction.
                        ii.        Deforestation, soil erosion, constructional activities, forest fires,
tsunami and landslides are some of the human made and natural factors
which together accelerate the process of extinction of these great natural
resources.
                       iii.        One of the major concerns is the increasing incidents of poaching
that result in a sharp decline in the number of particular species.
Q63. Suggest some methods of soil conservation.
Ans. Some methods of soil conservation are
Mulching: The bare ground between plants is covered with a layer of organic
matter like straw. It helps to retain soil moisture.
Contour barriers: Stones, grass, soil are used to build barriers along contours.
Trenches are made in front of the barriers to collect water.
Rock dam: Rocks are piled up to slow down the flow of water. This prevents
gullies and further soil loss.
Terrace farming: These are made on the steep slopes so that flat surfaces are
available to grow crops. They can reduce surface run-off and soil erosion.
Intercropping: Different crops are grown in alternate rows and are sown at
different times to protect the soil from rain wash.
Contour ploughing: Ploughing parallel to the contours of a hill slope to form a
natural barrier for water to flow down the slope.
Shelter belts: In the coastal and dry regions, rows of trees are planted to check
the wind movement to protect soil cover.

Chapter 3

Types of Minerals

There are 3000 various types of Minerals and based on their composition, they
can be classified into metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Metallic minerals contain metal in the raw form. Metals are hard substances that
conduct heat and electricity and have a characteristic lustre or shine. Iron ore,
bauxite, manganese ore are some examples. Metallic minerals may be ferrous or
non-ferrous. Ferrous minerals like iron ore, manganese and chromites contain
iron. A non-ferrous mineral does not contain iron but may contain some other
metal such as gold, silver, copper or lead.

Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals. Limestone, mica and gypsum are
examples of such minerals. The mineral fuels like coal and petroleum are also
non-metallic minerals. Minerals can be extracted by mining, drilling or quarrying.

Mining is the process of extracting minerals from rocks buried under the earth’s
surface. Meanwhile, in open-case mining, minerals that lie at shallow depths are
extracted by removing the surface layer. At the same time, Shaft mining is the
method in which deep bores, called shafts, are made to reach mineral deposits
that lie at great depths. Also, drilling is the method used to bore deep wells so as
to take out Petroleum and Natural gas that occur far below the earth’s surface.
Finally, in the method known as quarrying, minerals that lie near the surface are
just dug out.

Distribution of Minerals

Types of Rock Formations Examples

Minerals
Metallic Igneous and Iron-ore in north Sweden, copper and nickel
minerals metamorphic rock deposits in Ontario, Canada; iron, nickel,
formations chromites and platinum in South Africa are
examples of minerals

Non-Metallic Sedimentary rock Limestone deposits of Caucasus region of

Minerals formation France, manganese deposits of Georgia and
Ukraine and phosphate beds of Algeria.

Mineral fuels such as coal and petroleum are

also found in the sedimentary strata

Asia

 Large iron ore deposits-China & India

 World’s largest tin producer-China, Malaysia and Indonesia

 Production of lead, antimony and tungsten-China leads

 Deposits of manganese, bauxite, nickel, zinc and copper-Asia

Europe

 Leading producer of iron ore in the world– Europe

 Countries with large deposits of iron ore– Russia, Ukraine, Sweden and
France

 Minerals deposits of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel– Eastern

Europe and European Russia

North America

 Mineral deposits in North America are located in 3 zones– the

Canadian region north of the Great Lakes, the Appalachian region and the
mountain ranges of the west
  Iron ore, nickel, gold, uranium and copper– mined in the Canadian
Shield Region

 Coal– Appalachian Region

 Vast deposits of copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver– in Western

Cordilleras

South America

 The largest producer of high-grade iron ore in the World– Brazil

 Leading producers of copper-Chile and Peru

 World’s largest producers of tin-Brazil and Bolivia

 Large deposits of gold, silver, zinc, chromium, manganese, bauxite,

mica, platinum, asbestos and diamond-South America

 Mineral oil is found-in Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, Peru and Columbia

Africa

Rich in mineral resources-World’s largest producer of diamonds, gold and

platinum

 Produce a large portion of the world’s gold-South Africa, Zimbabwe and

Zaire

 Copper, iron ore, chromium, uranium, cobalt and bauxite-other

minerals found in Africa

 Oil– found in Nigeria, Libya and Angola

Australia

The largest producer of bauxite in the world-leading producer of gold, diamond,

iron ore, tin and nickel-rich in copper, lead, zinc and manganese
  The largest deposits of gold– found in Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie areas of
western Australia

Antarctica

Variety of mineral deposits are found, some probably large.

 The significant size of deposits of coal- the Transantarctic Mountains

 Deposits of Iron forecasted-near the Prince Charles Mountains of East

Antarctica

 Iron ore, gold, silver and oil present in commercial quantities

Uses of Minerals

 Minerals for gems-hard set in various jewellery styles

 Copper used in making coins and pipes.

 Silicon used in the computer industry is obtained from quartz

 Aluminium extracted from its ore bauxite is used in automobiles and

aeroplanes, bottling industry, buildings and kitchen cookware.

Conserving Minerals

Minerals- a nonrenewable resource takes thousands of years for the formation

and concentration of minerals. The rate of formation is much smaller than the
rate at which humans consume these minerals. It is necessary to reduce wastage
in the process of mining. Recycling of metals is another way to conserve mineral
resources.

Power Resources

Power or energy plays a vital role in our lives. We also need power for industry,
agriculture, transport, communication and defence. Power resources may be
broadly categorised as conventional and non-conventional resources.
Conventional Sources

The energy which has been in common use for a long time-examples are
firewood and fossil fuels.

Firewood

Widely used for cooking and heating – 50% of the energy used by villagers comes
from firewood. Remains of plants and animals which were buried under the
earth for millions of years got converted by the heat and pressure into fossil
fuels. Fossil fuel such as coal, petroleum and natural gas are the main sources of
conventional energy. The rate at which the growing world population is
consuming them is far greater than the rate of their formation. So, these are likely
to be exhausted soon.

Coal

Abundantly found fossil fuel- used as a domestic fuel, in industries such as iron
and steel, steam engines- to generate electricity. Electricity from coal is called
thermal power. The coal was formed millions of years ago when giant ferns and
swamps got buried under the layers of earth. Coal is therefore referred to as
Buried Sunshine. The leading coal producers of the world are China, USA,
Germany, Russia, South Africa and France. The coal producing areas of India are
Raniganj, Jharia, Dhanbad and Bokaro in Jharkhand.

Petroleum

Petrol keeps your car running-Oil keeps your cycle from squeaking-both begin as
thick black liquid called petroleum. found between the layers of rocks- drilled
from oil fields located in off-shore and coastal areas-sent to refineries which
process the crude oil and produce a variety of products like diesel, petrol,
kerosene, wax, plastics and lubricants. Petroleum and its derivatives are called
Black Gold, which are very valuable.

Chief petroleum producing countries- Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Qatar, other
major producers are USA, Russia, Venezuela, and Algeria.
Leading producers in India-Digboi in Assam, Bombay High in Mumbai and the
deltas of Krishna and Godavari rivers.

Natural Gas

Found with petroleum deposits-released when crude oil is brought to the

surface-used as a domestic and industrial fuel.

Major producers of natural gas-Russia, Norway, UK and the Netherlands – In

India Jaisalmer, Krishna Godavari delta, Tripura and some areas offshore in
Mumbai have natural gas resources.

Cause for concern-Sharp increase in our consumption of fossil fuels has led to
their depletion at an alarming rate- toxic pollutants are released from burning
these fuels- Unchecked burning of fossil fuel is like an unchecked dripping tap
which will eventually run dry. This has led to the tapping of various
nonconventional sources of energy that are cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels.

Hydel Power

Rain water or river water stored in dams. The falling water flows through pipes
inside the dam over turbine blades placed at the bottom of the dam. The moving
blades then turn the generator to produce electricity. This is called hydro
electricity. Water discharged after the generation of electricity is used for
irrigation. 1/4th of the world’s electricity is produced by hydel power.

 Leading producers of hydel power in the world-Paraguay, Norway,

Brazil, and China.

 Important hydel power stations in India-Bhakra Nangal, Gandhi Sagar,

Nagarjunsagar and Damodar valley projects.

Non-conventional Sources of Energy

Increasing use of fossil fuels leads to shortage- if the present rate of consumption
continues, the reserves of these fuels will get exhausted- their use also causes
environmental pollution- Therefore, there is need for using nonconventional
sources such as solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, which are renewable.
Solar energy

Solar energy trapped from the sun-used in solar cells to produce electricity

Many of these cells are joined into solar panels to generate power for heating and
lighting purposes. Solar energy is used in solar heaters, solar cookers, solar
dryers besides being used for community lighting and traffic signals.

Wind energy

Inexhaustible source of energy- Windmills are used for grinding grain and lifting
water-high speed winds rotate the windmill which is connected to a generator to
produce electricity- Wind Farms are found in Netherlands, Germany, Denmark,
UK, USA and Spain.

Nuclear Power

Obtained from energy stored in the nuclei of atoms of naturally occurring

radioactive elements like uranium and thorium- undergo nuclear fission in
nuclear reactors and emit power

 Greatest producers of nuclear power– USA and Europe

 Large deposits of Uranium in India-Rajasthan and Jharkhand

 Thorium found in large quantities- in the Monazite sands of Kerala

 Nuclear power stations in India-located in Kalpakkam in Tamilnadu,

Tarapur in Maharashtra, Ranapratap Sagar near Kota in Rajasthan, Narora
in Uttar Pradesh and Kaiga in Karnataka.

Geo-Thermal Energy

Heat energy obtained from the earth- temperature in the interior of the earth
rises steadily with depth- heat energy may surface itself in the form of hot
springs- this energy is used to generate power and in the form of hot springs, it
has been used for cooking, heating and bathing.
  World’s largest geothermal power plants– in US, followed by New
Zealand, Iceland, Philippines and Central America

 Geothermal plants in India-located in Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh

and Puga Valley in Ladakh

Tidal Energy

Energy generated from tides – can be harnessed by building dams at narrow

openings of the sea-During high tide, energy of the tides is used to turn the
turbine installed in the dam to produce electricity.

 Huge tidal mill farms-Russia, France and the Gulf of Kachchh in India

Biogas

Organic waste (dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste)
can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas. Organic waste is decomposed
by bacteria in biogas digesters- will emit biogas (a mixture of methane and
carbon dioxide)-is an excellent fuel for cooking and lighting and produces huge
amounts of organic manure each year- harnessing this energy is both difficult as
well as costly.

Question 1:

Answer the following questions.

(i) Name any three common minerals used by you everyday.

(ii) What is an ore? Where are the ores of metallic minerals generally
located?

(iii) Name two regions rich in natural gas resources.

(iv) Which sources of energy would you suggest for

(a) Rural areas

(b) Coastal areas

(c) Arid regions

(v) Give five ways in which you can save energy at home.

Answer:

(i) Three common minerals used every day:

(a) Copper − Electric wires

(b) Talc − Talcum powder

(c) Lead − Batteries

(ii) Ores are the rocks from which minerals are mined. The ores of metallic
minerals are generally found in igneous and metamorphic rock formations
that form large plateaus.

(iii) Russia and the United Kingdom are the two regions rich in natural gas
resources.

(iv)

(a) Biogas energy for rural areas

(b) Hydel and tidal energy for coastal areas

(c) Wind and solar energy for arid regions

(v) Five ways in which energy can be saved at home:

(a) Switching off lights, fans and other electrical appliances when not in use

(b) By seeing to it that electrical devices are operating efficiently; for

example, defrosting refrigerator regularly and not keeping the refrigerator
door open for longer than necessary

(c) Using energy-efficient devices such as fluorescent bulbs and tubes

(d) Using energy efficiently while cooking; for example, keeping the lids of
pans on while cooking

(e) Unplugging electrical devices when not in use prevents leakage of

electricity; thus saving energy

Question 2:

Tick the correct answer.

(i) Which one of the following is not a characteristic of minerals?

(a) They are created by natural processes.

(b) They have a definite chemical composition.

(c) They are inexhaustible.

(d) Their distribution is uneven.

(ii) Which one of the following is not a producer of mica?

(a) Jharkhand (c) Rajasthan

(b) Karnataka (d) Andhra Pradesh

(iii) Which one of the following is a leading producer of copper in the world?

(a) Bolivia (c) Chile

(b) Ghana (d) Zimbabwe

(iv) Which one of the following practises will not conserve LPG in your

kitchen?

(a) Soaking the dal for some time before cooking it.
(b) Cooking food in a pressure cooker.

(c) Keeping the vegetables chopped before lighting the gas for cooking.

(d) Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame.

Answer:

(i) Which one of the following is not a characteristic of minerals?

(a) They are created by natural processes.

(b) They have a definite chemical composition.

(c) They are inexhaustible. 

(d) Their distribution is uneven.

(ii) Which one of the following is not a producer of mica?

(a) Jharkhand (c) Rajasthan

(b) Karnataka (d) Andhra Pradesh

(iii) Which one of the following is a leading producer of copper in the

world?

(a) Bolivia (c) Chile

(b) Ghana (d) Zimbabwe

(iv) Which one of the following practises will not conserve LPG in your

kitchen?

(a) Soaking the dal for some time before cooking it.

(b) Cooking food in a pressure cooker.

(c) Keeping the vegetables chopped before lighting the gas for cooking.

(d) Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame. 

Question 3:

Give reasons.

(i) Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building

huge dams.

(ii) Most industries are concentrated around coal mines.

(iii) Petroleum is referred to as “black gold”.

(iv) Quarrying can become a major environmental concern.

Answer:

(i) Dams help in creating hydroelectric power, which solves the energy

problems of a region. They also help farmers as the water released from
dams is used for irrigation. However, dams have a negative impact on the
environment as well. They adversely affect the surrounding ecosystems by
destroying the local flora and fauna, by displacing the local community, by
changing the natural course of rivers, etc. Therefore, before a dam is built at
a site, it should be ascertained whether its benefits justify the damages that
it would inevitably cause to the various ecosystems. If they do justify, then
steps should be taken to minimise the damages to the flora and fauna, and to
relocate the local community. But if they don’t, then environmental
conservation should be given the priority over the building of the dam.

(ii) Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel. It is widely used as a source of

energy. It is also used as a raw material in several industries. Most
industries are located around coal mines as being situated close to coal
mines proves to be cost effective. Coal can easily be transported from the
mines to the industries, and this reduces both time and cost of
transportation.

(iii)The term “black gold” is used with reference to petroleum and its
various derivatives. The word “black” refers to the colour of petroleum in its
crude form. The word “gold” implies that petroleum and all the various
products of petroleum (like diesel, petrol, kerosene, wax, plastics and
lubricants) are as valuable to human society as the metal gold.

(iv) Quarrying is an extraction process by which minerals lying near the

Earth’s surface are dug out. This process can adversely affect the
environment in different ways. The digging involves clearing of vegetation.
This destroys the top soil, which contains the humus required for plant
growth. The quarrying process involves the use of explosives and earth-
moving equipments. These cause noise pollution, and may also damage
nearby buildings, dams or other such structures. The dust generated during
quarrying and the fossil fuels burnt while operating the equipments
contribute to air pollution, which in turn affects the health of the miners and
the local population.

Question 4:

Distinguish between the following.

(i) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy

(ii) Biogas and natural gas

(iii) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals

(iv) Metallic and non-metallic minerals

Answer:

(i)

Conventional sources of energy Non-conventional sources of energy

Have been in common use for a long time Are not commonly used
Are generally exhaustible Are generally inexhaustible

Are mostly polluting Are mostly non-polluting

Example: Firewood, coal Example: Solar energy, nuclear energy

(ii)

Biogas Natural gas

Formed using organic wastes such as Found along with petroleum deposits
dead plant and animal matter, animal and gets released when crude oil is
dung and kitchen waste brought to the surface

Is a non-conventional source of energy Is a conventional source of energy

Is not easily available; very few

Is easily available, especially in rural countries have sufficient natural gas
areas reserves of their own

Is polluting; causes greenhouse effect as

it releases carbon dioxide Is a cleaner fuel

Used as a domestic fuel for cooking and Used as a domestic fuel as well as an
lighting industrial fuel

(iii)

Ferrous mineral Non-ferrous mineral

A metallic mineral that does not

A metallic mineral that contains iron contain iron
 Example: Iron ore, manganese Example: Gold, silver

(iv)

Metallic mineral Non-metallic mineral

A mineral containing metal in raw form A mineral not containing metal

Example: Bauxite, iron ore Example: Limestone, gypsum

Q1. Fill in the blanks.

                         i.        Chile is one of the leading producers of copper in the world.
                        ii.        Metallic minerals may be ferrous or non-ferrous.
                       iii.        Electricity from coal is called thermal power.
                       iv.        Minerals are classified mainly as metallic and non-metallic minerals.
v.        Minerals can be extracted by mining, drilling or quarrying.
                       vi.        Petroleum is found between the layers of rocks and is drilled
from oil fields located in off-shore and coastal areas.
         vii.        Graphite used in pencil is also a mineral.
         viii.        Switzerland has no known mineral deposit in it.
                        ix.        One fourth of the world’s electricity is produced by hydel power.
 
Q2. True/False
                          i.        All minerals are rocks but all rocks are not minerals. True
                         ii.        Minerals are inexhaustible. False
                        iii.        Copper is another metal used in everything from coins to
pipes. True
                        iv.        Karnataka is not a producer of mica. True
                         v.        Gold, silver and copper are ferrous mineral. False
                       vi.        Deep bores dug to reach mineral deposits are called shaft. True
         vii.        Chile and Peru are leading producers of copper. True

Q3. Name any three common minerals used by you every day.
Ans. Salt, copper, iron
 
Q4. Name two naturally occurring radioactive elements.
Ans.  Uranium and Thorium
 
Q5. Name one ore of Aluminum.
Ans.  Bauxite
 
Q6. Which country is the largest producer of bauxite in the world?
Ans.  Australia is the largest producer of bauxite in the world.
 
Q7. Which is the most abundantly found fossil fuel?
Ans.  Coal is the most abundantly found fossil fuel.
Q8. Which country has the world’s largest geothermal power plants?
Ans. USA has the world’s largest geothermal power plants.
 
Q9. Name the place in India which has huge tidal mill farms.
Ans. Gulf of Kachchh in India has huge tidal mill farms.

Q10. Name two regions rich in natural gas resources.

Ans. Two regions rich in natural gas resources are Russia and Norway.
 
Q11. Which continent produces more than half of the world’s tin?
Or
Which continent is largest producer of tin?
Ans. Asia produces more than half of the world’s tin.
 
Q12. Which continent is the leading producer of iron ore in the world?
Or
Which continent is largest producer of iron ore?
Ans. Europe is the leading producer of iron-ore in the world.
 
Q13. Name two minerals in whose production India contributes a
significant part.
Ans.  Mica and Salt
 
Q14. Name the first country to develop hydroelectricity in the world.
Or
Which was the first country to develop hydroelectricity?
Ans.  Norway was the first country in the world to develop hydroelectricity.
Q15. In which industry is silicon important? From which ore is it obtained?
Ans.  Silicon, used in the computer industry is obtained from quartz.
 
Q16. Which is the world’s largest producer of diamonds, gold and platinum?
Ans.  Africa is the world’s largest producer of diamonds, gold and platinum.
 
Q17. What is mineral?
Ans.  A naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition is
a mineral.
 
Q18. Name the leading tin producers in Asia.
Ans.  China, Malaysia and Indonesia are among the world’s leading tin producers.
 
Q19. Which two areas in Australia have large deposits of gold?
Ans.  Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie areas of western Australia have the largest
deposits of gold.
 
Q20. What is natural gas?
Ans.  Natural gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil
is brought to the surface.
 
Q21. Where are Uranium and Thorium found in India?
Ans. In India Rajasthan and Jharkhand have large deposits of Uranium.
Thorium is found in large quantities in the Monozite sands of Kerala.
Q22. Where is the site of the world’s first solar and wind powered bus
shelter?
Ans. The site of the world’s first solar and wind powered bus shelter is in
Scotland.
 
Q23. Name some important hydel power stations in India.
Ans. Some important hydel power stations in India are Bhakra Nangal, Gandhi
Sagar, Nagarjunsagar and Damodar valley projects.
 
Q24. Which countries are the leading producers of hydel power in the
world?
Ans. The leading producers of hydel power in the world are Paraguay, Norway,
Brazil, and China.
Q25. Where are geothermal power plants located in India?
Ans. In India, geothermal plants are located in Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
and Puga Valley in Ladakh.
 
Q26. Why is CNG considered as eco-friendly fuel?
Ans. Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a popular ecofriendly automobile fuel
because it causes less pollution than petroleum and diesel.
 
 Q27. Why petroleum is referred to as “black gold”?
Ans. Petroleum is thick black liquid. Petroleum and its derivatives are called
Black Gold as they are very valuable.
 
Q28. Write a brief note on mineral salt.
Ans.  It is obtained from seas, lakes and rocks. India is one of the world’s leading
producers and exporters of salt.
Q29. What are the two main types of power resources?
Or
What are the two main classifications of power resources?
Ans.  Power resources may be broadly categorised as conventional and non-
conventional resources.

Q30. How are minerals identified?

Ans. Minerals can be identified on the basis of their physical properties such as
colour, density, hardness and chemical property such as solubility.
 
Q31. Which Indian states are the major producers of bauxite?
Ans.  Major bauxite producing areas are Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
 
Q32. What are the advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy?
Ans. Advantages
                         i.        Clean ecofriendly and always available.
Disadvantages
i.        Located far away from cities and so costly to transport the electricity.
 
Q33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy?
Ans. Advantages
                          i.        Emits large amount of energy.
 Disadvantages
                         i.        Generates radioactive waste.
                        ii.        Expensive.
Q34. Why is coal referred to as buried sunshine?
Or
Why is coal called ''buried sunshine''?
Or
Why is coal known as the buried sunshine?
Ans.  The coal which we are using today was formed millions of years ago when
giant ferns and swamps got buried under the layers of earth. Coal is therefore
referred to as Buried Sunshine.

Q35. Who are the major producers of natural gas in the world?
Ans. Russia, Norway, UK and the Netherlands are the major producers of natural
gas. In India Jaisalmer, Krishna Godavari delta, Tripura and some areas off shore
in Mumbai have natural gas resources.
 
Q36. “All minerals are rocks but all rocks are not minerals.” Explain.
Ans.  All minerals are rocks but all rocks are not minerals because more than
2,800 types of minerals have been identified but only about 100 are considered
ore minerals.
 
Q37. Why are minerals considered non-renewable?
Ans.  Minerals are a non-renewable resource. It takes thousands of years for the
formation and concentration of minerals. The rate of formation is much smaller
than the rate at which the humans consume these minerals.
 
Q38. Where are mineral deposits located in North America?
Ans.  The mineral deposits in North America are located in three zones: the
Canadian region north of the Great Lakes, the Appalachian region and the
mountain ranges of the west.
Q39. How are minerals classified on the basis of their composition?
Ans.  On the basis of composition, minerals are classified mainly as metallic and
non-metallic minerals. Metallic minerals are further classified as ferrous or non-
ferrous.
 
Q40. How is nuclear energy obtained?
Ans.  Nuclear power is obtained from energy stored in the nuclei of atoms of
naturally occurring radioactive elements like uranium and thorium. These fuels
undergo nuclear fission in nuclear reactors and emit power.
 
Q41. What is an ore? Where are the ores of metallic minerals generally
located?
Ans. Rocks from which minerals are mined are known as ores. Generally, metallic
minerals are found in igneous and metamorphic rock formations that form large
plateaus.
Q42. Why environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before
building huge dams?
Ans. Construction of a huge dam affects the natural vegetation and wildlife of the
area adversely. Hence, environmental aspects must be carefully looked into
before building huge dams.

Q43. Name nuclear power stations in India.

Ans.  The nuclear power stations in India are located in Kalpakkam in Tamilnadu,
Tarapur in Maharastra, Ranapratap Sagar near Kota in Rajasthan, Narora in Uttar
Pradesh and Kaiga in Karnataka.
 
Q44. Why most industries are concentrated around coal mines?
Ans. Coal is the most abundantly found fossil fuel. It is used as a domestic fuel
and also as a raw material in many industries. Hence, most industries are
concentrated around coal mines to reduce the cost of transportation.
 
 Q45. Which sources of energy would you suggest for
(a) rural areas (b) coastal areas (c) Arid regions
Ans. Rural areas – Solar energy, Wind energy and Biogas energy
Coastal areas – Wind energy and Tidal energy
Arid regions – Wind energy and Solar energy
 
Q46. Write a short note on distribution of minerals in Europe.
Ans.  Europe is the leading producer of iron-ore in the world. The countries with
large deposits of iron ore are Russia, Ukraine, Sweden and France. Minerals
deposits of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel are found in eastern Europe
and European Russia.

Q47. What are the ways to conserve minerals?

Ans. Ways to conserve minerals:
                         i.        Reduce wastage in the process of mining.
                        ii.        Recycle metals.
                       iii.        Use minerals in a planned and sustainable manner.
Q48. Name the petroleum producing countries in the world.
Ans. The chief petroleum producing countries are Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and
Qatar. The other major producers are USA, Russia, Venezuela, and Algeria. The
leading producers in India are Digboi in Assam, Bombay High in Mumbai and the
deltas of Krishna and Godavari rivers.
 
Q49. What are the advantages and disadvantages of tidal energy?
Ans. Advantages
                        i.        Non-polluting.
                       ii.        Inexhaustible.
Disadvantages
                        i.        Destroys wildlife habitat.
 ii.        Difficult to harness.
  
Q50. Differentiate between a rock and an ore.
Ans.  Difference between a rock and an ore
A rock An ore
A rock is an aggregate of one or Rocks from which minerals are mined
more minerals but without definite are known as ores.
composition of constituent of
mineral.
 
Q51. Which one of the following practices will NOT conserve LPG in your
Kitchen?
(a) Soaking the dal for some time before cooking it.
(b) Cooking food in a pressure cooker.
(c) Keeping the vegetables chopped before lighting the gas for cooking.
(d) Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame.
Ans. (d) Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame.
Q52. What are the advantages and disadvantages of biogas?
Ans. Advantages
                        i.        Low cost.
                      ii.        Easy to operate.
                     iii.        Makes use of bio waste.
Disadvantages
i.        Causes greenhouse effect.
 
Q53. What are the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy?
Ans. Advantages
                         i.        Inexhaustible.
                        ii.        Non-polluting.
Disadvantages
                         i.        Expensive.
ii.        Diffused source, so get wasted.
Q54. Distinguish between metallic and nonmetallic minerals.
Ans. Difference between metallic and nonmetallic minerals
Metallic minerals Nonmetallic minerals
1. The metallic minerals contain 1. The non-metallic minerals do not
metal in raw form. contain metals.
2. Example: Iron ore, bauxite, 2. Example: Limestone, mica and
manganese ore gypsum

 
Q55. Distinguish between ferrous and nonferrous minerals.
Ans. Difference between ferrous and nonferrous minerals
Ferrous minerals Nonferrous minerals
1. Ferrous mineral does not 1. Non-ferrous mineral does not
contain iron. contain iron but may contain some
other metal.
2. Example: iron ore, manganese 2. Example: gold, silver, copper or
and chromites lead
 
Q56. Explain why fossil fuels might become exhausted.
Or
Why fossil fuels are likely to be exhausted soon?
Ans. Fossil fuel such as coal, petroleum and natural gas are the main sources of
conventional energy. The reserves of these minerals are limited. The rate at
which the growing world population is consuming them is far greater than the
rate of their formation. So, these are likely to be exhausted soon.

Q57. Describe the mineral distribution in North America.

Ans.  The mineral deposits in North America are located in three zones: the
Canadian region north of the Great Lakes, the Appalachian region and the
 mountain ranges of the west. Iron ore, nickel, gold, uranium and copper are
mined in the Canadian Shield Region, coal in the Appalachians region. Western
Cordilleras have vast deposits of copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver.
 
Q58. Explain how hydroelectricity is produced.
Or
What is hydroelectricity?
Or
What is hydel power?
Ans.  Rain water or river water stored in dams is made to fall from heights. The
falling water flows through pipes inside the dam over turbine blades placed at
the bottom of the dam. The moving blades then turn the generator to produce
electricity. This is called hydroelectricity. The water discharged after the
generation of electricity is used for irrigation.
 
Q59. Write a short note on distribution of minerals in Africa.
Ans.  Africa is rich in mineral resources. It is the world’s largest producer of
diamonds, gold and platinum. South Africa, Zimbabwe and Zaire produce a large
portion of the world’s gold. The other minerals found in Africa are copper, iron
ore, chromium, uranium, cobalt and bauxite. Oil is found in Nigeria, Libya and
Angola.
 
Q60. Write a short note on distribution of minerals in Antarctica.
Ans.  The geology of Antarctica is sufficiently well known to predict the existence
of a variety of mineral deposits, some probably large. Significant size of deposits
of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains and iron near the Prince Charles
Mountains of East Antarctica is forecasted. Iron ore, gold, silver and oil are also
present in commercial quantities.
Q61. What are the advantages and disadvantages of crude oil?
Ans. Advantages
                        i.        Easier to transport (tankers).
                       ii.        Basis of petro-chemical industry.
Disadvantages
                        i.        Depletion of oxygen due to oil spillage.
 ii.        Pollutants released caused acid rain.
                      iii.        Exploration of new fuel is not easy.
 
Q62. What are the advantages and disadvantages of coal?
Ans. Advantages
                        i.        Extensively available.
                       ii.        Efficient conversion to electricity.
Disadvantages
  i.        Polluting source.
                       ii.        Bulky to transport.

Q63. What are the advantages of biogas over natural gas?

Ans.  Advantages of biogas over natural gas
                       i.        Biogas is non-conventional source of energy whereas natural gas is a
conventional source of energy
                      ii.        Biogas is renewable source of energy whereas natural gas is non-
renewable.
                     iii.        Biogas is cheaper compared to natural gas.
 
Q64. How can quarrying become a major environmental concern?
Ans. Quarrying can become a major environmental concern because of the
following reasons:
  i.        Dust from quarry sites causes air pollution.
                       ii.        It involves several activities that generate significant amounts of
noise.
                      iii.        It causes damage to the biodiversity of the place.
                      iv.        It produces significant amounts of waste material that cause damage
to the environment.
 
 Q65. What are the advantages and disadvantages of natural gas?
Ans. Advantages
                        i.        Easier to transport (pipelines).
                       ii.        Cleaner than oil and coal.
iii.        Cheaper than oil.
Disadvantages
                        i.        Depletion of oxygen due to gas leakage.
                       ii.        Pollutants released caused acid rain.
                      iii.        Exploration of new fuel is not easy.

Q66. What are the common uses of minerals?

Or
List uses of any three minerals.
Ans.  Minerals are used in many industries. Minerals which are used for gems are
usually hard. These are then set in various styles for jewellery. Copper is another
metal used in everything from coins to pipes. Silicon, used in the computer
industry is obtained from quartz. Aluminum obtained from its ore bauxite is used
in automobiles and airplanes, bottling industry, buildings and even in kitchen
cookware.
 
Q67. Write a short note on distribution of minerals in South America.
Ans.  Brazil is the largest producer of high grade iron-ore in the world. Chile and
Peru are leading producers of copper. Brazil and Bolivia are among the world’s
largest producers of tin. South America also has large deposits of gold, silver,
zinc, chromium, manganese, bauxite, mica, platinum, asbestos and diamond.
Mineral oil is found in Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, Peru and Columbia.
 
Q68. What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydel power?
Ans. Advantages
                        i.        Non-Polluting.
                       ii.        Promotes irrigation and fishing.
                      iii.        Cheap.
Disadvantages
                        i.        Displacement of local community.
                       ii.        Inundates low.
                      iii.        Expensive to set up.
 
Q69. What has led to the tapping of various non-conventional source of
energy?
Or
Why is there a need for harnessing non-conventional sources of energy?
Ans. The sharp increase in our consumption of fossil fuels has led to their
depletion at an alarming rate. The toxic pollutants released from burning these
fuels are also a cause for concern. Unchecked burning of fossil fuel is like an
unchecked dripping tap which will eventually run dry. This has led to the tapping
of various nonconventional sources of energy that are cleaner alternatives to
fossil fuels.

Q70. What are the advantages and disadvantages of firewood?

Ans. Advantages
                        i.        Easy access.
                       ii.        Provides energy to large number of people.
Disadvantages
                        i.        Collection is time consuming.
ii.        Polluting.
                      iii.        Promoting greenhouse effect.
                      iv.        Deforestation.
 
Q71. What are the advantages and disadvantages of wind energy?
Ans. Advantages
                         i.        Non-Polluting.
                        ii.        Low cost production of electricity once setup.
 iii.        Safe and clean.
 Disadvantages
                         i.        Noise pollution.
                        ii.        Wind mills costly to setup.
                       iii.        Disturbs T.V and radio reception.
                       iv.        Harmful to birds.

Q72. Give five ways in which you can save energy at home.
Ans. Five ways in which one can save energy at home:
                        i.        Using solar energy as much as possible.
   ii.        Drying clothes in sunlight instead of electric dryers to prevent
unnecessary use of electricity.
iii.        Switching off lights, fans and other electrical appliances when not in
use.
                      iv.        Using energy efficient devices such as florescent bulbs and tubes.
                       v.        Using pressure cookers for cooking.
 
Q73. Distinguish between Conventional and non-conventional sources of
energy.
Ans. Difference between Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy
Conventional energy Non-conventional energy
1. Conventional sources of energy are 1. Non-conventional sources of
those which have been in common energy are those which have been
use for a long time. identified few decades ago.
2. They are generally exhaustible. 2. They are generally in exhaustible.
3. They pollute environment, on a 3. They are environment friendly
large scale and adds to global sources, which does not cause
warming. pollution.
4. Example: Firewood and fossil fuels 4. Example: solar energy, wind energy
and  tidal energy
Q74. Distinguish between Biogas and natural gas.
Ans. Difference between biogas and natural gas.
Biogas Natural gas
1. It is produced using organic waste 1. Natural gas is found with
such as dead plant and animal petroleum deposits and is released
material, animal dung and kitchen when crude oil is brought to the
waste. surface.
2. It can be used for cooking and 2. It can be used as a domestic and
lighting. industrial fuel.
3. It is non-conventional source of 3. It is a conventional source of
energy. energy.
4. It is renewable source of energy. 4. It is non-renewable source of
energy.
Q75. Name and describe briefly methods of extraction.
Or
What are the different methods of mineral extraction?
Or
How are minerals extracted from the Earth?
Or
Give a brief note on mining.
Ans.  Mining - The process of taking out minerals from rocks buried under the
earth’s surface is called mining.
Open-cast mining - Minerals that lie at shallow depths are taken out by removing
the surface layer; this is known as open-cast mining.
Shaft mining - Deep bores, called shafts, have to be made to reach mineral
deposits that lie at great depths. This is called shaft mining.
Drilling - Petroleum and natural gas occur far below the earth’s surface. Deep
wells are bored to take them out, this is called drilling.
Quarrying - Minerals that lie near the surface are simply dug out, by the process
known as quarrying.
 Q76. Where are minerals found? Explain with example.
Or
“Minerals occur in different types of rocks.” Explain with examples.
Ans.  Distribution of Minerals
                         i.        Minerals occur in different types of rocks. Some are found in igneous
rocks, some in metamorphic rocks while others occur in sedimentary rocks.
                        ii.        Generally, metallic minerals are found in igneous and metamorphic
rock formations that form large plateaus.
                       iii.        Iron-ore in north Sweden, copper and nickel deposits in Ontario,
Canada, iron, nickel, chromites and platinum in South Africa are examples of
minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks.
                       iv.        Sedimentary rock formations of plains and young fold mountains
contain non-metallic minerals like limestone.
v.        Limestone deposits of Caucasus region of France, manganese deposits of Georgia
and Ukraine and phosphate beds of Algeria are some examples.
                       vi.        Mineral fuels such as coal and petroleum are also found in the
sedimentary strata.

Q77. Write a short note on distribution of minerals in India.

Ans. Iron: India has deposits of high grade iron ore. The mineral is found mainly
in Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra and
Karnataka.
Bauxite: Major bauxite producing areas are Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Mica: Mica deposits mainly occur in Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and
Rajasthan. India is the largest producer and exporter of mica in the world.
Copper: It is mainly produced in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand,
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Manganese: India’s manganese deposits lie in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Limestone: Major limestone producing states in India are Bihar, Jharkhand,
Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
Gold: Kolar in Karnataka has deposits of gold in India. These mines are among the
deepest in the world which makes mining of this ore a very expensive process.
Salt: It is obtained from seas, lakes and rocks. India is one of the world’s leading
producers and exporters of salt.

Q78. Describe some non- conventional sources of energy.

Ans.  Solar energy - Solar energy trapped from the sun can be used in solar cells
to produce electricity. Many of these cells are joined into solar panels to generate
power for heating and lighting purpose. Solar energy is also used in solar heaters,
solar cookers, solar dryers besides being used for community lighting and traffic
signals. The technology of utilizing solar energy benefits a lot of tropical
countries that are blessed with abundant sun shine.
Wind Energy - Wind is an inexhaustible source of energy. The high speed winds
rotate the wind mill which is connected to a generator to produce
electricity. Wind farms are found in Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, UK, USA
and Spain are noted for their wind energy production.
Nuclear Power - Nuclear power is obtained from energy stored in the nuclei of
atoms of naturally occurring radioactive elements like uranium and thorium.
These fuels undergo nuclear fission in nuclear reactors and emit power. The
greatest producers of nuclear power are USA and Europe.
Geothermal Energy - Heat energy obtained from the earth is called geothermal
energy. The temperature in the interior of the earth rises steadily as we go
deeper. Some times this heat energy may surface itself in the form of hot springs.
This heat energy can be used to generate power. USA has the world’s largest
geothermal power plants followed by New Zealand, Iceland, Philippines and
Central America.
Tidal Energy - Energy generated from tides is called tidal energy. Tidal energy
can be harnessed by building dams at narrow openings of the sea. During high
tide the energy of the tides is used to turn the turbine installed in the dam to
produce electricity. Russia, France and the Gulf of Kachchh in India have huge
tidal mill farms.
Biogas - Organic waste such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung and
kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas. Biogas is an
excellent fuel for cooking and lighting and produces huge amount of organic
manure each year.
Sources :-

https://educationwithfun.com/
https://byjus.com/cbse-note

https://www.freencertsolutions.com/

https://mycbseguide.com/blog