AN ANALYSIS OF POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN HER MOVIE

A Thesis
Submitted to Letter and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
The Degree of Strata One

RAINY NUR NORRA

1111026000058

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2015
 ABSTRACT

Rainy Nur Norra, An Analysis of Politeness Strategy in ‘Her’ movie. A thesis.

Jakarta: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic
University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. 2016.

This thesis is the study of pragmatics on the use of politeness strategy in

movie entitled ‘Her’. It is a qualitative research. The theory used in this thesis is
Brown and Levinson’s Negative Politeness Strategy, and supported by Ronald
Wardaugh Politeness and Solidarity theory. The writer also analyzes the relation
between distance and the choice of strategy and how the strategy works in the
conversation.

By applying the theories, the writer knows that the characters use the
politeness strategy as we know that politeness strategy have several sub-strategies
that have a different purpose. Those sub-strategies are bald on record, positive
politeness, negative politeness, off record, and don’t do FTA. They uses those
strategies relates to the context of the conversation and the situation.

Furthermore, Wardaugh theory about solidarity and politeness are not

necessarily main reflection about how the character behavior to each other. Their
relation is close but they still polite although the tension of the situation heat up.

In conclusion, politeness strategy use to maintain the hearer face in order to

communication going well, and the sociological variable such as power, distance, and
ranking of imposition is not the main factor that someone uttered polite or impolite, it
is based on the situation.

i
 DECLARATION

I hereby declared that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor the material which to substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, January 15, 2015

Rainy Nur Norra

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

In the name of Allah Subhana Wa Ta’aalaa, the most Gracious and the most

Merciful.

First of all the writer would like to give all majesty and praise to Allah Subhana Wa

Ta’aalaa who is always give her strength, patients, blessing in completing this thesis.

May blessing, peace and salutation be upon the most honorable prophet and

messenger of Allah Subhana Wa Ta’aalaa, Muhammad Solalluhu Alaihi Wassalam,

his families, companion, and congregations.

The writer would like to express her deep and sincere gratitude to her advisor,

Sholikatus Sa’diyah, M.Pd. who had guided and supported her to accomplish this

thesis. The writer recognizes that without her guidance, critic, and constructive

comment and support during the writing of this thesis, it will not be fulfilled.

The writer would like to express her special gratitude to her beloved parents,

Abdul Azis and Kholifah, who never stop praying for her, their financial support,

their mentally support, their contribution in the writer’s life especially in finishing

this thesis. Deep gratitude also to the writer’s sister Rizki Amalia and her husband,

Suherman, her children, Maliq Al-Gazali, Mikaila Ligwina Halwa, Muhammad

Hylmi Al-tamis, and also for her sister Rana El Bilqis for her support, kindness, love,

and limitless encouragement.

v
 The writer would also like to express the deepest gratitude to many people

who given their participation and support in finishing this thesis. They are as follows:

1. Prof. Dr Syukron kamil M.Ag, the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.

2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department.

3. Elve Oktaviyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department.

4. All lecturers of English Letters Department, who gave the writer knowledge

by taught and educated the writer during her studies at the English Letters

Department.

5. All the staff of main library of UIN Jakarta, PKBB UNIKA ATMAJAYA,

and Faculty of Adab and Humanities library that helped the writer in finding

so many references.

6. The writer’s group of KKN ‘GEMA PERMATA’, what a great month with

them and hopefully they have another great month ahead..

7. The writer’s best friend since junior high school Njo, Adry, Raden, Topik,

Randy, thank you for the laugh and for the unbreakable friendship. They are

not best friend anymore, they are partner in crime.

8. The writer’s best friend since high school Icha, Widy, Pietrajaya, Eko,

Fauzan, thank you for sharing any thought with them, they are the real MVP.

9. The writer’s best friend in the same struggle Farah Noor Syalies, Yuni Asri

and Devita Adriani Thank you so much for being such a great companion

vi
 along the way in finishing this thesis, and the laugh for previous four years

and also hopefully another million years ahead.

And for those that the writer could not mention one by one, for their outstanding

contribution, material and immaterial assistance, it was so great having them all.

May Allah SWT blessed and protects them.

Amin

Jakarta, September 2015

The Writer

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL SHEET ............................................................................................ ii

LEGALIZATION ................................................................................................. iii

DECLARATION ................................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................ viii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................... 1

A. BACKGROUND OF STUDY .................................................................. 1

B. FOCUS OF STUDY .................................................................................. 5
C. RESEARCH QUESTION......................................................................... 5
D. SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY ..................................................................... 5
E. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................. 6

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION ............................................. 8

A. PREVIOUS RESEARCH ......................................................................... 8

B. CONCEPT ................................................................................................. 12
1. Politeness ............................................................................................. 12
2. Brown and Levinson Politeness Theory ........................................... 16
2.1. Bald On Record .......................................................................... 18
2.2. Positive Politeness....................................................................... 19
2.3. Negative Politeness ..................................................................... 24
2.4. Off Record................................................................................... 27
2.5. Don’t Do FTA ............................................................................. 31
3. Sociological Variable .......................................................................... 31

CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 35

A. Data Description ................................................................................. 35
B. Data Analysis ...................................................................................... 35

viii
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .................................. 66
A. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 66
B. Suggestions ................................................................................................. 69

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 71

ix
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

“Language is a communication tool between members of society in the

form of a symbol of the sound produced by the human vocal organs.

Communication tool is intended as a means to interact or are interconnected with

the other person.”1

As a member of the community would someone need to interact with

others through the medium of language. Language is an arbitary system which

uses in society to cooperate, communicate, and to identify them.2 Language used

in order to reach what the purpose of the communication. In short, language is

medium to communicate in order to interact with society in life.

Moreover, communication happens in almost all aspect of life and it is

not only as a communication to each other, but also it uses in social aspects such

as one's relationship with others, religion, and politics, economics and culture. In

addition, in the terms of entertainment, such as movies, soundtracks, and scripts

use language either. However the language used within them are certainly to

convey the purpose of the creator regardless any linguistics intention. It means

that the usage of language is unconsciously contained with linguistics element.

1
Didin Saefudin Buchori. Bahasa Indonesia Untuk Mahasiswa. (Bogor: Granada sarana
pustaka. 2012), P.1
2
Abdul Chaer. Linguistik Umum. (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta,2003). P. 32.

1
 2

Indeed, in the movie definitely are played by various characters that

could represent the hidden intention in the film. As the part of storyline, the

characters have a conversation delivered by the expression. It means, the language

usage effects the expression from the speaker, in this case is the characters.

A movie as one of the creative arts arguably has a lot of demands from

its spectacle. Especially movie are made by the foreign, precisely by Hollywood

industry which mastered cinema networks around the world. The story itself has

its own uniqueness; in this case the writer highlights a movie entitled Her. This

movie serves an extra ordinary love story, which the main female character in the

movie is only a digital voice from computer program. The story tells about the

difficult situation the main male actor and the digital voice character who are

falling in love to each other. The voice character named Samantha and the male

named Theodore. The director, succeed plays the emotion of the writer through

the love story between Samantha and Theodore.

Nevertheless, as I mention earlier that the script is conducted for the

sake of the story regardless the linguistic element itself. In the other hands, there

is a strategy contained in every communication. According to Georgia Green that

quoted by Yule in his book that is to understand of intention in human action, it

involves interpretation in order to accomplish some purpose in communication. It

also includes belief, intention (or goal), plan, and act. 3 The interpretation is based

on what we might have intended to convey and includes evaluation as „rude‟ and

„inconsiderate‟, or „considerate‟ and „thoughtful‟. This impact of these evaluations

became the investigation and it called politeness.4 Politeness has been triggered by

3
Georgia Green. Pragmatic and Natural Language Understanding. Lawrence
Erlbaum1989, p. 3 in George Yule. Pragmatic. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) p. 91
4
Ibid p. 60.
5
Gino Eelen. A Critique of Politeness Theories. (Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
2001) pp. 2-19
 3

some linguists that which are Robin Lakoff, Stephen C. Levinson and Penelope

Brown, Geoffrey Leech, Yueguo Gu, Sachiko Ide, Shosana Blum-Kulka, Bruce

Fraser and William Nolen, Horst Arndt and Richard Janney, and finally Richard

Watts.5 However, the writer chose the theory proposed by Brown and Levinson,

although not the first, Brown & Levinson‟s theory is certainly the most influential

– witness the innumerable reactions, applications, critiques, modifications and

revisions their 1987 publication has triggered, and still does.6 In their book

entitled Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage suggests that in

conversation, speaker and hearer both have positive and negative face 7, where the

face should be kept. Brown and Levinson define face as the public self-image that

every member wants to claim for himself.8 This face has two aspects: positive and
negative.
Negative face: the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, right

to non-distraction – i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from

imposition

Positive face: the positive consistent self-image or ‘personality’

(crucial including the desire that his self-image be appreciated and

approved of) claimed by interactants.9

In short, this theory focuses to analyzed the strategies as follows (1)

bald on record, (2) Positive politeness, (3) Negative politeness, (4) Off Record, (5)

Don‟t do FTA. Those strategies are applied in order to uncover the linguistics

elements within the human and the computer device character‟s interaction.

6
Ibid p. 3
7
Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson, Politeness: Some Universals In Language
Usage, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 59
8
Ibid. p. 61
9
Brown and Levinson. Op.cit. p. 61
 4

However, the writer limited this research by only analyzing the negative

politeness strategy. According to Brown and Levinson, the negative politeness

itself is redressive action addressed to the adressee‟s negative face: his want to

have his freedom of action unhindered and his attention unimpeded. In short, to

minimize the particular imposition that the FTA unavoidably effects to hearer.10

Furthermore, unconsciously we can learn linguistic deeper through the

movie. We can find out when and what one's goals using politeness strategies

through the movies we watch from the characters who plays the movie through

their utterances which relates to the context and situation in the scene of the

movie. This study aimed to find out when and what strategies should be used in

any context of the conversation that if we can apply in our daily lives that will

ultimately have an impact on our relationships with others.

In addition, this research also uses a supporting theory from Ronald

Wardaugh to attempt discovered the closeness relationship between the speaker

and the hearer. His theory called solidarity and politeness. In short, the closer the

relationship between the speaker and the hearer the less politeness level and vice

versa. This theory conveyed about how the relationship of a person to another

person influenced their utterance and in this case is politeness. Wardaugh also

conveyed about address term that use in order to be polite and friendly. 11

Those explanations above are the reasons of the writer to do this

analysis with a movie entitled Her as the research by using the Brown and

Levinson as the main theory to analysis the language phenomenon. Also theory by
10
Ibid p.129
11
Ronald Wardaugh. An Introduction To Sociolinguistics. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
1986) p. 251
 5

Wardaugh is applied as the supporting theory to attempt the analysis more

accurate.

B. Focus of Study

In this thesis, the writer will focus on politeness strategy by Brown and

Levinson in Her movie. The thesis will be analyzed each scene to know what

strategy that use in the movie and how it works and why characters in the movie

use those strategies.

C. Research Questions

In accordance with the background research that has been described

beforehand, some research questions that will be explored in depth can be

formulated as follows:

1. How are the strategies used by the character in the movie Her using

politeness strategies?

2. Why do the characters in the movie Her use politeness strategies in their

utterances?

D. Significance of Study

Theoretically, this thesis is expected to increase the repertoire of

linguistic analysis study to be more diverse and varied. In addition, this study

is expected to provide accurate information about the meanings of what is

contained in every utterance its politeness and politeness strategies. And

become knowledge for further research so that further research could

investigate in more depth and varying the other linguistic science. Not only
 6

expected to increase repertoire of linguistics studies but also to learn about

politeness strategy in more depth through the film that became the object of

this study, so it can be applied in real life.

E. Research Methodology

1. Objectives of Research

The aims of this research are:

1. To know how the strategies used by the character in the movie.

2. To know the purpose related to the context of conversation of the

character use of politeness strategy of Brown and Levinson's theory in

the movie entitled Her

2. The Method of Research

This thesis is a qualitative research. Qualitative research is

descriptive.12 The writer noted meticulously the data that in the form of

words13 and in this case is movie script. From these data, the writer

analyzing the data to make generalizations or conclusions of the research

subjects.14

3. The Technique of Data Analysis

The Writer search data in the selected movie script then look for

scenes in the movie that is suitable as a data afterwards writer wrote on the

data card for makes analysis easier. The data has already collected is

analyzed qualitatively by performing the following steps:

12
Edi Subroto. Pengantar Metoda Penelitian Linguistik Struktural. (Surakarta: Sebelas
Maret University Press, 1992). p. 7
13
Ibid.
14
Ibid.
 7

a. Determining the topic and the objective of the thesis.

b. Reading the related literature data.

c. Determining of the object of the thesis and the theory to solved the

problem.

d. Watching the movie Her and reading the script.

e. Marking and giving notes on the politeness utterances found.

f. Identifying and analyzing based on related theory.

g. Concluding the research findings.

4. The Instrument of Research

The writer is the primary instrument for data collection and analysis.15

Data have been obtained by the author are written into a card called a data

card, the data card contains data that has been taken in the script of the

film.16 Then, the data card used as instrument also besides the writer

herself.

5. The Unit of Analysis

This thesis uses movie entitled Her as the corpus which the movie

cast by Joaquin Phoenix as the main male character and Scarlet Johanson

as main female character, but her role in this movie is only a voice heard

from computer. Moreover, the genre of this movie is drama. This movie

was released in 2013. This movie won Academy Award in 2014 for best

writing original screenplay, and Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay,

Motion Picture. These awards are very prestigious in the movie industry.

15
Sharan B. Miriam. Qualitative Research: A guide to Design and Implementation, (San
Fransisco: Jossey Bass, 2009) p. 15
16
Subroto. P. 42
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION

A. Previous Research

Before writer doing this thesis about politeness in the movie 'Her', the

study by previous writers have been done with different units of analysis. The

writer found four writers who wrote thesis about politeness, here are previous

writers:

1. This thesis was written by Yuliana Prameswari in 2012, entitled Negative

Politeness Strategy in Diplomacy Meeting at UN Security Council Summit on

Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Nuclear Disarmament. She used several

theories to analyzed the unit analysis, the theories are Brown and Levinson‟s

negative politeness strategy, supported by other theories such as John Searle‟s

indirect speech act, Grice‟s cooperative principle dimensions-non-

spuriousness, relevance, and perspicuosness, Leech‟s tact maxim, Agha‟s

honorification, Ross‟s degrees of nouniness and Scollon‟s politeness system.

From this research, the writer found the fact that by applying the theories, the

writer knows that negative politeness strategy regularly implies in

spokesman‟s utterances to not infringe the hearer‟s negative face and to

maintain the harmonized atmosphere among them. In brief, negative

politeness as the heart of respect behavior has greatly contribution to the

success of international diplomacy. With negative politeness strategies,

diplomats from different states can represent their own policy and resolution

without infringement to territory of hearer‟s freedom.1

16
Yuliana Prameswari. Negative Politeness Strategy in Diplomacy Meeting at UN
Security Council Summit on Nuclear Non-Proliferation Disarmament. (Jakarta: UIN Syarif
Hidayatullah, 2012)

8
 9

The differences between the thesis above and this thesis is the corpus

exist in real life and the situation is formal because the speech from the head

of government take place in international diplomacy about nuclear that the

topic of the meeting is very important. Indeed, the utterances from the head of

government who involve in the meeting must be used politeness strategy not

only to maintain the „face‟ of the audiences who are the head of government

but also to maintain their country relationship. Besides, she also uses a

different supporting theory like Agha‟s Honorification because of the corpus

itself. Contrast, the writer uses Ronald Wardaugh politeness and solidarity as

supporting theory because she uses movie as the corpus that the character in

the movie uttered in informal situation.

2. This thesis was written by Resi Novira in 2010, entitled Negative Politeness

Strategies As found in Rachael Ray Show. She used politeness strategy theory

by Brown and Levinson (1987), and negative politeness strategy as her

specific analysis. She used quantitative analysis to know which strategy that

mostly used in the data. The results of this study are speakers of applying a

negative politeness strategies were found in 31 utterances. Strategy 1. Be

conventionally indirect there are two utterances (6.45%), strategy 2. Question,

Hedge there are nine utterances (29,03%), strategy 3. Be pessimistic there are

four utterances (12,90%), strategy 4. Minimize the imposition, Rx there are 3

utterances (9,68%), strategy 5. Give deference there are four utterances

(12,09%), strategy 6. Apologize there are 1 utterance (3,23%), strategy 7.

Impersonalize S and H there are three utterances (9,68%), strategy 8. State

 10

FTA as a general rule there are 3 utterances (9,68%), strategy 9 and 10 there

are only one utterance (3,23%). Rachael Ray as the object of analysis mostly

used strategy 2. Question, hedge that shows speaker tend to using simple

strategy to applied word or phrase to minimize a risk of wrong in delivering

the utterances.2

The differences between the thesis above and this thesis are in the

methodology they used, if Resi Novira used Quantitative method with a

percentage of the strategy uses. In contrast, the writer use Qualitative method,

then there are no percentage in the result of her thesis.

3. This thesis written by Siti Nurzanah in 2012, entitled An Analysis of Negative

Politeness Strategy Used by Harry Potter In JK Rowling’s Novel ‘Harry

Potter and The Chamber Of Secret”. The aim of this research are to find out

the analysis of negative politeness strategy used by Harry Potter in J.K.

Rowling‟s novel „Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret‟, to know in what

situation Harry Potter used Negative Politeness, and to know with whom

Harry used the Negative Politeness. This research was conducted through

discourse analysis methodology. The researcher collecting data by reading the

novel and analyzed the data by using technique: data reduction, data display,

and analysis according to the theory of Miles and Huberman. As the result of

this research, the researcher found the negative politeness strategy used by

Harry Potter in J.K. Rowling novel Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret

are seven of ten types of negative politeness: be conventionally indirect,

2
Resi Novira. Negative Politeness Strategies as Found in Rachel Ray Show. (Padang:
Universitas Andalas, 2010)
 11

question-hedge, be pessimistic, minimize the imposition, give deference,

apologize, go on record as incurring a debt or as not indebting in the certain

situation and setting. There is no utterance which belong to impersonalize S

and H, state FTA as general rule, and nominalize.3

The differences between this thesis and the thesis written by Siti

Nurzanah are this thesis is about politeness strategy but she also conducted

with Discourse Analysis, and the corpus is novel and uses Miles and

Huberman as a technique of data analysis. Otherwise, the writer use

qualitative method and the result explained descriptively. And the data

conducted used data card as introduced by Subroto.

4. This journal written by Rosina Marquez Reiter from University of Sheffield,

entitled Politeness Phenomena in British English and Uruguayan Spanish:

The case of Requests. The aim of this journal is to present and analysis and

interpretation of the realization patterns of requests in British English (BE)

and Uruguayan Spanish (US), establishing the similarities and differences

between the conceptualization of politeness by native speaker of both

languages. This journal use Brown and Levinson‟s Politeness Theory, and

other supporting theories such as Whorfian hypothesis and its view on the

relationship between language and thought, Gricean conversational maxims,

Austin‟s and Searle‟s speech act theory and Goffman‟s notion of „face‟, and

the major politeness theories such as Lakoff (1973), Brown and Levinson

(1987) and Leech‟s (1983). The result of this journal is the major difference

between US and BE request is a matter of orientation. Uruguayans appear to

3
Siti Nurzanah. An Analysis of Negative Politeness Strategy Used by Hrry Potter in JK
Rowling’s Novel Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret. (Cirebon: IAIN Syekh Nurjati, 2012)
 12

be more inclined towards positive politeness when requesting as opposed to

the British, who seem to be more inclined to negative politeness.4

The differences between the journal above and this thesis are this

journal is specific in request and the researcher did this research in real life

situation and the unit of analysis are the British English native speaker and

Uruguayan Spanish Native speaker, and used Whorfian hypothesis as

supporting theory different from the writer of this thesis, she used movie as

the corpus and related them with Politeness and solidarity which known in

sociolinguistics.

B. Concept

In this section explains the concept of politeness and impoliteness that

can affect a person to use politeness strategies and also theories to support from

the sociolinguistic namely solidarity and politeness theory initiated by Ronald

Wardaugh and politeness theory initiated by Brown-Levinson. Indeed, other

theories that support the main theory.

1. Politeness

In daily conversation, we as civilized human beings would certainly think

about what we uttered, to whom we uttered or who our partners, in a situation like

what we said so as not to offend hearer. It is necessary for us said the sentences

that polite.
In the other hand, according to Thomas, the only reason is that people

have discussed five separate sets of phenomena (deference, register, a real-world

4
Rosina Marquez Reiter. Politeness Phenomena in British English and Uruguayan
Spanish: The Case of Request. (Sheffield: University of Sheffield, 1997)
 13

goal, a surface level phenomenon and an illocutionary phenomenon) under the

heading of politeness.5 It is intepreted in everyday life as the use of deferential

language and expression of gratitude and apology.6

Furthermore, politeness is a concept in English that assessed in pragmatic

and sociolinguistics in Anglo-Saxon tradition of linguistics. In fact, this concept is

also subject of social theory. In general, politeness relates to the idea of such

thoughtful, humble, and considerate in term of relationship with others.7

Politeness is an area of interactional pragmatic which has experienced

and explosion of interest over the past quarter of a century and in which empirical

studies have proliferated, examining-individually and crosses culturally-languages

and language varieties from around the world. 8 It is a pragmatics phenomenon

which lies not in the form and the words themselves, but its function and its

intended social meaning. 9 Pragmatically, politeness is interpreted as a strategy

used by a speaker to achieved variety goals, such as promoting or maintaining

harmonious relations.10

Then, in the pragmatics we recognize the principle of politeness. Some

theories about politeness principle introduced by some linguist one of them is

Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson, better known as Brown and Levinson's

theory of politeness. According to them, the concept of politeness is universal and

5
Jenny Thomas, Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics (Edinburgh:
Longman, 1995), p. 149.
6
Helen Spencer-Oatey, Culturally Speaking: Culture, Communication and Politeness
Theory, 2nd ed. (Cornwall:Continuum, 2008), p. 2.
7
Richard J. Watts, Politeness (Cambridge : CUP, 2003), p.10
8
Leo Hickey and Miranda Stewart, Politeness in Europe (Great Britain: Cromwell Press,
2005) p.1
9
Joan Cutting, Pragmatic and Discourse, (New York: Routledge, 2002), pp. 51-52
10
Thomas. Op.cit. pp.157-158
 14

equal in all speech communities in the world. Member of society have the same

way to show politeness to the hearers conceptualized as face.11 Goffman defines

face as the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line

other assume he has taken during a particular contact.12 George Yule defines the

concept of face as a social and emotional sense owned by anyone and hoped to be

recognized by the others.13 According to Janney Thomas, the concept of face is

the best understood as every individual‟s feeling of self-worth within politeness

theory. This image can be damaged, maintained or enhanced through verbal

interaction with others.14 Brown and Levinson defines it as the public self image

that every member want to claim for himself. 15In their book entitled Politeness:

Some Universals in Language Usage suggests that in speaking, speaker and hearer

both have positive and negative face16, where the face should be kept. This face

has two aspects: positive and negative.

Negative face: the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, right to

non-distraction – i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from imposition
Positive face: the positive consistent self-image or „personality‟ (crucial
including the desire that his self-image be appreciated and approved of)
claimed by interactants.17

As quoted by Helen Spencer-Oatey in their book entitled Culturally

Speaking: Culture, Communication and Politeness Theory that in Brown and

Levinson seminal work on politeness, proposed that face is the key of motivating

11
Brown and Levinson. Op.cit. pp.61-62
12
Erving Goffman. Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face to Face Behavior (New Jersey:
Transaction Publisher, 2005), p. 5.
13
George Yule. The Study of Language, 3rd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press,2006), p.119.
14
Thomas. Op.cit. p. 169.
15
Brown and Levinson. Loc. Cit.
16
Ibid. p.59
17
Ibid. p. 61
 15

force for „politeness‟, and they maintain that it consist of two related aspects,

negative face and positive face. In their model, negative face is a person‟s want to

be unimpeded by others, the desire to be free to act as s/he choose and not be

imposed upon; positive face is person‟s want to be appreciated and approved of

by selected others, in terms of personality, desires, behavior, values and so on. In

other words, negative face represents a desire for autonomy, and positive face

represents a desire approval.18

Additionally, Robin Lakoff could be well called of mother of modern

politeness theory; she was the first to examine it from a decidedly pragmatic

perspective. Eelen quoted Lakoff in her book that according to Lakoff, politeness

is a system of interpersonal relations designed to facilitate interaction by

minimizing the potential for conflict and confrontation inherent in all human
19
interchange. Lakoff used politeness to point out certain weaknesses of

traditional linguistics theory, and did this by connecting politeness with Grice‟s

Cooperative Principle (CP).

Of course, it is possible to treat politeness as a fixed concept, as in the idea

of „polite social behavior‟, or etiquette, within a culture. It is also possible to

specify a number of different general principles for being polite in social

interaction within particular culture.20

According to Arndt and Janney, as quoted by Eelen, politeness is a matter

of using the right words in the right context as determined by conventional rules

of appropriateness.21
18
Helen Spencer-Oatey. Culturally Speaking: Culture, Communication and Politeness
Theory. (London: Continuum, 2000). pp. 12-13
19
Eelen, Op. cit. p. 2
20
George Yule, Pragmatics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p.60
21
Eelen. Op. cit. p. 15
 16

It can be conclude that politeness then defineas activity serving to enhance,

mintain or protect face. 22 It can also be define as showing awareness and

consideration for another person‟s face.23

Finally, based on all perspective, politeness use in order to makes

communication between speaker and hearer well.

2. Brown and Levinson Politeness Theory

Politeness theory initiated by Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson in

his book entitled Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. In the book,

they mention that as a speaker and hearer, they both have two face that is positive

and negative that can be selected to satisfy both at the end of the conversation.

Here is a resume of politeness concept initiated Brown-Levinson:

„S‟ stands for „speaker‟ and „H‟ stands for „addressee‟. In this outline S

and H are MPs. In their book, MP is model person. Among MPs, it is mutual

knowledge that for all MPs:

(i) All MPs have positive face and negative face, and all MPs are rational agents

– i.e. choose means that will satisfy their ends.

(ii) Given that face consists of a set of wants satisfiable only by the action

(including expressions of wants) of others, it will in general be to the mutual

interest of two MPs to maintain each other‟s face. So S will want to maintain

H‟s face, unless he can get H to maintain S‟s without recompense, by

coercion, trickery, etc.

22
Florian Coulmas.(ed.). The handbook of Sociolinguistics (Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Publishers, 2000). p. 378
23
Yule (2006). Loc.cit.
 17

(iii) Some acts intrinsically threaten face: these „face-threatening acts‟ will be

referred to henceforth as FTAs.

(iv) Unless S‟s want to do an FTA with maximum satisfiable (defined as bald on

record) is greater than S‟s want to preserve H‟s (or S‟s) face to any degree,

then S will want to minimize the face threat of the FTA.

(v) Given the following set of strategies, the more an act threatens S‟s or H‟s face,

the more S will want to choose a higher-numbered strategy; this by virtue of

the fact that these strategies afford payoffs of increasingly minimized risk:
Circumstances determining
Choice of strategy 1. Without redressive action, baldly
lesser on record 2. Positive politerness
estimation of do the FTA
risk of face loss with redressive action
3. Negative Politeness
4. Off Record
5. Don‟t do FTA

Greater

Since i-v mutually known to all MPs, our MP will not choose a strategy

less risky than necessary, as this may be seen as an indication that the FTA is

more threatening than it actually is.24

Politeness is fundamental to the very structure of social life and society, in

that it constitutes the „expression of social relationships‟ and provides a verbal

way to relieve the interpersonal tension arising from communicative intentions

that conflict with social needs and statuses. Because of this fundamentally social

functionality, Brown and Levinson claim that their theory to the universally valid,

which is captured by their concept of a universal speaker or hearer or model

person.25

24
Brown and Levinson, Ibid, pp. 59-60
25
Eelen, Op.cit. p.5
 18

In the other words, the concept of politeness belong two tradition: one

primarily, concerned with conventional courtesy, etiquette or good manners, the

other more interactionally pragmatic or face-saving, as developed in Brown and

Levinson model. This model does not necessarily view language in term of a

polite / impolite cline but rather in term of extent to which speakers strategically

deviate from Gricean maxims in order to save their own face and/or that of the

others.26

2.1. Bald On Record

Bald on record is one of the strategies in Brown-Levinson politeness

principle that in short is the imperative sentence. In his book, Brown and

Levinson said that the strategy of bald on record can be treated like a maxim that

was initiated by Grice (1975). This maxim is intuitive characteristics of the

cooperative principle which is a guideline to get the maximum efficient

communication.27 Bald on record, are to be found where the power differential is

great. In such cases the powerful participant will often employ no indirectness at

all.28

The prime reason for using bald on record may be stated simply: in

general, whenever S wants to do an FTA with maximum efficiency more than he

wants to satisfy H‟s face, even to any degree, he will choose the bald on record

strategy. There are, however, different kinds of bald on record usage in different

circumstances, because S can have different motives for his want to do the FTA

with maximum efficiency.29 Direct imperative sentence is very clear example of

the use of bald on record.

26
Hickey and Stewart. Op.cit. p.3
27
Brown and Levinson. Op.cit. p.95
28
Thomas. Op.cit. p.170
29
Brown and Levinson. Loc.cit.
 19

There are two main strategies that not stated as strategy, the first is cases

of non-minimization of the face threat define as maximum efficiency is very

important that there is no redress face is necessary both to speaker or hearer, it

would be decrease the urgency of communication, for example:

e.g. Help! (Compare the non urgent „please help me, if you would be so

kind) Watch out!

And the second is cases of FTA-oriented bald-on record usage define as

the use of bald on record oriented to the face of speaker and hearer, for examples:

 Have some cake more.

 Don‟t Worry about me.

 Leave it to me.

2.2. Positive Politeness

For some reason, a positive politeness technique can be used not only to

improve the FTA, but in general as a social acceleration, where S, using this

strategy, indicating that he wanted to be closer to H.30 Features that distinguish

between positive politeness strategy and other strategy is exaggeration elements

where this element as a aspect marker of positive politeness expression, by

indicating that even if S cannot with total sincerity say “I want your wants”, he

can at least sincerely indicate “I want your positive face to be satisfied”. 31

Strategy 1. Notice, attend to H (his interest, wants, needs, goods)

In this strategy the speaker must be aware of the hearer condition such as

noticeable changes, remarkable possessions, anything which looks as though H

would want S to notice and approve it.

30
Ibid. p.103
31
Ibid. p.101
 20

 You cut your hair! By the way, I came to to borrow some flour.

 You must be hungry; it‟s a long time since breakfast. How about some

lunch?

Strategy 2. Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with H)

To exaggerated the intonation, stress, and other aspect of prosodic as well

as with intensifying modifiers.

 What a fantastic garden you have!

Strategy 3. Intensify interest to H

Making a good story is the way in this strategy, S is to

communicate to H that he shares some of his wants is to intensify the

interest of his own contribution to the conversation.

 last night, I went to cinema, and you know what? I found my ex dated

with a different girl that I saw last week. How can….

Strategy 4. Use in-group identity markers

In this strategy, S can implicitly claim that the common ground with H that

is carried by that definition of the group. These include in group usages of address

forms, of language or dialect, of jargon or slang, and of ellipsis.

 Here mate, I was keeping this seat for a friend of mine…

 Got any Winston?

 Mind if I smoke?
 21

Strategy 5. Seek agreement

Another ways to claim a common ground with H are raising the safe topic

in order to be agreeing with H opinions; and agreement also stressed with

repetition or repeating what all the preceding speaker said.

 Isn‟t your new car a beautiful color!

 A: john went to London this weekend!

B: to London!

Strategy 6. Avoid disagreement

In this case, the S must be agree with H in order to main the H‟s face. The

strategies are token agreement is pretending agree with H; Pseudo-Agreement is

the use of then as a conclusory marker; white lies is where S is confronted with

the necessity to state opinion want to lie rather than damage H‟s positive face; and

hedging opinions is S may be vague about his opinion in order to not to be seen

disagree.

 a: can you hear me?

b: barely

 I‟ll meet you in front of the theater just before 8.00, then.

 Yes, I do like your new hat.

 It‟s really beautiful, in a way!

Strategy 7. Presuppose/raise/assert common ground

This strategy have several ways such as gossip or small talk is for

softening the request; point of view operations is encoded point of view by mean
 22

of deixis; time switch is a tense shift from past to present tense; place switch is

use proximal (here, this, rather than there, that); avoidance of adjustment of

reports to H‟s point of view is direct quoted speech is is the very general usage;

presupposition manipulations is S presuppose something when he presumes that it

is mutually taken for granted; presuppose knowledge of H‟s wants and attitude is

with negative question which presume yes answer is indicated that S know H‟s

want, taste, habit; presuppose H‟s values are the same a S‟s value is using of

scalar predicates; presuppose familiarity in S‟H relationship the use of familiar

address form like honey; presuppose H‟s knowledge is the use of in group codes-

language, dialect, jargon, local terminology.

 Wouldn‟t you like a drink?

 Harry took me to the movies the other day.

Strategy 8. Joke

S May joke or a joke may minimize an FTA of requesting.

 Ok if I tackle those cookie?

Strategy 9. Assert or presuppose S’s knowledge of and concern for H’s

wants

Put pressure on H to cooperate with S is to assert or imply knowledge of

H‟s wants and willingness to fit one‟s own wants with them.

 I know you can‟t bear parties, but this one will be really good- do

come!
 23

Strategy 10. Offer, promise

To redress the potential of FTAs, S may choose to stress his cooperation

with H in another way. He may claim that whatever H wants, S wants for him and

will help to obtain.

 I‟ll drop by sometimes next week.

Strategy 11. Be optimistic

S is assume that his want is H‟s want too, and H will help to obtain them.

 I‟ve come to borrow a cup of flour.

Strategy 12. Include both S and H in the activity

Using inclusive form „we‟ instead of „you‟ or „me‟ when S want to doing

something.

 let‟s have a cookie, then. (I.e. me)

 give us break (i.e. me)

Strategy 13. Give (or ask) reasons

Including H in practical reasoning and assuming reflexivity, H is

thereby led to see the reasonableness of S‟s FTA.

 why not lend me your cottage for the weekend?

Strategy 14. Assume or assert reciprocity

S ask for reciprocal right or obligation to H

 I‟ll do X for you and you help me to do Y.

 24

Strategy 15. Give gift to H (goods, sympathy, understanding,

cooperation)

S satisfy H‟s face by action, not only giving tangible gift, but also

sympathy, understanding and so on.

2.3. Negative Politeness

Negative politeness is redressive action addressed to the addressee's

negative face: his want to have his freedom of action unhindered and his attention

unimpeded. Where positive politeness is free-ranging, negative politeness is

specific and focused; it performs the function of minimizing the particular

imposition that the FTA unavoidably effects.32 In this strategy, speaker should be

minimizing imposition to the hearer, through distancing style like apologies.

We should stressed that negative politeness are not the only motivation

a speaker may have for using the linguistics realizations characteristics of negative

politeness. The outputs are all forms useful in general for social distancing, not

like positive politeness realization are forms for minimizing social distance, they

are therefore likely to be used whenever when speaker wants to put a social brake

on to the course of his interaction.33

Strategy 1: Be Conventionally Indirect

Speakers must express his desire indirectly to the hearer. In this strategy a

speaker faced with opposing tensions: the desires to give hearer and „out‟ by

being indirect and he desires to go on record. Indirect speech acts are certainly the
32
Brown and Levinson. Op.cit. p. 129
33
Ibid. p.130
 25

most significant form of conventional indirectness.34According to Searle (1975),

conventional indirectness refers to the sentences that maybe “standardly” used to

make indirect request. These utterances in certain grammatical forms are

conventionally employed to perform the function of getting the addressee to do

something.35 With regard to request, the intention to get someone to do something

is commonly conveyed by a form which is not directive, such as interrogative

sentence or a declarative sentence.36

 can you pass the salt? (which can be only indirect request an not

concievably a question about the adddressee‟s potential ability)

 I‟m looking for a comb.

Strategy 2: Question, Hedge.

This strategy is using almost the same question as indirect speech and also

using particles, words or phrases that modify levels of predication or 'noun

phrase'. Modification can be expressed level or more correct and more complete

than previously thought.

 bill is a regular friend

 I rather think it's hopeless.

Strategy 3: Be Pessimistic
If the previous strategy, speaker must be optimistic about the response of

the hearer, the speaker's strategy this time should be pessimistic about the hearer's

response.

 could you do X?

34
Ibid. p. 132
35
John Searle, Indirect speech act. In: Cole & Morgan (Eds.). Syntax and Semantics:
Speech Act (Vol.3). New York Academic press, 1975, p.53
36
Ibid. p. 52
 26

Strategy 4: Minimize the Imposition, Rx

If the speaker asks hearer to do something, or give her something to the

speaker, it means that the speaker was 'impose', as if the speaker gives hearer

'burden' to obey what was uttered.

 I just want to ask you if you could lend me a single sheet of paper.

Strategy 5: Give Deference

Show respect and respect for others through utterances.

 we look forward very much to dining with you.

Strategy 6: Apologize

Apologized before revealing the real purpose to the hearer, Apologizing does

not always explicitly with the words 'forgive' or 'apologize', but also implicitly by

using a verb.

 I hesitate to trouble you, but ...

Strategy 7: Impersonalize S and H

Not mention the speaker or hearer in a utterances. For example, by using

the word 'it' that serves impersonal not pronoun.

 it is so (I tell you that it is so)

 Do this for me (I ask you to do this for me)

Strategy 8: State the FTA as a General Rule

Stating utterances in a general form, so it does not seem to make or threaten

someone to do something.
 27

 passengers will please refrain from flushing toilets on the train (you will

please refrain from flushing toilets on the train).

Strategy 9: Nominalize

It is quite astonishing is nominalizing expression, express it in the form of a

noun, not a verb and others.

a. guide on the examinations performed well and we were impressed

favorably.

b. your performing well on the examinations impressed us favorably.

c. your good performance on the examinations impressed us favorably.

Here, (c) a more formal look like a formal letter from the (b), and (b)

more than in (a).

Strategy 10: Go on Record as Incurring a Debt. Or as Not Indebting H

Speakers is in order to express what they want directly, but with as if

indebted to hearer if indulged (request), or as if it does not feel burdened by

someone if asked to do anything (offer).

 I'll be never repay you if you would ...

 Easily I could do it for you.

2.4. Off Record

This strategy uses indirect language and removes the speaker from the

potential to be imposing. Off the Record itself is the strategy of politeness on the

application, the speaker does not explicitly say the words, and the hearer can

speculate on speaker‟s utterance. Speaker‟s utterance is not addressed directly to

the hearer.
 28

The notion of Off Record is refers not simply to formal types of indirection

but rather to such linguistic strategy in context. Clearly, many of the classic off

record strategy-metaphor, irony, understatement, rhetorical question, etc.- are very

often actually on record when used, because the clues to their interpretation (the

mutual knowledge of S and H in the context; the intonational, prosodic and

kinesic clues to the speaker‟s attitude; the clues derives from conversational

sequencing) add up to only one really viable interpretation in the context.37

In short, off record is do FTA but be indirect. Invite conversational

implicatures, via hints triggered by violation of Gricean Maxims. For example,

speaker say “it‟s cold in here. (c.i. Shut the window). Make someone doing

something for speaker by using utterance implicitly.

Strategy 1. Give hints

It is like speech act, S saying something implicitly want to H doing

something for him.

 it‟s is hot in here (i.e. turn on the fan)

Strategy 2. Give association clues

S and H have mutual knowledge of their interactional experience.

 oh God, I‟ve got a headache again (i.e. give me an aspirin)

Strategy 3. Presuppose

An utterance can be almost wholly relevant in context and yet violate

maxim relevance just at the level of its presuppositions.

 I washed the car again today (he presuppose that he has done it

last week).

37
Ibid. p.212
 29

Strategy 4. Understate

The speaker violate the quantity maxim.

 A: what do you think about Jocelyn new dress?

B: yeah good. (i.e. I don‟t think it is very good)

Strategy 5. Overstate

S says more than is necessary, exaggerating or choosing a measurement

higher than actually is.

 there were a million people in the party tonight, so come in!

Strategy 6. Use tautologies

By using tautologies, S encourage H to look for an informative

interpretation of non informative utterance.

 war is war

 Boys will be boys

Strategy 7. Use contradiction

S violated quality maxim with using contradiction in the utterance, S force

H to find assumption about his feeling.

 A: are you upset about that?

B: well, I am and I‟m not.

Strategy 8. Be ironic

S saying the opposite what he means, a violated quality maxim.

 It‟s a nice and comfortable room, isn‟t it? (in a messy room)
 30

Strategy 9. Use metaphors

Use connotations of the metaphor.

 harry is real fish (c.i. he (drinks/ swims/ is slimy/ is cold blood) like

a fish)

Strategy 10. Use rhetorical question

Asking a question but leave the answer hanging in order to S want to H to

provide him with the indicated information.

 How many times do I have to tell you? (too many times)

Strategy 11. Be ambiguous

Ambiguity may be achieved through metaphor it is not clear what S

means.

 John‟s pretty (sharp/ smooth) cookie ( it could be compliment or insult,

depending on which of the connotations)

Strategy 12. Be vague

S being vague about what object of the FTA.

 I‟m going ( you-know-where/ down the road for a bit. (c.i. to the

local pub)

Strategy 13. Over-generalize

Rule instantiation may leave the object of the FTA vaguely off record:

 mature people sometimes help do the dishes.

 31

Strategy 14. Displace H

S redress an FTA to whom it would not threaten in order to the real target

will know that he is the actual target who FTA aimed to him. For example, teasing

someone in playful way.

 (asking someone to go out) would you rather get your foot stuck in

a bear trap or hang out this weekend?

Strategy 15. Be incomplete, use ellipsis

Leaving the FTA undone, S can leave the implicature hanging. And this

strategy much violated quantity maxim as of manner maxim.

 oh sir, a headache…

2.5. Don’t Do FTA

This strategy is simply that speaker avoids offending hearer at all with this

particular FTA. Speaker also fails to achieve his desired communication.38

3. Sociological Variable

Besides the strategy above, to apply the politeness strategy in the real life,

there are three sociological variables:

 The social distance (D) of S and H (a symmetric relation)

 The relative power (P) of S and H (an asymmetric relation)

 The absolute ranking (R) of impositions in the particular culture.

Thus these are not intended as sociologist‟ rating of actual power, distance,

etc, but only as actors‟ assumption of such ratings, assumed to be mutually

assumed, at least within certain limits.39

38
Ibid. p. 72
39
Brown and Levinson. Op.cit. pp. 75-76
 32

Absolutely, those three sociological variable influence the weightiness of

FTA. Brown and Levinson have calculated the weightiness of FTA. For each

FTA, the seriousness or weightiness of a particular FTA x is compounded of both

risk to S‟s face and risk H‟s face, in a proportion relative to the nature of the FTA.

Thus apologies and confession are essentially threats to S‟s face, and advice and

orders are basically threats to H‟s face, while request and offers are likely to

threaten the face of both participants. The weightiness of FTA is calculated thus:

Wx = D(S,H) + P(H,S) + Rx

Where Wx is the numerical value that measures the weightiness pf the

FTA x, D(S,H) is a measure of the power that H has over S, and Rx is a value that

measures the degree to which the FTA x is rated an imposition in that culture.

For instance, P(H,S) may be assessed as being great because H is eloquent

and influential, or is a prince, a witch, a thug, a priest; D(S,H) as great because H

speaks another dialect or language, or lives in the next valley, or is kinsman.

D is a symmetric social dimension of similarity/difference within which S

and H stand for the purpose of this act. It is based on an assessment of the

frequency of interaction and the kinds of material or non-material goods

(including face) exchanged between S and H (or parties representing S or H, or

for whom S and H are representatives).

P is an asymmetric social dimension of relative power, roughly in Weber‟s

sense. That is, P(H,S) is the degree to which H can impose his own plans and his

own self-evaluation (face) at the expense of S‟s plans and self-evaluation. In

general there are two sources of P, either of which may be authorized or

 33

unauthorized- material control (over economic distribution and physical force)

and metaphysical control (over the actions of others, by virtue of metaphysical

force subscribed to by those others),

R is a culturally and situationally defined ranking of imposition by the

degree to which they are considered to interfere with an agent‟s want of self-

determination or of approval (his negative- and positive-face wants).

In the other hand, we also know that politeness also be taught in

sociolinguistics. In sociolinguistics, politeness always connects with relationship

between person to person.

In sociolinguistics, we know Ronald Wardhaugh who initiated politeness

and solidarity. In his book, Wardhaugh write about solidarity and politeness, he

suggests that politeness is associated with closeness between speaker and hearer.

In short, the closer relationship between speaker and hearer makes them having

less polite and vice versa if the far relationship the more polite the utterances.

Moreover, in his book Wardhaugh also cites studies from Ford and

Brown were conducted in 1961 that the practice of naming in English, based on

the analysis of modern plays. They reported that the use of the title, last name, and

first name indicates equality in strength or power, that the use of title and last

name indicates inequalities and lack of intimacy, while the use of first names

indicate the similarities and familiarity. For example: for the title and the last

name of Mr. Smith or such a degree as Professor and Doctor. Then, for the next

instance name Jack, Buddy, and so on.

 34

In English, we can eliminate the use of first names with no title at all. We

can utter such good morning like good morning Sir/ Madam/ Mr Smith. But in

other language, for example French, we cannot separate address term with name

because it is not polite in French. For example, we cannot simply utter Bonjour,

Au Revoir, Merci or Pardon without address term, for example Merci Pierre,

Bonjour Monsieur.

Knowing and using the first name of a person would be a sign of

closeness or at least want to be closer. Using nicknames or pet names indicate

closeness deeper.

In English, it is impossible uses the address term or a choice between the

intimate or close and polite. One simple test to separate the closeness, the

informal term of address polite and formal in the English language can be seen

from conjunctions with informal and formal greeting and farewell. For example,

Hi, Bye, and So long in comparison with a Good Morning and Goodbye. Hi Sally,

Bye Honey, and So long, just like Good Morning Mr Smith and Goodbye sir.

However, there is a bit of awkwardness when using Hi Colonel John, Bye

Professor, Good morning mate, and Goodbye Pussykins.40

40
Wardhaugh. Op.cit. pp. 251-261
 CHAPTER III

DATA ANALYSIS

A. Data Description

The data for this thesis was collected from utterance who uttered by

characters in the movie. Movie 'Her' was produced, directed, written by Spike

Jonze. The film, released in 2013 this genre of romantic drama starring Joaquin

Phoenix as Theodore, Scarlett Johansson as Samantha, and also by some of

famous Hollywood actresses like Amy Adams, Rooney Mara, and Olivia Wilde.

With duration of 125 minutes, the film tells the story of an unusual love between

Theodore, who was divorced from his wife Catherine but refused to sign a letter

of divorce, with Samantha that only a woman's voice heard from the computer

that he installed with the advanced OS (operating system)1.

The writer analyzes the data to find the meaning and what strategy that

used in the data and what the purpose of the speaker use those strategy. Below are

the utterances that writer found in the script that implied politeness strategy.

B. Data Analysis

These data will be analyzes one by one in more depth by each scene, that

involved main character, Theodore, with other characters. These are the following

analysis:

1
An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software
resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is an
essential component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually
require an operating system to function. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system, accessed
March 18, 2015. 1:27pm)

35
 36

DATA 1

Scene 1

THEODORE’S OFFICE-EARLY EVENING

Theodore walks through the reception area. The office is almost empty except for
him and receptionist, Paul. Theodore begins to scan each letter through a scanner
on the front desk, then puts them in the outgoing mailbox.
Paul is sitting at a desk across the room, reading handwritten letters on a computer
monitor.

Paul : Theodore! Letter writer 612.

Theodore : hey, Paul.
Paul : even more mesmerizing stuff today. (re: letter on his screen)
Who knew you could rhyme so many words with the name
Penelope? Badass.
Theodore : thanks, Paul, but they‘re just letters.
(beat) hey, that‘s a nice shirt.

Paul is wearing a bright yellow button down shirt.

Paul : (lighting up) oh, thank you. I just got it. It reminded me of
someone suave.
Theodore : well, now it reminds me of someone suave. Have a good night,
paul.
Paul : Buh-bye.

Analysis

In this conversation, Paul uses positive politeness strategy with strategy

number 15: Give gift to H (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation). He

gives compliment to Theodore about the letter that he wrote was really good, but

Theodore answers modestly and tries to change the topic of the conversation by

talk up about Paul‘s shirt and the conversation become chit chat and it is also

Theodore‘s strategy to cut the conversation but in polite way, in this conversation
 37

Theodore also uses the last strategy Don‘t Do FTA to keep Paul‘s face and tries

not to be rude because he cut the conversation.

DATA 2

Scene 2

THEODORE‘S APARTMENT LOBBY – EVENING

Theodore, carrying a bag and a smoothie, enters the lobby and is greeted by a
couple in their 30s, Amy and Charles, who are waiting for the elevator.

Theodore : hey, you guys, how‘s it going?

Amy : hey, Theo. Hey, why didn‘t you call me back last week?
Theodore : uh yeah, um, I guess cause I‘m a kook?
Amy : that sounds about right.
Theodore : hey Charles.
Charles : good to see you, Theodore.
Theodore : you too.
Charles : you went shopping. Get anything good?
Theodore : just some cables. And a fruit smoothie.
Charles : always the fruit! Come on, you know what they say – you should
and juice your vegetables.
Theodore : I didn‘t know that.

The elevator doors open and they get in.

THEODORE‘S APARTMENT ELEVATOR – EVENING – CONTINUOUS

Charles : (proselytizing) by juicing the fruits, you lose all the fibers, and
that‘s what your body wants. That‘s the important part. Otherwise,
it‘s just all sugar, Theodore.

Theodore nods sincerely, interested.

Theodore : oh, that makes sense.

Amy : (pleasant but firm) or maybe he just likes the way it tastes and if it
gives him pleasure, that‘s good for his body, too.
Charles : am I doing it again?
Amy : maybe…

Charles and Amy laugh. Theodore tries to break the tension.

Theodore : hey, so how is the documentary going?

 38

Amy : I have a little bit cut together but I haven‘t touched it in a few
months.
Theodore : I‘d love to see what you got sometime.
Charles : you know it‘s always hard to find balance between a full-time
career and a hobby. It‘s important to prioritize.
Theodore : yeah. I can‘t even prioritize between video games and internet
porn.
Amy : I would laugh if that weren‘t true.

Charles laugh awkwardly. The elevator doors open.

Theodore : see you guys.

Analysis

In this scene, Amy and Charles stand in front of elevator. Then, Theodore

comes and greets them. Amy asked Theodore why he didn‘t call her back last

week. In this case, Amy uses positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy

number 13: Give (or ask) reason. Then Theodore replies with positive politeness

strategy with sub-strategy number 8: Joke, in this situation Theodore avoid FTA

from Amy and also makes a joke in order to blur his real reason why he does not

call Amy back. Then, Amy answers with ‗that sounds about right‘, Amy uses

negative politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 7: Impersonalize S and H,

specifically impersonal verb, by uses the strategy, Amy minimize threaten face of

Theodore rather than Amy replies directly.

After the conversation between Amy and Theodore, Charles ask Theodore

about he went shopping and is he get anything good, in this sentence Charles use

positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 3: Intensify interest to H in

order to get closer to Theodore as the definition of positive politeness itself,

actually Charles was just chit-chat.

 39

After Theodore and Charles involve conversation about what Theodore

buy, and Charles give his opinion about that, and as if he patronizes Theodore,

Amy cut the conversation and says ‗or maybe he just like the way it tastes and if it

gives him pleasure, that‘s good for his body, too‘, in this case Amy use off record

strategy with sub-strategy number 14: Displace H, Amy redress and FTA to

Charles but in polite way. Then Charles replies with ‗am I doing it again?‘, he

feels the FTA from Amy and she replied ‗maybe‘, in this situation, Amy uses

positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 6: Avoid disagreement,

Amy blur her real opinion about Charles to kept Charles‘ positive face.

Afterward, Theodore tries to break the tension of the situation and switch

the topic about their documentary project and make some jokes to warms up the

situation after a little debate between Amy and Charles.

DATA 3

Scene 3

AMY‘S APARTMENT – LATE AFTERNOON

Theodore is sitting on Amy‘s couch.

Amy : it‘s not where it should be, where it‘s going to be.
Theodore : obviously, I know.
Amy : okay, but I don‘t even know if this is the one. I‘ve tried like six
years, but… I don‘t know. Whatever.

Amy starts setting up the monitor.

Theodore : I‘m going on a date.

Amy : what!? That‘s
 40

Charles walks in holding a mug.

Charles : hey, what are you guys doing?

Theodore : Amy was gonna show me some of—
Amy : Theo‘s forcing me to show him some of the footage I‘ve shot.
Charles : you‘ve never shown me any of it. I wanna see.

Charles walks over and sits next to Theodore.

Theodore : (to Charles) I‘m going on a date.

Charles gives Theodore a gentle squeeze on his shoulder.

Amy : this is so unformed it‘s not even worth looking at.

Theodore : just push play.

On the monitor we see:

AMY‘S MOTHER BEDROOM

Amy‘s mother sleeps.

AMY‘S APARTMENT – CONTINUOUS

Theodore and Charles stare at the monitor, waiting for something more to happen.
It doesn‘t.

Theodore : is that your mom?

Charles : Is she gonna wake up and do something?
Amy : (pressed stop, annoyed) no, that‘s the point. Oh never mind. It‘s
supposed to be about how we spend a third of our life asleep and
actually maybe that‘s the part when we‘re the most free, and – oh
that doesn‘t come across at all, does it?
Theodore : no, that sounds good.
Charles : what if you interview your mom about what her dreams are about
and hire actor to act them out that might show your thesis more
clearly.
Amy : it might, but then it wouldn‘t be a documentary. You understand
that, right?

Just then, Theodore‘s device chimes.

Theodore : oh, excuse me.

He picks up his device and steps away so as not to be rude.

Theodore : hey, what‘s going on?

 41

Samantha : I‘m sorry to bother you.

Theodore : that‘s okay.
Samantha : you got three emails and they seem pretty urgent. They‘re from
your divorce attorney and I wanted to know if you needed to get
back to him.
Theodore : hold on a second. (to Amy, distracted) Amy, I‘m sorry, I wanna
talk more about this, but I gotta grab this- it‘s about Catherine
thing.
Amy : don‘t worry about it. We‘ll talk later.

Analysis

I this scene, Amy says ‗it‘s not where it should be, where is it going to be.‘

And Theodore replies ‗obviously, I know‘ Theodore uses negative politeness

strategy with sub-strategy number 2: Question, hedge, Theodore is strengthen his

answer, then Amy replies with positive strategy with sub strategy number 6:

Avoid disagreement, in this situation, Amy tries to keep Theodore positive face

because in her first statement to Theodore, she doing FTA that makes Theodore

face is lost. Therefore, she uses positive politeness strategy to keep the relation

with Theodore still close.

Then, after the awkward situation, to break the ice between them,

Theodore said ‗I‘m going on a date‘, in this statement Theodore uses positive

politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 3. Intensify interest to H, beside to

melt down the situation, he also want to share about what he is going to do. Then,

Amy replied with off record strategy with sub-strategy number 15: Be

incomplete, use ellipsis. In this sentence, Amy shows her surprise about what

Theodore says.

Afterwards, Charles walks in held a mug and ask what they did. And

Theodore replies but Amy cut Theodore statement and says that she is force by
 42

Theodore to show him a footage that she has shot. Then, Charles protests that he

never show by Amy and he want to see. In this situation, Charles uses positive

politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 11. Be optimistic, he makes minimal

assumption about Amy respond.

Theodore tells Charles that he is going on a date but Charles just replies

with non-verbal action. In the other hands, Amy stuck with her monitor. After

that, the monitor works and in the monitor they seen Amy‘s mother sleep, Charles

and Theodore stares at monitor and nothing happen with Amy‘s mother that they

saw on the monitor. Theodore and Charles asked is her mother wake up or do

something and it makes Amy‘s face loss because Charles did FTA. Amy annoys

and replies uses negative politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 2:

Question, hedge. In this situation, Amy use tag question ‗does it?‘. It is shows that

Amy look unfriendly because her project does not work properly, then Amy

statement seems as if her project is terrible. After that, Theodore replies gently

with negative politeness strategy with sub –strategy number 7: Impersonalize S

and H, in order to keep Amy‘s positive face. Then, Charles gives his opinion

about her project and tries to give alternative about Amy‘s project, in this

statement Charles uses positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 15:

Give gift to H (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation) but Amy refused.

Afterwards, Theodore‘s device chimes, he asks permission in order to not

to be rude and pick up the device and step away from them. Samantha voice heard

and she tells that he get three emails and its seems urgent because it is about

Catherine his ex-wife. And then, Theodore says sorry to Amy because he need to
 43

grab the email because it is urgent, in this situation, Theodore uses negative

politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 6: Apologize.

DATA 4

Scene 4

ASIAN-FUSION RESTAURAAN – EVENING

Theodore and the blind date are sitting in the restaurant.

Blind date : this place is amazing. I‘ve wanted to come here for so long. I love
Asian-fusion!
Theodore : yeah, me too.
Blind date : really? It‘s the best. And the bartender here is supposed to be
incredible.
Theodore : yeah, you took a mixology course, right?
Blind date : (surprised) I did, I did. Did you look that up? That‘s so sweet.
You‘re so romantic.

He smiles awkwardly.

Theodore : so, should we get drink?

Blind date : yes, let‘s!

ASIAN-FUSION RESTAURANT – LATER

They‘re both pretty drunk now. There are lots of food dishes and drinks on the
table.

Theodore : so I‘m trying to get this little alien kid to help me find my ship so
I can get off the planet and go home. But he‘s such a little fucker, I
want to kill him.
Blind date : aw, no!
Theodore : but at the same time I really love him. He‘s so lonely. It feels like
he doesn‘t have any parents or anyone to take care of him.

He laughs at himself. She laughs flirtatiously. She grabs his hand and her
fingernails press slightly into his skin. He studies her long, painted fingernails.

Blind date : you‘re like a little puppy dog. You are – you‘re just like this little
puppy I rescued in Runyon Canyon last year. And he was so
 44

fucking cute, and he just wanted to be hugged all the time. He was
so cuddly.
(whispering)
But so horny! But anyway, what kind of animal am I?
Theodore : umm… tiger?
Blind date : a tiger, really. (she growls) I‘m sorry, am I being crazy?
Theodore : yes
Blind date : am I? I‘m sorry! I‘m just a little drunk and I‘m really having a
good time with you. I‘m having a really lovely evening.
Theodore : me too. I‘m a little drunk, and I‘m having a really good – yeah.
(beat) wait a second, I don‘t wanna be a puppy. That‘s like being a
wet noddle or something.
Blind date : fuck you, puppies are good.
Theodore : no, fuck you, I wanna be a dragon that can rip you to pieces and
destroy you… but I won‘t.
Blind date : no, don‘t! I don‘t. you can be my dragon.

OVERPASS – EVENING
They walk up a pedestrian overpass overlooking cars and city lights. She bumps
into him lightly. He bumps back. She bumps again and suddenly he grabs her and
lifts her off her feet, spinning her around. She squeals, laughing. He kisses her.
After a minute of making out, she stops and looks at him.

Blind date : (with a slight smile) no tongue.

Theodore : what?
Blind date : don‘t use your tongue so much.
Theodore : (eagerly) ‗kay, we‘re good.

They resume making out. Theodore tries not to use his tongue.

Blind date : use your tongue a little bit. But mostly your lips.

He pushes her against the fence and takes the dominant position. He tries kissing
her better/more with his lips. Pulls her hair.
She slides her hand down his pants. He likes it. She looks at him and stops.
Blind date : wait, you‘re not gonna fuck me and then not call me like the
other guys, are you?
Theodore : no, not at all… I…
Blind date : when am I gonna see you again?
Theodore : um, I have my god-daughter‘s birthday next weekend, but…
um.
They stand there awkwardly, her lipstick smeared on his face.
 45

Blind date : you know, at this age, I feel like I can‘t let you waste my time if
you don‘t have the ability to be serious.
Theodore : I don‘t know.

Long beat
Theodore : umm… maybe we should call it a night. I‘m, I‘ve had such an
amazing time with you, you‘re great.
She looks at him slightly disgusted
Blind date : you‘re a really creepy dude.
Theodore doesn‘t know what to say.
Theodore : (worried she‘s right) that‘s not true…
Blind date : yeah, it is. I have to go home.
Theodore : well, I‘ll walk you.
Blind date : no, don‘t.

Analysis

This scene takes place in Asian-Fusion Restaurant and this scene tells

about Theodore makes a date with woman. They are drunk. In the first Theodore

statement, he uses positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 3.

Intensify interest to H. in this situation, Theodore shows his interests to her and

makes conversation to get closer with her. After the senseless conversation

because they were drunk, at the pedestrian they takes a walk and they starts flirt

each other. And makes out for a moment. Suddenly, the woman stops and looks at

Theodore‘s eyes and asks a question that quiet shocking for Theodore. She said

‗wait, you‘re not gonna fuck me and then not call me like the other guys, are

you?‘.in this statement, the woman uses negative politeness strategy with sub-

strategy number 2. Question, Hedge. She is ensures that Theodore does not leave

her like the other guys. Then, he replies with off record strategy with sub-strategy
 46

number 15. Be incomplete, use ellipsis. This statement shows that Theodore does

not sure if he does not like the other guy, and blurs his thought about his

relationship with the woman. After that, woman asks more when she will see him

again but Theodore still cannot makes promise because his daughter birthday next

weekend, he uses off record strategy with sub-strategy number 15. Be incomplete,

use ellipsis, he leaves his statement hanging. And his statement makes her face

loss, unconsciously Theodore has done FTA and the date was so terrible.

DATA 5
Scene 5
THEODORE‘S OFFICE – DAY
Theodore is dictating a love letter. On the screen there‘s an image of a couple with
an arrow to the man saying ―Roberto – I‘m so happy he‘s in my life. I just want
him to know.‖
Theodore : Roberto. Will you always come home to me and tell me about
your day? Will you tell me about the boring guy who talked too
much at work? And the stain you got on your shirt at lunch. Tell
me about a funny thought you had as you were waking up, but
had forgotten about. Tell me how crazy everyone is. We can
laugh about it. Even if you get home late and I‘m asleep already,
just whisper in my ear one little thought you had today. Because
I love the way you look at the world, and I‘m so happy I get to be
next to you and look out at the world through your eyes. Love,
Maria.
Theodore finishes the letter and looks at it proudly. Paul is standing behind
Theodore, leaning on a cubicle.
Paul : (emphatically) that‘s beautiful!
Theodore, jumps, startled, not knowing that anyone was there.
Theodore : thank you.
Paul : I wish someone loved me like that! I‘d be stoked to get a letter
like that. I mean, if it was from a chick. But if it was written by a
dude, but from a chick, it would still be sick. But like a sensitive
 47

dude like you. You‘re part man and part woman, like an inner
part woman.
Theodore : (unsure, but flattered) thanks.
Paul : it‘s a compliment.

Analysis

In this movie, Theodore is letter writer, the letter that he wrote is for

people who want to shows whatever they feel about someone special but they

could not wrote as deep as Theodore wrote. In this scene, Theodore just finished

his letter that booked by Maria for Roberto.

After finish the letter, Paul appears and said ‗that‘s beautiful!‘ in this

statement, Paul uses positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 15.

Give gift to H (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation), Paul gives

compliment about Theodore‘s letter. Theodore replies with ‗thank you‘ and Paul

replies exaggerate. He uses positive politeness with sub-strategy number 2.

Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with H), Paul replies exaggerate because

he really like letter that Theodore wrote.

DATA

Scene 6

THEODORE‘S APARTMENT LOBBY – DUSK

Close on Amy entering the lobby in the foreground. She looks heavy and
burdened. Theodore enters the lobby behind her.

Theodore : hey, Amy.

Amy : (putting on a bright face) hi, Theo. How are you?
Theodore : well, good actually. Really good.
Amy : really? Great.
 48

The elevator doors open and they step in.

THEODORE‘S APARTMENT ELEVATOR – CONTINOUS

They push their floor buttons.

Theodore : yeah, I guess I‘ve just been having fun.

Amy : oh, I‘m glad to hear that, Theo. You deserve to.

Beat of Theodore trying to contain his excitement.

Theodore : I‘ve been seeing this girl. It‘s not serious, it just feels good to be
around someone who has an excitement about the world. You
know I kind of forgot that existed.
Amy : that‘s really great, Theo.

Amy smiles, but look a little sad. Theodore notices.

Theodore : hey, are you okay?

Amy : yeah, I‘m fine. (beat) actually no, I‘m not fine at all.
Theodore : Amy, what is it? What‘s wrong?

The door opens. She steps out and holds the door.

Amy : (trying to hide her emotion with a smile) Charles and I split up.
Theodore : (shocked) what? Really? Oh my god, I‘m so sorry.

Amy doesn‘t know what to say.

Analysis

In this scene, Amy enters her apartment lobby and Theodore enters behind

her. She looks heavy and burden. Theodore greets Amy and she tries to keep her

on a bright face. Amy seems like something bad happens to her but she keep

listen to Theodore and respond all Theodore‘s statement like nothing bad happens

to her. Theodore tells Amy about a woman that he find interesting, in his

statement, Theodore uses positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 3.

Intensify interest to H. Later, Theodore realizes that it was not Amy as usual.
 49

After that, Theodore ask why Amy sad. She replies ‗yeah I‘m fine..actually no,

I‘m not fine at all‘. In this statement, Amy use off record strategy with sub-

strategy number 7. Use contradiction, she unsure about what she feels, she want to

hide from Theodore but she cannot. Then, Theodore asks for further story about

what happens to her. In this statement, Theodore uses positive politeness strategy

with sub-strategy number 15. Give gift to H (goods, sympathy, understanding,

cooperation) Theodore shows his sympathy as a friend. Then, Amy replies but

tries to hide her emotion with smile and tells Theodore that she and Charles are

split up. Theodore is really shocks and does not believe what he heard, and his

statement to Amy uses positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 15.

Give gift to H (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation). Amy really sad and

does not know what to say.

DATA 7

Scene 7

AMY‘S APARTMENT – DUSK

Amy and Theodore sit, talking somberly.

Amy : I cannot believe after eight years how actually ended it. We
came home and he asked me if I‘d put my shoes next to the door
where he likes to put the shoes. I don‘t want to be told where to
put my shoes. I want to just sit on the sofa for a minute and relax.
And so we argued for ten minutes about that and about how he‘s
just trying to make our house a home. I say he‘s overwhelming,
he says I‘m not trying hard enough. I say that‘s all I‘m doing is
trying, but I‘m just not trying the way he wants me to. He‘s
trying to control the way I‘m trying. And I think we must have
had this argument hundreds of times before and I finally had to
stop because I couldn‘t be in that situation anymore where we
 50

were making each other feel bad about ourselves. So I said I‘m
going to bed and I don‘t want to be married anymore.
Theodore : wow
Amy : I‘m a bitch, huh?
Theodore : no, not at all. Amy, no.
Amy : oh shit. I have to work tonight. We‘re shipping a beta of a new
game out tomorrow.
Theodore : well, how‘s that? How‘s work at least, is that any better?
Amy : no, it‘s terrible. I know I should leave, I‘ve been thinking about
leaving. But you know, only one major life decision at a time.
Theodore : well, I‘m glad things are looking so up.

Analysis

In this scene, Amy talks about how she and Charles split up; Theodore

does not know what to say. Their conversation about Amy problem is not long

and Amy realizes that she have to work that night and Theodore asks Amy about

how she continue her life, Amy replies his question with bright answer, then

Theodore replies with positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 15.

Give gift to H (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation). He gives Amy

compliment about her decision to not to thinking about that.

DATA 8

Scene 8

AMY‘S OFFICE – DAYTIME

Close on a video game on a screen. There‘s a mom rushing to get her kids fed,
getting points deducted for feeding them sugar cereal and non-organic eggs. Cut
out to reveal Theodore playing the game as Amy eats lunch at an editing console.

Theodore : oh, what happened?

Amy : you gave them to much processed sugar.
Theodore : I did?
Amy : they‘re freaking out. (beat) Here look, you gotta get the kids to
the school first. See you wanna rack up perfect mom points. You
gotta get them in the car pool lane.
 51

Onscreen, the mom hurries the kids to their car safety seats, and drives them to
school, arriving before anyone else.

Theodore : I see.
Amy : the point is to get there first – then you get extra perfect mom
points because the other moms then know you‘re a perfect mom.
Theodore : okay.
Amy : oh, did you bring cupcakes? You did. You‘re class mom.
You‘re class mom! Good job.
Theodore : yay
Amy : don‘t let it get to your head.
Theodore : I got that email that Charles sent to everyone. So he‘s taking a
vow of silence?
Amy : yeah, for six months. He said he is feeling very clear about it.

She pulls up a photo of Charles on her computer. He‘s in a monastery – his head
is shaved, and he‘s wearing robes.

Amy : (sighing) god I‘m such a jerk…

Theodore : don‘t start, I‘m warning you.
Amy : I feel like an awful person, but I wanna say something…
Theodore : alright, look –

He picks up a plastic knife from their lunch.

Theodore : for the next ten minutes, if you say anything that sounds
remotely like guilt, I‘m gonna stab you with this.
Amy : (smiling) okay, I‘ll try. (beat) I feel relieved. I have so much
energy, you know? I just wanna move forward and I don‘t care
who I disappoint. And I know that makes me an awful person –
now my parent are all upset because my marriage is falling
apart, and they‘re putting it all on me.
Theodore : yeah, you‘re always gonna disappoint somebody.
Amy : exactly (beat) so fuck it. I feel good. Ish. For me, I feel good. I
even made a new friend, I have a new friend. And the absurd
thing is she‘s actually an operating system. Charles left her
behind, but she‘s totally amazing, you know. She‘s so smart.
She doesn‘t see things in only black and white. She sees this
whole gray area and she‘s really helping me explore it. You
know, we bonded really quickly and at first I thought it was
because she was programmed to be that way, but I don‘t think
that‘s how they work. There‘s this guy I know who keeps hitting
in his and getting rebuffed.
Theodore : yeah, I was reading an article the other day that romantic
relationship with OS‘s are statistically rare.
 52

Amy : yeah? Well, there‘s this woman in my office who‘s dating and
OS and the weird thing is, it‘s not even hers. She pursued him
and he‘s somebody else‘s OS
(beat)
It‘s just so, like, weird, that I‘m bonding with an OS. Is that
weird?
Theodore : I don‘t think so. Actually the woman I‘m seeing, Samantha, I
didn‘t tell you before, but she‘s an OS.
Amy : really? You‘re dating an OS? What‘s that like?
Theodore : actually, it‘s great. I feel really close to her. When I tak to her I
feel like she‘s with me. I don‘t know, even when we‘re
cuddling, like at night when we‘re in bed and the lights are off, I
feel cuddled.
Amy : so wait – do you guys have sex?
Theodore : (laughing) well, so to speak, yes. She really turns me on. And I
think I turn her on. I don‘t know, unless she‘s faking it.
Amy : anyone that has sex with you is probably faking it.

Theodore laughs.

Theodore : yeah, it‘s true.

A big, irrepressible grin crosses his face as he think about what to say.

Amy : what? (beat) are you falling in love with her?

Theodore : (excited, but hesitant) does that make me freak?
Amy : no, no. I think it‘s – I think anybody that falls in love is a
freak. It‘s a crazy thing to do in form of socially acceptable
insanity.

Theodore smiles. We see glimmer of excitement in his eyes.

Analysis

This scene takes place on Amy‘s office in the afternoon. Theodore plays

game and Amy eats her lunch at an editing console. Theodore asked Amy about

what happened with the games because he never played that, and Amy giving

instruction how to play it.

After that, Theodore says to Amy that he get an email from Charles that

asks is Charles taking a vow of silence to Amy and she shown a picture of Charles
 53

that he is in a monastery, his head is shaved and he is wearing robes. And Amy

starts down-graded herself but stops at the moment, she uses off record with sub-

strategy number 15. Be incomplete, use ellipsis, she leaves her statement hanging

and Theodore replies quickly and reminds her to not to start to humiliates herself,

in his statement, Theodore uses bald on record with non-minimization FTA, he

keep the maximum efficiency of his statement, there is no redress of face

necessary in the statement. Although, he did FTA but he want Amy to not think

about her problem. But Amy still continue her statement that down-graded herself

but she leave her statement hanging, in this statement, Amy used off record with

sub-strategy number 15. Be incomplete, use ellipsis. Afterwards, Theodore shown

a plastic knife and says if Amy say anything that sounds guilty herself, he will

stab her with the knife, in this statement, Theodore not only used positive

politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 15. Give gift to H but also strategy

number 8. Jokes, he givessympathy to Amy but also makes a joke in order Amy

forget about her problem and encourage her. Replies Theodore statement with

smile, but Amy still talking about what happened to her. Then, Theodore

answered Amy with positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 15.

Give gift to H, he encourages Amy that people must be ever doing wrong things.

Afterwards, they changes the topic into a relationship with an OS, Amy

asks about how that is like, and Theodore tells that his relationship with Samantha

are like real relationship and he feels that Samantha as if alive and when they in

the bed at night, Theodore feels cuddles with her. And suddenly Amy asks that

they have sex and Theodore replied ‗(laughing) well, so to speak, yes. She really
 54

turns me on. And I think I turns her on. I don‘t know, unless she‘s faking it.‘ And

Amy replied ‗anyone that has sex with you is probably faking it.‘.in Amy

statement, she uses positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 8.Jokes.

Theodore laughs and says ‗yeah, it‘s true.‘, in Theodore statement, he usespositive

politeness strategy with sub strategy number 5. Seek agreement, not only agree

with Amy, Theodore also want to makes a jokes because the situation are really

light and fun.

Surprisingly, Amy asks is he falling in with her, because Amy want to

knows more about what Theodore feels. And Theodore replies with answer too,

he asks does that make him freak. But Amy encourage him that it is not a big deal

if he falling in love with an OS because everyone who falling in love is freak. In

this statement, Amy uses positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 6.

Avoid disagreement. Theodore smiles and excitement came out in his eyes.

DATA 9

Scene 9

RESTAURANT PATIO – DAY

Theodore sits alone in the back of a quite restaurant, a large stack of papers in
front of him. We hear his breathing. He waits. Catherine, elegantly dressed,
approaches. Theodore stands to greet her. They hug and sit down.

Theodore : how are you?

Catherine : I‘m good, how are you?
Theodore : good.
Catherine : (a little nervous, but trying to be warm) wow, here we are.
Theodore : yeah I‘m glad we could do this in person. I know how much
you‘ve been traveling.
Catherine : me too. I‘m glad you suggested it.
 55

Theodore : I signed all the papers and I brought them for you to sign.
Catherine : (with a sly smile) what‘s the rush?
Theodore : (smiling) I‘m a really slow signer. It took me three months just
to write the letter T.
She laughs.

Theodore : it‘s marked where you need to sign, but you don‘t have to do
that right now.
Catherine : oh, I may as well. We can get it out of the way.

She opens the documents, pulls out a pen and starts to read. She‘s about to start
signing, but then stops. We can see her filling with emotion, but not wanting to
show Theodore. She swallows and recovers. She looks up at Theodore, giving
him an ‗everything‘s fine‘ smile, but it‘s not.

RESTAURANT PATIO – DAY (LATER)

Theodore and Catherine are eating and talking.

Theodore : so are you happy with the new book?

Catherine : oh, you know how I am. But I feel like it‘s true to what I set
out to do. So I‘m happy with that.
Theodore : you‘re your own worst critic, I‘m sure it‘s amazing. Even that
paper you wrote on synaptic behavioral routines made me cry.
Catherine : yeah, but everything makes you cry.
Theodore : everything you makes me cry.
Catherine : so are you seeing anybody?
Theodore : yeah, I am, for the last few months. That‘s the longest I‘ve
wanted to be with anybody since we split up.

She smiles, conflicted, but warm.

Catherine : well, you seem good.

Theodore : thanks, I am. Or at least I‘m doing better. She‘s been really
good for me. I guess it‘s just been nice to be with someone
who‘s excited about the world.
Catherine : (with a sliver of hurt) oh good, excited‘s great.
Theodore : no, I mean – I wasn‘t in such a good place myself and in that
way it‘s been nice.
Catherine : I always felt like you wished I could just be a happy, light,
everything‘s great, bouncy L. A. wife. But that‘s not me.
Theodore : no, I didn‘t want that.

Beat

Catherine : so what‘s she like?

 56

Theodore : well, her name‘s Samantha, and she‘s an operating system, and
she‘s really complex and interesting. I mean it‘s only been a
few months, but -
Catherine : wait. You‘re dating your computer?
Theodore : (defensive) she‘s not just a computer. She‘s her own person.
She doesn‘t just do whatever I want.
Catherine : I didn‘t say that. (beat) but it does make me sad that you can‘t
handle real emotions, Theodore.
Theodore : they are real emotions. How do you know—

Theodore stops himself.

Catherine : what? Say it. Am I really that scary? Say it. How do you know
what?!

Theodore doesn‘t say anything. The waitress walk up.

Waitress : how are you guys doing?

Catherine : fine. We used to be married. He couldn‘t handle me so he
wanted to put me on Prozac. Now he‘s madly in love with his
laptop.

The Waitress doesn‘t know what to say.

Theodore : well, if you heard the conversation in context. What I was

trying to say—
Catherine : you wanted to have a wife without the challenges of actually
dealing with anything real. I‘m glad you found someone. It‘s
perfect.
Waitress : (awkwardly) let me know if you guys need anything.
Catherine : thank you.

Analysis

This scene takes place in a restaurant; he sits alone and waits for

Catherine, her ex-wife. Catherine came, Theodore stands to greets and hugs her,

and they sit down. Theodore asks about basic things, but they are little nervous

but tries to be warm. And Theodore says that he has signs all the papers and he

brings them for Catherine to sign. Catherine asks why he takes too long to sign all
 57

the papers, in her statement, she uses positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy

number 13. Give (or ask) for reason. And Theodore replies ‗I‘m a slow signer. It

took me three months just to write the letter T‘, in his statement he uses positive

politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 8. Jokes, not only for breaks the

intention, but also to blurs the actual reason why does he takes so long to signs all

the papers. And it works, Catherine laughs. Theodore shows where Catherine

have to sign, but Theodore does not force her to signs now. But Catherine refuses

and signs all the papers, she opens the documents, pulls out and read. Catherine

tries to hide her emotion and gives ‗everything‘s fine smile‘ but it is actually not.

After that, Theodore and Catherine enjoys the food and talks about what

they do. Theodore asks about Catherine‘s new book, and admires her works, in

his statement; Theodore uses positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy

number 15. Give gift to H and strategy number 2. Exaggerate at the same time

because he says ‗even that paper our wrote on synaptic behavioral routines made

me cry‘. Catherine replied ‗yeah, but everything makes you cry.‘.in her statement,

Catherine says more than is necessary and exaggerated. Then, Theodore replied

‗everything you makes me cry‘, he uses positive politeness strategy with sub-

strategy number 5. Seek agreement, he agree with Catherine statement and stress

by repeating what she said. After that Catherine asks if he dating someone, and

Theodore replied ‗ yeah, I am.‘ And that was makes Catherine smiles but conflicts

inside but still tries to be warm. Catherine answers sober but Theodore still

talking about his date, in his statement, Theodore uses positive politeness strategy

with sub-strategy number 3. Intensify interest to H, he excited tells his story.

 58

Catherine hide her emotion, her heart hurts but she still tries to be fine, he replied

‗oh good, excited‘s great‘, in this statement Catherine uses two strategy at once,

positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 6. Avoid disagreement and

off record strategy with sub strategy number 8. Be ironic, she avoid disagreement

about Theodore statement but also be ironic because what he feels contradicts

with what she says. But Theodore tries to clarify because Catherine seems not

happy about that, to clarify what he said, he uses positive politeness strategy with

sub-strategy number 6. Avoid disagreement in order to minimizes Catherine‘s

face loss. But Catherine replies by tease him politely, she uses off record strategy

with sub-strategy number 14. Displace H, she teased Theodore in order that

Theodore feels as if he is guilty in their relationship and Catherine unwanted by

Theodore. But Theodore refuses what Catherine says, he uses positive politeness

strategy with sub-strategy number 6. Avoid disagreement. He tries to convey that

what Catherine says about him is wrong.

Afterwards, Catherine asks how is the Theodore‘s date like, and he replies

that she is an OS and her name is Samantha. Then, Catherine cut Theodore and

says ‗you‘re dating your computer?‘, but Theodore defends, he said that Samantha

is not just a computer, in his statement, Theodore use two strategy at once, off

record strategy with sub-strategy number 14. Displace H and positive politeness

strategy with sub-strategy number 6. Avoid disagreement, he tease Catherine who

says that he date his computer Samantha is not just doing what he want but more

than that, Samantha seems like person, he also avoid disagreement about

Catherine thought about Samantha just a computer, he depicts that Samantha

 59

more than just a computer. But Catherine sound unhappy about Theodore who

dates a computer, she uses positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number

6. Avoid disagreement, she tries to convey Theodore that is not she thought about

Samantha but that makes she sad that Theodore date a unreal person, and she said

that he could not handle his real emotion. But Theodore still defends, he said that

what he feels is real emotion, and asks how Catherine know but Theodore stops

himself and leave his statement hanging, he used off record strategy with sub-

strategy number 15. Be incomplete, use ellipsis, he do not want to hurt Catherine

with his statement because the situation getting worse. And Catherine replies

angrily, asked what she did not know because Theodore statement undone, she

uses positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 13. Give (or ask) for

reason.

Theodore does not say anything. And then, the waitress walks up and asks

how they were done. Catherine replies but teased Theodore ‗fine. We used to be

married. He couldn‘t handle me so he wanted to put me in Prozac. Now he‘s

madly in love with his laptop.‘, in her statement, she uses off record strategy with

sub-strategy number 14. Displace H.

The waitress does not know what to say, she just stand near them.

Theodore tries to clarified what he means but Catherine cut his statement, and the

situation getting worst. The waitress tries to get out from the situation and says

awkwardly that let her know if they need anything.

DATA 10

Scene 10

Everyone has gone. Theodore walks through the empty office into the reception
area. He scans and drops his letters into the outgoing mailbox. Paul is at his
reception desk with a young, pretty, sophisticated girl sitting on his lap.
 60

Paul : Theodore!
Theodore : hey, Paul.
Paul : hey, I talked to your girlfriend, Samantha. She called earlier to
make sure your papers were picked up. She‘s funny, man. She
was cracking me up. She‘s hilarious. I had no idea.
Theodore : (not knowing what to say) yeah.
Paul : this is my girlfriend, Tatiana. She‘s not funny. She‘s a lawyer.

Theodore shakes her hand.

Tatiana : hi!
Theodore : nice to meet you.
Tatiana : you‘re the writer paul loves. He‘s always reading me your
letters. They‘re really beautiful.

Theodore‘s a little surprised by this.

Theodore : thanks.
Paul : we should all hang out one night. You bring Samantha –
double date!

Theodore stands there a beat, without saying anything.

Theodore : she‘s an operating system.

Paul : cool. Let‘s go do something fun. You ever been to catalina?
Theodore : yeah, I‘ll check with her. (to Tatiana) it was really nice to meet
you. Have a good night.
Paul : good night. Tatiana: take it aesy

Theodore walks to the elevator and presses the button and waits. He calls back to
them down the hall.

Theodore : they‘re just letter.

Paul : what?
Theodore : they‘re just other people‘s letter.

Paul and Tatiana don‘t answer. Theodore gets on the elevator.

Analysis
 61

This scene takes place in Theodore office. He walks into scanner and

drops his letters into outgoing mailbox. Paul and his girlfriend Tatiana are at

reception desk. Paul greets Theodore and Theodore replies. Then, Paul

tellsTheodore that Samantha calls him to ask if Theodore‘s letters are picks up,

Paul admires Samantha, in his statement, he uses three strategies at once, positive

politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 1. Notice, attend to H (his interest,

wants, needs, goods), strategy 2. Exaggerate, and strategy 15. Give gift to H.

When Theodore came, he notices that Samantha call him then he told Theodore.

After that, not only exaggerate what he says about Samantha but also gives

Samantha compliment. Theodore replied simply with ‗yeah‘ because he does not

know what to say, he also used positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy

number 6. Avoid disagreement to maintain the Paul‘s face. And then he introduce

his girlfriend, Tatiana, to Theodore. And they shake hands and greet each other.

Tatiana admires his letter and Paul also loves his letter, in her statement, Tatiana

uses positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy number 15. Give gift to H,

Tatiana tries to be polite and want to get closer to Theodore.

Theodore is a little surprise by the compliment. Then, Paul offer him a

double date, Paul with Tatiana and Theodore with Samantha, Theodore just stands

without saying anything because Samantha just an OS. Theodore tells Paul that

Samantha was just an OS, but for Paul and Tatiana that was not a big deal if

Samantha just an OS.

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DATA 11

Scene 11

AMY’S OFFICE – NIGHT

Amy‘s sitting at her desk, but turned away from her edit station, facing Theodore,

who‘s slumped in a chair.

Theodore : (full of angst) fuck, will you just punch me in the face? Or
smash my skull into the corner of your desk?
Amy : (sympathetic, but also acknowledging how intense the night
was) oh Theo… that sounds like rough night. Shit.
Theodore : I don‘t know what I want… ever. I‘m just always confused and
– she‘s right, all I do is confuse and hurt everyone around me.

They sit, heavy, for a minute.

Theodore : am I just… I mean, is it that I‘m… (beat) Catherine says I

can‘t handle real emotion.
Amy : well, I don‘t know if that‘s completely fair. I know she liked to
put it all on you, but as far as emotions go, her‘s were pretty
volatile.

Theodore sits and thinks about this for a minute, not convinced.

Theodore : yeah, but… am I in this because I‘m not strong enough for real
relationship?
Amy : (surprised) oh, you don‘t think it‘s a real relationship?
Theodore : I don‘t know. What do you think?
Amy : I don‘t know, I‘m not in it. But you know what, I can over-
think everything and find myself. But since Charles left I‘ve
been thinking about that part of me, and I realized I‘m here only
briefly. And in my time here, I want to allow myself… joy.
(beat, smiling at him) so fuck it.

Theodore takes this in, smiling back.

AMY OFFICE – NIGHT

Theodore lies on a couch in the back of Amy‘s office, deep in thought. Amy talks
with Ellie as she works on the prefect mom video game. Her device is standing
before her.

Amy : I can‘t believe that crack you up every time! Ellie, I thought
you were a genius… okay, you little perv, I‘ll do it one more
 63

time for you… calm down, it takes a second! Calm down.

Okay, here we go.

Amy makes the perfect mom hump the refrigerator. Amy laughs at how much
Ellie is laughing. Theo watches Amy closely, taking in her joy.

Amy : okay, there you go. Are you happy now…? Okay good, that‘s
all I wanted. I‘m gonna grab some coffee… alright, bye.

Theodore, still heavy with thought, is touched by his friend‘s happiness. Amy
stands to exit.

Amy : Theo, you want some?

Theodore : no, that‘s okay.

He smiles at her and continues laying there, thinking, taking it all in.

Analysis

This scene takes place in Amy‘s office at night. Amy is sitting at her desk

but turns away from her computer and face Theodore who slumps in the chair.

Theodore talks angrily, and asks if Amy will punch him in the face or smash his

skull into the corner of the desk because he and Samantha just fight because

Samantha want to involve surrogate date in order to feel more ‗real‘ relationship,

but Theodore feel strange about that and their relationship getting complex. Then,

Amy replies sympathetic and uses positive politeness strategy with sub-strategy

number 15. Give gift to H. Theodore tells Amy about what he feels and what

happens to him, and Amy gives her opinion and encourage Theodore until

Theodore says ‗yeah, but… am I in this because I‘m not strong enough for real

relationship?‘. Amy surprises and asks ‗oh, you don‘t think it‘s real relationship?‘.

Therefore, Amy gives her opinion about what happens to Theodore and tried to

understand what he feels, in this statement, Amy used positive politeness strategy
 64

with sub-strategy number 15. Give gift to H, Amy encourages Theodore by telling

how she enjoys her life after Charles leaves.

Besides, Theodore lies on a couch and deep in thought about his

relationship with Samantha, Amy talks to her device that named Ellie. In the

middle of her conversation with Ellie, Amy talks about she wants grab some

coffee and then finish the conversation with Ellie. And then she asks Theodore

‗Theo, you want some?‘ and Theodore replies ‗no, that‘s okay.‘, in her statement

we knows that Amy uses off record strategy with sub-strategy number 2. Give

association clues, Amy and Theodore shares mutual knowledge to each other, so

Amy does not need said ‗do you want some coffee?‘ but Theodore knows that

Amy offers a coffee.

DATA 12

Scene 12

THEODORE APARTMENT BUILDING HALLWAY – DAWN

Theodore knocks at an apartment door. He hears footsteps. Amy answers. She‘s

clearly awake and upset.

Amy : hey
Theodore : Hey
Amy :Did Samantha leave, too?
Theodore : yeah.
Amy : I‘m sorry.
Theodore : will you come with me?

He takes her hand and leads her down the hall into a stairwell.

Analysis
In this scene, Samantha is leaves Theodore, he feels sad about that, he

knocks on Amy apartment door, he heard footstep. Amy sad, too. Amy greets and
 65

asks ‗did Samantha leave, too?‘ and Theodore simply replies ‗yeah‘, Amy feels

sorry about that, then Theodore asks if Amy will come with him, in his statement,

Theodore uses negative politeness strategy with sub strategy 1. Be conventionally

indirect, Theodore usesthis strategy in order to blur his desire by being indirect

than being on record because he knows that Amy is upset. Amy does not reply

him with verbal but Theodore takes her hand and leads her down the hall into a

stairwell.
 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Politeness strategies have 5 main strategy, 1. Bald on record; 2. Positive

politeness; 3. Negative politeness; 4. Off record; 5. Don’t do FTA. Those 5

strategies have different intention. Bald on record use as simple imperative

sentence, it is uses to get maximum efficiency of conversation; positive politeness

strategy use as social acceleration, this strategy use to get closer to the hearer;

negative politeness strategy use as social brake, someone use this strategy to keep

distance to the hearer; off record strategy use as indirect language and removes the

speaker from the potential to be imposing, it is also use to say hidden intention

implicitly; don’t do FTA is simply strategy that there are no strategy here, it is

simply avoid offending and imposing the hearer. From the analysis in the previous

chapter, it is known that a character in the movie uses the theory of politeness in

various occasions, although not all sentences are uttered politeness strategies but

in every scene there must be utterances contained therein politeness strategy. In

this film, the screenwriter unconsciously using a strategy of politeness in every

scene that suitable applied if it is associated with the situation in the context of the

scene. As described in chapter 2, that each strategy has its own purpose even

though the core of the strategy is to keep all the positive face from the hearer, but

every strategy has a different way.

There are 12 scene that analyzed by the writer. In every scene, contain

politeness strategies. For example in scene 1, this scene involved Theodore and

66
 67

Paul, Paul mostly uses positive politeness while Theodore replied with Don’t do

FTA. Paul try to getting closer to Theodore but he seems do not want to talk much

and try to end up the conversation in polite way with Don’t do FTA strategy to

keep Paul’s positive face. Those strategy uses in casual situation, with person that

we do not close enough.

On the other hands, another example of politeness strategies uses in scene

4, this scene involved Theodore and his blind date, from the situation of this scene

we know that Theodore date a woman. From the scene, we know that in such

situations, when two new people get acquainted, they use a lot of positive

politeness strategy, this strategy is used to come closer to each other. Besides

positive politeness, in this scene Theodore and blind date also frequently use off

record strategy that shows the hidden intentions of each other. But when the blind

date asks for next step of their relationship and Theodore cannot answers clearly,

then the situation is not conducive, the blind date’s utterance become not polite,

not to mean to be rude but the blind date’s utterance get straight forward and not

uses politeness strategy but Theodore still explain what he means but it is useless

because the blind date already disappointed with Theodore. From the scene, we

can learn how if someone mad at us and how to face them with politeness

strategy.

In this scene we know how Theodore cheer up Amy uses positive

politeness strategy. In this scene, Theodore mostly uses positive politeness

strategy, as Amy friend he try to cheer up Amy by listen and give his sympathy to
 68

her and try to understand what Amy feels. This scene teach us how to do when

our friend have a problem, and what should we do.

From all the explanation above and the analysis in previous chapter, we

know that politeness strategy can be use relates to the situation or context of the

conversation. Not only the politeness strategy but also the address term, the

relationship between the characters not use address term, and they still be polite

even though their relationship is close. This is evidence that emotional closeness

does not necessarily make someone use the address term in this case is in-group

identity markers.

Moreover, as well as the principle of politeness in sociolinguistic whereby

when the relationship between two people or more are very close then the

utterance was less polite, and if both are not quite intimate relationship then

utterances used more polite. In fact, in this movie, the character ever uttered swear

words, it is not the main reason that their relationship is close; they uttered them

when they are in conflict or when they are in sad situation and mock themselves

like Amy did when she told Theodore that they split up. And it is fact that the

relationship closeness is not necessarily less polite, they did polite and still get

close.

As can be seen politeness does not mean to say politely with a choice of

good words and do not use words that are rude and vulgar, but the strategy of

politeness in question is the strategy to maintain 'face' of the hearer, face in here is

not face as a literal meaning but public self image that every member want to

claim for himself using various strategy formulated by many linguists one of them
 69

is brown and Levinson. As in the script of this film, some using swear word and

are not necessarily rude but when seen from sociolinguistics side that had

described in previous chapter, shows the close relationship among the characters

in this film.

Overall, the reasons why Theodore seem to implement politeness

strategies well to everyone, regardless the social distance it is because the director

depicts him as introvert, it shows from the story that Theodore does not have

much friends, his close friend only Amy. His relation with Amy are really close

but they seldom utter swear word. They uttered swear word when Amy tells him

that Charles and her are split up, she mocks herself.

All the characters in this movie are polite, but sometimes they do FTA but

still uses politeness strategy likes in scene 9, Catherine do FTA tease Theodore by

uses off record strategy. Furthermore, they utter swear word when they are makes

a jokes but not all the jokes they makes utter swear words.

B. Suggestion

For further research, the writer suggests the research on politeness strategy

could be deepened by other researcher, in order to increase the scientific field of

linguistics especially pragmatic. Furthermore, because the writer face problem in

real life situation as object, she suggests for the next researcher could be use real

life situation to be analyzed because it will be more natural. But movie could be a

good example of politeness strategy uses and this research could be a good

learning media for the next research. And politeness strategy is one that is very
 70

interesting discussion and could be linked to the various branches of linguistics

such as discourse and sociolinguistics.

This may increase the repertoire of scientific research in the field of

linguistics and hopefully can be a literature review for further research.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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JOURNALS

Marquez, Rosina Reiter. Politeness Phenomena in British English and Uruguayan

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Prameswari, Yuliana. Negative Politeness Strategy in Diplomacy Meeting at UN

Security Council Summit on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Nuclear
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Novira, Resi. Negative Politeness Strategies as Found in Rachel Ray Show.

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Nurzanah, Siti. An Analysis of Negative Politeness Strategy Used by Harry Potter

in J.K. Rowling’s Novel ‘Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret.
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WEBSITES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system, accessed March 18, 2015. 1:27pm