Heritage 02 00079 PDF

heritage
Article
A Multidisciplinary Approach for Historic
Buildings Diagnosis: The Case Study of the
Kaisariani Monastery
Ekaterini T. Delegou 1, *,† , Georgia Mourgi 1,† , Elisavet Tsilimantou 1,† , Charalabos Ioannidis 2,†
and Antonia Moropoulou 1,†
1 Laboratory of Materials Science & Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical
University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou str, 15773 Athens, Greece; georgiamrg@hotmail.com (G.M.);
eltsilim@mail.ntua.gr (E.T.); amoropul@central.ntua.gr (A.M.)
2 Laboratory of Photogrammetry, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University
of Athens 9, Iroon Polytechniou str., 15773 Athens, Greece; cioannid@survey.ntua.gr
* Correspondence: edelegou@central.ntua.gr; Tel.: +30-210-772-3075
† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Received: 22 February 2019; Accepted: 17 April 2019; Published: 20 April 2019
Abstract: In this work, a multi-disciplinary approach regarding diagnostic study processes is

presented, using as an example the Catholicon of Kaisariani Monastery in Attica, Greece. Kaisariani
Monastery is considered one of the most important Byzantine architectural complexes in Greece. The
Catholicon of Kaisariani Monastery was built during the middle Byzantine period, and has undergone
many reconstructions during the centuries. It is a semi-complex, four-columned, cross-in-square
church, with a cloisonné masonry. The suggested diagnostic processes included the creation of
multidisciplinary thematic maps in Computer Aided Design (CAD) environment, which incorporated:
(a) data of historical and architectural documentation; (b) data of geometric documentation; and (c) data
of building materials characterization and decay diagnosis. The historical and general architectural
data were acquired by thorough bibliographical/archival research. Geometric documentation data
were acquired by three-dimensional (3D) laser scanner for the creation of the Catholicon section
drawings, whereas image based photogrammetric techniques were utilized for the creation of a 3D
textured model, from which orthoimages and architectural drawings of the Catholicon façades were
developed. In parallel, characterization of building materials and identification of decay patterns
took place after the onsite application of the nondestructive techniques of digital microscopy, infrared
thermography and ground penetrating radar. These vast array kinds of data were elaborated and
integrated into the architectural drawings, developing thematic maps that record and represent
the current preservation state of the monument, a concerning major construction phases, the
most important conservation intervention projects, building materials and decay. Furthermore,
data quantification regarding the extent of building materials and decay at each monument’s
façade took place. Therefore, correlation and better understanding of the environmental impact
on building materials according to façade orientation and historical data, e.g., construction phases,
was accomplished. In conclusion, the presented processes are multidisciplinary tasks that require
collaboration among architects, surveyor engineers and materials scientists/engineers. They are also
prerequisites for the planning and application of compatible and efficient conservation/restoration
interventions, for the ultimate goal of the sustainable protection of a monument.
Keywords: multi-disciplinary approach; diagnostic study; geometric documentation; non-destructive

techniques; thematic maps; sustainable protection; church; cultural heritage
Heritage 2019, 2, 1211–1232; doi:10.3390/heritage2020079 www.mdpi.com/journal/heritage

Heritage 2019, 2 1212
1. Introduction
The conservation and preservation of important cultural heritage assets has become a concern of
the interdisciplinary scientific community. Current studies illustrate that, through a multidisciplinary
approach, in the field of cultural heritage, a cohesive documentation incorporating information
regarding not only the architectural and geometric documentation but also historical and archaeological
research, building material and decay documentation and structural research provide crucial
information regarding the preservation state of a monument, possible conservation interventions
and rehabilitation. Since the resources for constructing new buildings in Europe has declined, the
scientific and construction community has gained growing interest in restoring and rehabilitating old
buildings and monuments [1,2]. To achieve sustainable protection and restoration of such assets, a
multidisciplinary approach is a prerequisite. In addition, the characterization of building materials
and decay is of utmost importance, especially in terms of intervention conservation practices. For the
protection of a monument, in most cases, it is forbidden to take samples [1,3]. Therefore, the scientific
community turns to non-invasive and no-contact practices to acquire the necessary information. In the
geometric documentation and architectural documentation field, this practice is performed with the
use of laser scanning and image based techniques, keeping the monument intact. For the building
materials characterization, non-destructive techniques (NDT) are utilized for the determination of the
pathology of a monument. These vast amounts of data can contribute to the protection of cultural
heritage assets and also for the decision making on conservation approaches [2–5].
Over the last decade, there is an immerse use of digital documentation processes, especially
for the creation of textured three-dimensional (3D) models [6–8]. The 3D architectural surveys
nowadays utilize techniques provided by surveying and photogrammetric scientific field and use two
methodologies: close-range based modeling and image-based modeling [6]. The first one includes the
use of laser scanning techniques to obtain a 3D dense point cloud in the same reference system with
below sub-centimeter accuracy [8,9]. The other survey includes computer vision algorithms combined
with photogrammetric procedures and provides a 3D model with radiometric information importing
the texture in the model [10,11]. Currently, the scientific community tends to utilize both surveys,
especially in cultural heritage documentation where the building materials play a pivotal role in the
documentation process. In this case, both survey methods are elaborated and integrated, providing a
textured 3D model [12–15].
For the protection of a cultural heritage asset, the classification and representation of a monuments’
pathology aims to control the decay progress and to improve planning of conservation interventions [1].
Within the framework of cultural heritage assets protection, practical needs emerge regarding the
integrated study—management and the knowledge deriving from incompatible interventions towards
an interdisciplinary integrated approach. Especially in the case of ancient masonry structures, additional
inspection of the monument is necessary and certain factors are important to be obtained.
Nowadays, the research community is beginning to investigate multidisciplinary methods of data
acquisition and further elaboration of information in a multispectral, multilateral and multidisciplinary
manner. Moreover, the academic community adopts such approaches, especially for the investigation
of assets construction phases, deformations and restoration practices, for their visualization and
projection in multiple digital platforms. The tendency is to create 3D models (via Geographic
Information System (GIS) or Building Information Model (BIM) software) [16–18] incorporating
information of the abovementioned disciplines as well as other depending on the project’s scope
(documentation, visualization, dissemination, restoration etc.).
This study aimed to investigate a multidisciplinary approach, starting from the documentation of
multidisciplinary data, which includes their architectural, historical, geometric and building material
documentation data, and studying their interrelation for historic building structures, that contributes
to the structure’s current state assessment. Using documentation information system, and in particular
two-dimensional (2D) maps that derive from the 3D documentation process, in accordance with
the use and results of NDT and evaluation (E) techniques, the interdisciplinary diagnosis of decay
Heritage 2019, 2 1213
patterns and their causes can be supported [19,20]. Additionally, this approach and the developed
thematic maps can facilitate, as the first and crucial step, the planning and application of compatible
conservation interventions.
The selected monument for the implementation of this process is the Kaisariani Monastery church.
The whole complex consists of Byzantine baths, kitchen, and hearth, reflectory, cells, Benizelos tower
and the Catholicon [21]. The long prosperity of the Kaisariani Monastery is owed to its privileges
and fertile surrounding land property. A significant library was located also in the monastery. The
devastation of the monastery after the 18th century had a dramatic impact over the church [22]. The
monastery, due to its history, has undergone many construction phases throughout the centuries with
three main phases prevailing.
2. Materials and Methods

The technological advances in the field of geometric documentation offer many different
combinations for the 3D geometric documentation of monuments, depending on its size, the level of
complexity, the desired and required accuracy of the developed outputs and the equipment. In this
study, a combination of different methods was the ideal solution for the geometric and architectural
documentation to achieve the intended results. In this section, the materials and methods for the
multidisciplinary documentation are presented.
2.1. Geometric Documentation
2.1.1. Photo-Based Data Acquisition

A 3D textured model of the Catholicon was realized with the integration of Structure from Motion
(SfM) and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) with classic photogrammetry procedures. The 3D textured model
of the exterior of the monument provides the necessary geometric information of the façades and the
surface details of the structure as well as the radiometric information necessary for the development of
the building materials maps.
For the photo-based data acquisition, a Canon EOS 1Ds Mark III digital camera, manufactured in
Japan with a CMOS sensor (36 mm × 24 mm), with a fixed 24-mm lens and a NIKON D70 manufactured
in Bangkok, Thailand with a 6.1-megapixel sensor (23.7 mm × 15.6 mm), with a fixed 18-mm lens, both
provided by the Laboratory of Photogrammetry, of the School of Rural and Surveying Engineering,
National Technical University of Athens, were used. These cameras were used for the terrestrial
photogrammetry and photorealistic texture mapping for the quality of the produced images.
A specific number of digital images was taken according to the part of the monument that should
be documented and the difficulties that arose in each case. In addition, tree trunks, nearly in contact
with the west façade, added difficulties in the data gathering process. Digital images were taken from
different angles and distances. In the case of the north façade, the documentation was very difficult,
especially in the higher part because of the proximity of an exterior wall of the Monastery; therefore,
the images were taken at a close distance (in many cases, less than 1.5 m). In total, approximately 150
images for each façade were taken from various distances and multiple angles, covering the exterior
façades of the Catholicon. The development of the 3D point cloud and the textured model deriving
from the photo-based methods was accomplished with the Photoscan Agisoft®software, by Agisoft
LLC, St Petersburg, Russia. Furthermore, in the developed model of the Catholicon, all the exterior
walls incorporating texture, surface variation, material differentiation and alterations were obtained.
2.1.2. Laser Scanning Data Acquisition

The 3D model of the Catholicon (both interior and exterior as a model), obtained by a Leica
Scan Station 2 laser scanner was provided by the Laboratory of Photogrammetry, with an average
spatial resolution of ±5–6 mm. The 3D point cloud consists of all the referenced point of the surveyed
area creating a Dense Digital Surface Model (DDSM). This model facilitates as a blueprint for further
Heritage 2019, 2 1214
elaboration of the architectural documentation of the monument. A proper selection of points was
made to formulate the various plans and sections of the structure. The distance between the points is
less than 1 cm due to its density. Therefore, it was possible to obtain specific details that otherwise
would be difficult to acquire in terms of time.
2.2. Architectural and Historical Documentation

Bibliographical research was carried out to collect all the available information regarding the
architectural analysis of the monument (Byzantine church) since it was documented in 1952 [15]. In
addition, a research on previous interventions on the church was accomplished. All the interrelated
information regarding the documentation and the investigation of the church’ current state of
preservation consists of various data. Starting from the historical documentation, a complete and
in-depth understanding of the structure and history through a thorough bibliographical research,
including older photographs, plans and draft sketches the historical documentation, was accomplished.
Along with this documentation process and in-depth research, additional research on past architectural
documentation studies was obtained, regarding existing deformations and anomalies, analysis of the
deterioration state and possible past incompatible interventions, architectural drawings, plans and
sections, which are necessary for the construction assessment, possible damages and alterations leading
to the static integrity assessment of the monument [23]. For the architectural documentation process,
the 3D model was elaborated. The 3D point cloud was imported in 3DCAD Map 2015 information
system without losing its resolution or georeference. The section levels were determined. For the
creation of the sections and the segmentation of the 3D point cloud based on the predefined sections,
Geomagic Studio®software by 3D Systems, US, was utilized.
2.3. Building Materials Characterization

For the documentation and analysis of the Catholicon’s masonry, non-invasive, and non-destructive
techniques were performed. Digital Microscopy (DM), Infrared Thermography (IRT) and Ground
Penetrating Radar (GPR) were applied in selected areas in the exterior of the Church after in situ
inspection. In addition, Schmidt hammer test was applied for the evaluation of the building material’s
compressive strength [24]. Digital microscopy was utilized for acquiring in-situ magnified visual
spectrum images of a selected surface and provided an initial building material characterization along
with an assessment of the decay. It also contributed to the determination of different construction phases’
building materials or even non-documented restoration works. In this survey, a Digital microscopy
i-scope—Moritex was applied at several magnifications (×30, ×50 and ×120). The Ground Penetrating
Radar uses radar pulses to examine the sub-surface area of a structure. Voids and inclusions can be
documented and the state of preservation of the structural system can be examined. In addition, with
GPR measurements, the morphological and geometrical characteristics can be revealed in a layered
and brick masonry structure. In addition, past interventions can be evaluated. In this survey, the
ground penetrating radar system used was a MALÅ Geoscience ProEx system by Guideline Geo AB,
Sundbyberg, Sweden, with 1.6 GHz and 2.3 GHz antennae. For data acquisition, the MALÅ Geoscience
Groundvision 2 software by Guideline Geo AB, Sundbyberg, Sweden was used. The MALÅ Geoscience
RadExplorer v.1.41 software was used for data processing. The Infrared thermography detects the
radiation in the infrared range emitted by the building materials and the structures surface. Variation
in construction phases and past restoration works can be detected. It can detect areas with humidity
issues and moisture transfer phenomena on monumental scale. The infrared camera used in the survey
was a FLIR Systems Therma Cam B200, with a detector of focal plane array microbolometer in the
spectral range of 7.5–12 µm, with thermal sensitivity of 0.08 ◦ C. During the survey, the environmental
conditions were measured [24].
Heritage 2019, 2 1215
Heritage 2019, 2 FOR PEER REVIEW 5

3. Results
3.1. Heritage
Geometric2019,Documentation
2 FOR PEER REVIEW Data 5
3.1. Geometric Documentation Data
The next step was the elaboration of the orthoimages of each façade with a pixel (groudel) size
3.1. Geometric
stepDocumentation Data
of 2The
mm. next
Initially,was
eachthefaçade
elaboration of the orthoimages
was elaborated as a differentof each façade
project, withmasks
using a pixelin(groudel)
the areas size
of of
2 occlusions
mm. Initially, each
The(Figure
next façade
step was was
the elaborated
elaboration of as
thea different
orthoimages project,
of eachusing
façademasks
with in
a the
pixel
1). After the elaboration of the data for all the façades, a 3D model of the areas of
(groudel)occlusions
size
(Figureof 21).
Catholicon mm. Initially,
After
was each façade
the elaboration
produced. For thewas
of elaborated
the data for as
georeference ofathe
all different
the project,
façades,
façades a 3D
in a using masks
model
common in the
ofreference
the areas
Catholicon of was
system,
occlusions
produced.
characteristic (Figure
For points 1). After
the georeference
of the 3D of the elaboration
the façades
model of
already in the data
a common
obtained for all the
by areference façades,
system,
laser scanner a 3D
were model of
characteristic the
depicted. Thepoints
theCatholicon
ofaccuracy
3D model was
obtained produced.
already
for each For by
obtained
façade theafter
ageoreference
laser
thescanner of were
the façades
elaboration depicted.
and in aThe
correctioncommon
of thereference
accuracy system,
obtained
point cloud for
waseach
characteristic points of the 3D model already obtained by a laser scanner were depicted. The
approximately
façade after the1–1.7 cm, within
elaboration andacceptable
correctionlimits forpoint
of the the further
clouddevelopment of the thematic
was approximately maps.
1–1.7 cm, within
accuracy obtained for each façade after the elaboration and correction of the point cloud was
acceptable limits for the further development of the thematic maps.
approximately 1–1.7 cm, within acceptable limits for the further development of the thematic maps.
(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1. (a) Camera positions during the process of the alignment; (b) dense point cloud of the east
Figure
Figure
façade; (a)1.(c)
1.and (a)3D
Camera
Camera positions
positions
mesh during
during
of the east theprocess
the
façade. process of
of the
thealignment;
alignment;(b)(b)
dense point
dense cloud
point of theofeast
cloud the east
façade;
façade; and and (c) 3D
(c) 3D mesh
mesh of of
thethe eastfaçade.
east façade.
For the elaboration of the orthoimages of each façade, selected images were used to assure
For elaboration
the elaboration of orthoimages
the orthoimages of each façade, selected images were used assure
to assure
quality the
For texture. of the
To proceed of each façade,
with the multidisciplinary selected
process, fourimages were
orthoimages used
wereto quality
created, one
quality
texture. texture. To proceed with the multidisciplinary process, four orthoimages were created, one
for each façade of the Catholicon (Figure 2). These orthoimages acted as blueprints for furthereach
To proceed with the multidisciplinary process, four orthoimages were created, one for
for each façade of the Catholicon (Figure 2). These orthoimages acted as blueprints for further
façade of the of
elaboration Catholicon (Figure
thematic maps 2). These orthoimages
incorporating acted as blueprints
not only qualitative informationfor
butfurther elaboration of
also quantitative
elaboration of thematic maps incorporating not only qualitative information but also quantitative
thematic
data. maps incorporating not only qualitative information but also quantitative data.
data.
Figure 2. Orthoimage of the south façade of the Catholicon.

Figure Orthoimageofofthe
2. Orthoimage
Figure 2. thesouth
southfaçade
façade
of of
thethe Catholicon.
Catholicon.
Heritage 2019, 2 1216
For the
For thedevelopment
development of of2D 2Ddrawings
drawings(plans
(plansandandsections),
sections),several
severalmethods
methodswerewereused.
used. The
The
For the development of 2D drawings (plans and sections), several methods were used. The
requiredresolution
required resolutionwas ±1.5 cm.
was±1.5 cm. Apart
Apart from
from the
the architectural
architectural documentation
documentation of of the
the structure,
structure, thethe
required resolution was ±1.5 cm. Apart from the architectural documentation of the structure, the
survey
survey aimed
aimed to detect
to detect various
various deformations
deformations and
and and alterations
alterations in comparison
in comparison with
with the the initial
initial state
state ofstate
theof
survey aimed to detect various deformations alterations in comparison with the initial of
the structure.
structure. Initially,
Initially, the section
the section levels
levels were were determined (Figure 3a,b); two sections that constitute
the structure. Initially, the section levelsdetermined (Figure(Figure
were determined 3a,b); two sections
3a,b); that constitute
two sections the
that constitute
the main
main symmetry axes
theofmonument
the monument and one additional
sectionsection oflevel of the Narthex, which
thesymmetry axes of
main symmetry axes and one
of the monument additional
and one additional level
sectionthe Narthex,
level of the which
Narthex,crosses
which
crosses the
thecrosses
highestthehighest
level level
of the levelof
temples the temples
dome. dome.
In addition,In addition, a horizontal section was
at +2.10 set at +2.10 m
highest of the temples dome. aInhorizontal
addition, section was setsection
a horizontal m elevation
was set at +2.10 to m
elevation
cross to cross of
the majority thethe
majority
temple’s of openings.
the temple’s openings.
elevation to cross the majority of the temple’s openings.
(b)
(a)
(a) (b)
Figure 3. (a) 3D point cloud of the Catholicon as imported in the 3DCAD environment; and (b)
Figure
Figure 3. 3D
3. (a) (a) point
3D point
cloudcloud
of the of the Catholicon
Catholicon as imported
as imported in theenvironment;
in the 3DCAD 3DCAD environment; and (b)
and (b) cropped
cropped point cloud from the predefined section in the Geomagic Studio environment.
cropped
point cloud point
from thecloud from thesection
predefined predefined
in thesection in theStudio
Geomagic Geomagic Studio environment.
environment.
3.2. Historical
3.2. Historical Documentation
DocumentationData Data
3.2. Historical Documentation Data
The Catholicon
The Catholicon of of Kaisariani
Kaisariani Monastery
Monastery isis the the conventual
conventual church
church of of aaprosperous
prosperous monastery
monastery
The Catholicon of Kaisariani Monastery is the conventual church of a prosperous monastery
complex,constructed
complex, constructedin inthe
the12th
12thor orlate
late11th
11thcentury;
century;thetheexact
exactdate
dateof ofconstruction
constructionisisnot notknown.
known.ItIt
complex, constructed in the 12th or late 11th century; the exact date of construction is not known. It
wasdedicated
was dedicatedto tothe
thePresentation
Presentation of ofthe
theVirgin
Virginto tothe
theTemple
Templeand andisislocated
locatedin inmount
mountHymettus,
Hymettus,at at
was dedicated to the Presentation of the Virgin to the Temple and is located in mount Hymettus, at
the
thetheoutskirts
outskirts of Athens.
of Athens. The
The Kaisariani
Kaisariani Catholicon
Catholicon Main
Main Church
Church is mentioned
is mentioned or
or oranalyzed
analyzed by
by byvarious
various
outskirts of Athens. The Kaisariani Catholicon Main Church is mentioned analyzed various
researchers
researchers of
of Byzantine
Byzantine architecture,
architecture, as
as it
it represents
represents aa typical
typical sample
sample of
of the
the mid
mid Byzantine
Byzantine Greek
Greek
researchers of Byzantine architecture, as it represents a typical sample of the mid Byzantine Greek
school, following
school, following the the four
four columned
columned cross cross in insquare
squaretype
type(Figure
(Figure4a,b)4a,b)[22].
[22]. Morphologically,
Morphologically, itit isis
school, following the four columned cross in square type (Figure 4a,b) [22]. Morphologically, it is
characterized as
characterized as “strict”
“strict” [25],
[25],as
asititconsists
consistsof ofclear
cleargeometrical
geometricalvolumes
volumesand andpremium
premiumconstruction
construction
characterized as “strict” [25], as it consists of clear geometrical volumes and premium construction
quality.
quality. Its singularity concerns that the internal structure manages to be externalized in a simple
quality. Its singularity concerns that the internal structure manages to be externalized in a way
Its singularity concerns that the internal structure manages to be externalized in a simple simple
waywithout
and and without exceeding thescale.
human scale. According to the the erabuilding
formula,construction
the building
way and exceeding the human
without exceeding the human According scale.toAccording
the era formula,to the era formula, the building is
construction
mainly is mainly
brick andisstone brick and
cloisonné stone
masonry cloisonné masonry style, which is better performed on the
construction mainly brick and stone style,
cloisonnéwhich is betterstyle,
masonry performedwhichon is the eastern
better façade,on
performed thethe
eastern
dome andfaçade,
the the arms,
cross dome where
and the cross ashlar
porous arms, where
is used.porous
The ashlar
rest masonryis used.
is The with
built rest masonry
semi- is built
cloisonné
eastern façade, the dome and the cross arms, where porous ashlar is used. The rest masonry is built
withand
style semi- cloisonné
limited partsstyle and limited
ofstyle
rubble parts of rubble masonry.
with semi- cloisonné andmasonry.
limited parts of rubble masonry.
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure4.4.(a)
Figure (a)Documentation
Documentationof
ofthe
thesouthwest
southwest ofofthe
theCatholicon
Catholicon by
by Dell
Dell in
in 1889
1889 (Adopted
(Adopted from
from [22]);
[22]);
Figure 4. (a) Documentation of the southwest of the Catholicon by Dell in 1889 (Adopted from [22]);
and (b)
and (b)Photographic
Photographic documentation
documentation of
of the
the east
east façade
façade of
ofthe
theCatholicon
Catholiconinin1888–1890
1888–1890(Adopted
(Adopted
and (b) Photographic documentation of the east façade of the Catholicon in 1888–1890 (Adopted
from
from[22]).
[22]).
from [22]).
The first construction phase includes the original building that was a complex cross-in-square
four-column domed church, constructed during middle Byzantine period (second half of the 11th
Heritage 2019, 2 1217
century or early 12th century). In the 17th century, the domed Narthex was added during the Turkish
century or early 12th century). In the 17th century, the domed Narthex was added during the
domination and the barrel-vaulted chapel dedicated to Aghios Antonios, located in the southwest of the
Turkish domination and the barrel-vaulted chapel dedicated to Aghios Antonios, located in the
Catholicon, was the third addition to the church, probably in the same century (Figure 4a). Therefore,
southwest of the Catholicon, was the third addition to the church, probably in the same century
the Kaisariani Church consists of three main construction phases and a 4th with the construction of the
(Figure 4a). Therefore, the Kaisariani Church consists of three main construction phases and a 4th
tower bell, added probably during 18th to 19th century. Therefore, the construction phases are the
with the construction of the tower bell, added probably during 18th to 19th century. Therefore, the
Main Church (11th–12th c.), the Narthex (17th c.), the St. Antonios chapel (17th–18th c.) and the tower
construction phases are the Main Church (11th–12th c.), the Narthex (17th c.), the St. Antonios chapel
bell (18th–19th c.) (Figure 5) [26].
(17th–18th c.) and the tower bell (18th–19th c.) (Figure 5) [26].
Figure
Figure 5. Ground
5. Ground PlanPlan of Kaisariani
of the the Kaisariani Church
Church with with
threethree construction
construction phases;phases;
Main Main Church
Church (1st C.(1st
C.Narthex
Ph.); Ph.); Narthex (2nd
(2nd C. C.St.
Ph.); Ph.); St. Antony
Antony Chapel Chapel
(3rd C.(3rd C. Ph.–4th
Ph.–4th C.Plan
C. Ph.). Ph.).ofPlan
the of the Catholicon.
Catholicon.
In the
In the lower
lower masonry
masonry layers,
layers, many
many big-sized
big-sized stones
stones areare built
built in second
in second use.use. A horizontal
A horizontal cornice
cornice
divides
divides thethe south
south andand north
north façade
façade on onthethe same
same level.
level. TheThe north
north cross
cross armarm is highlighted
is highlighted withwitha a
perfectly built protruding arch based on two pilasters, which encloses a
perfectly built protruding arch based on two pilasters, which encloses a double-light window. Other double-light window. Other
exceptional
exceptional ornamental
ornamental elements
elements arethe
are thedentil
dentilcourse
courseofofthetheoctagonal
octagonal dome
dome and and the
the brick
brick frame
frameof ofthe
eastern grouped type double light window where a glazed bowl was built
the eastern grouped type double light window where a glazed bowl was built in (Figure 4b). Many in (Figure 4b). Many spolia
coming
spolia comingfromfrom
Roman or later
Roman buildings
or later were built
buildings were in the in
built structure and some
the structure andofsome
themofbear
them Byzantine
bear
relief decoration
Byzantine [26]. The[26].
relief decoration four The
ancient
fourmarble
ancient columns
marbleofcolumns
the interior of the
of the Catholicon
interior of the bearing
Catholicon Ionian
capitals carry the load of the octagonal dome, connected with wooden
bearing Ionian capitals carry the load of the octagonal dome, connected with wooden tie beams tie beams above the capitals
level.
above theThe domed
capitals Narthex
level. of the 17th
The domed century
Narthex located
of the 17th in the west
century belongs
located to latter
in the construction
west belongs phase.
to latter
It was builtphase.
construction with rubble masonry
It was built withand the masonry
rubble door was and builtthe
with
doorspolia. Southwith
was built of the Narthex
spolia. Southand ofpart
the of
Narthex and part of the Catholicon, a vaulted chapel was added, also built with rumble masonry. A of
the Catholicon, a vaulted chapel was added, also built with rumble masonry. A mural painting
the 14th
mural century
painting inside
of the 14ththe chapelinside
century on thethe
outside
chapel surface
on theofoutside
the Main Church’s
surface south
of the Mainwall raises the
Church’s
question of the existence of an earlier building in the same location. The last
south wall raises the question of the existence of an earlier building in the same location. The last construction phase is the
bell tower, an addition of the later centuries.
construction phase is the bell tower, an addition of the later centuries.
3.3. Architectural Documentation Data

3.3. Architectural Documentation Data
TheThe monument comprises a mid-Byzantine cross-in-square four-column domed church. It can
monument comprises a mid-Byzantine cross-in-square four-column domed church. It can
be observed that, in such churches, there is a connection between the typology, the morphology and
be observed that, in such churches, there is a connection between the typology, the morphology and
thethe structure.
structure. TheThe structure
structure follows
follows the basic
the basic rulesrules
whilewhile pursuit
pursuit of symmetry
of symmetry is evident.
is evident. From
From the
the developed products of the sections and plans, various drawings were elaborated.
developed products of the sections and plans, various drawings were elaborated. The exterior The exterior
dimensions
dimensions of the
of the MainMain Church
Church areare 9.47
9.47 × 8.12
m ×m8.12 m and
m and thethe dimensions
dimensions of the
of the basic
basic orthogonal
orthogonal plan
plan
areare
6.65 mm× ×
6.65 5.88m.
5.88 m.Towards
Towardsthe
the west,
west, the
the Narthex
Narthexexpands
expands5.43 mm
5.43 and, towards
and, towards the the
south, the chapel
south, the
chapel expands 2.92 m. The thickness dimensions of the wall structure are 70 cm on the south façade,
75 cm on the north façade, 80 cm in the recesses towards north and 60 cm on the west façade.
Drawings of the plans, cross sections and long sections were developed (Figures 6 and 7).
Heritage 2019, 2 1218
expands 2.92 m. The thickness dimensions of the wall structure are 70 cm on the south façade, 75 cm
on the north façade, 80 cm in the recesses towards north and 60 cm on the west façade. Drawings of
Heritage
the plans,2019, 2 FOR
cross PEER REVIEW
sections and long sections were developed (Figures 6 and 7). 8
(a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Figure (a)
Figure6.6. (a) Long
(a) Long Section
LongSection drawing
Sectiondrawing
drawing ofof
of the
the Main
Main
the Church;
Church;
Main andand
and
Church; (b)Cross
(b) Cross
(b) Section
Section
Cross drawing
drawing
Section ofof the
the
drawing Main
Main
of the
Church.
Main Church.
Thearchitectural
The architectural
architectural documentation
documentation
documentation drawings
drawings
drawings (deriving
(deriving
(deriving from
from
from the thegeometric
the
geometric geometric documentation),
documentation),
documentation), provided
provided information
information information
regarding theregarding
regarding thestructure’s
the
structure’s structure’s stateofofpreservation.
state
state of preservation. preservation. Deviations
DeviationsDeviations fromthe
from
from the vertical the vertical
orvertical oror
alteration
inalteration
the structuresthe surface
in the structures
structureswere surface
surface wereand
were
observed observed
observed andvalidated.
and
validated. validated.
In the MainInInthetheMain
Church, Main Church,
Church,
no nonodeviation
deviation deviation
from the
from the
vertical vertical
in the longin
vertical in the
the long
section wassection
long section was
observedwas observed
6a),(Figure
observed
(Figure (Figure6a),
whereas a 5whereas
6a), whereas
cm recess a aof
5 5cmcmrecess
the recessofground
arches ofthe
thearches
arches
level
ground
was level was
observed, was to
due observed,
observed, due
due to
dome’s vertical to dome’s
dome’s vertical
vertical
loads (Figure loads
loads
6b). (Figure
case 6b).
(Figure
In the St.InIn
of6b). the
thecase
Antonios ofofSt.St.Antonios
caseChapel, Antonios
a 10 cm
Chapel, afrom
deviation 10 cm
cm deviation
wasfrom
deviation
vertical from vertical
verticalwas
documented was documented
documented
(Figure 7a). (Figure
(Figure7a).
7a).
(a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Figure 7. (a) Cross Section drawing of St. Antonios Chapel; and (b) plan of the Catholicon.
Figure7.7.(a)
Figure (a)Cross
CrossSection
Sectiondrawing
drawingofofSt.
St.Antonios
AntoniosChapel;
Chapel;and
and(b)
(b)plan
planofofthe
theCatholicon.
Catholicon.
Moreover,thethe
Moreover, developed
developed orthoimages
orthoimages fromfrom the geometric
the geometric documentation
documentation process process
were were
digitized
Moreover, the developed orthoimages from the geometric documentation process were
digitized
for each for
façade, each façade,
contributing contributing
to the to the multidisciplinary
multidisciplinary process, as process,
presented as
in presented
this work. in
Everythis work.
element
digitized for each façade, contributing to the multidisciplinary process, as presented in this work.
Every
was element
classified was classified
in terms of buildingin material,
terms of building material, decay, architectural and artistic details
Every element was classified in terms ofdecay, architectural
building material, and artistic
decay, details (Figure
architectural and 8a,b).
artisticDuring
details
(Figure
the process8a,b).
of During
mapping the
of process
the of
classified mapping
data, of
variousthe classified
layers of data, various
information were layers of
created, information
formulating a
(Figure 8a,b). During the process of mapping of the classified data, various layers of information
were created,
database. formulating
Eachformulating a database.
layer was created Each
once and layer was created once and was attributed to each façade
were created, a database. Eachwas attributed
layer to each
was created façade
once and wasto avoid duplications.
attributed to each façade
to avoid duplications.
to avoid duplications.
Heritage 2019, 2 1219
(a) (b)
Figure
Figure 8. Architectural
8. (a) (a) Architectural drawing
drawing of theof the façade
south south of
façade of the Catholicon;
the Catholicon; and (b) architectural
and (b) architectural drawing
of drawing of the of
the east façade east façade
the of the Catholicon.
Catholicon.
3.4. Building
3.4. Materials
Building materialsInvestigation
investigation
During
During thethepast
pastyears,
years,many
many conservation
conservation treatments
treatments have
havebeen
been carried
carried out
out in in
thethe monastery
monastery
complex, including the church, which were not fully documented.
complex, including the church, which were not fully documented. The only documented The only documented conservation
intervention
conservation work was performed
intervention work wasduring two important
performed duringreconstruction
two importantprojects, one in the
reconstruction early one
projects, and in
thethe
other one in the middle 20th century. The interventions were mostly
early and the other one in the middle 20th century. The interventions were mostly applied on applied on buildings that were
surrounding
buildings that the Catholicon, such as the
were surrounding thebath installations
Catholicon, suchand as the
thecomplex containing and
bath installations the kitchen
the complexand
thecontaining
refectory [27,28]. Many conservation projects were realized within the monastery
the kitchen and the refectory [27,28]. Many conservation projects were realized within the area, by the 1950s,
such as the excavation
monastery area, by the of the eastsuch
1950s, side asof the
the excavation
church andof other
the limited
east siderepair
of theworks.
churchDuringand other 1950s, an
limited
extended conservation project was accomplished, where part of the
repair works. During 1950s, an extended conservation project was accomplished, where part of the eastern window frame and the
north gatewindow
eastern of the Catholicon
frame and werethereconstructed.
north gate ofInthe addition, a concrete
Catholicon were shell was constructed
reconstructed. in the a
In addition,
exterior
concrete of the
shellfoundation of the eastern
was constructed in thefaçade.
exteriorInofaddition, another of
the foundation conservation
the easternproject
façade.was In carried
addition,
outanother conservation project was carried out by the Ministry of Culture from 2002 to 2008and
by the Ministry of Culture from 2002 to 2008 to restore the damages raised from the 1981 1999
to restore
earthquakes. Moreover, the chapel of Aghios Antonios was repointed
the damages raised from the 1981 and 1999 earthquakes. Moreover, the chapel of Aghios Antonios in 2011, using a lime-pozzolan
mortar [24].
was repointed in 2011, using a lime-pozzolan mortar [24].
TheTheNDT NDT results were
results combined
were combinedto extract information
to extract regarding
information the building
regarding materials,
the building the decaythe
materials,
patterns, the monument’s
decay patterns, state of preservation
the monument’s as well as theasdetection
state of preservation well as of thepast restoration
detection materials
of past and
restoration
implemented interventions (Figures 9 and 10). From these results, along
materials and implemented interventions (Figures 9 and 10). From these results, along with in situ with in situ visual inspection,
thevisual
identification
inspection, andtheclassification
identificationofand material and decay
classification types was
of material accomplished.
and decay types wasThis process
accomplished.
enabled also the enabled
This process documentation
also theand assessment of and
documentation non-documented
assessment of interventions
non-documented alongside with the
interventions
material and decay analysis.
alongside with the material and decay analysis.
Various
Various materials
materialsandandconstruction
constructiontechniques
techniquesare present due to the
are present duedifferent construction
to the different phases.
construction
The following
phases. The building
followingmaterials
buildingwere evident
materials wereaccording
evidenttoaccording
NDT diagnostic
to NDTstudy and were
diagnostic study evaluated
and were
and validated in lab after sampling investigation. Ministry of Culture
evaluated and validated in lab after sampling investigation. Ministry of Culture gave permission gave permission only for the
study
onlyof forthetheexterior
study offaçades of thefaçades
the exterior monument of theand documentation
monument of the interior
and documentation as well
of the interioras other
as well
parts such as the roof could not be realized. In addition, there were
as other parts such as the roof could not be realized. In addition, there were high sampling high sampling restrictions due to
therestrictions
monument’s importance and only a few mortar samples were collected
due to the monument’s importance and only a few mortar samples were collected for lab for lab investigation [24].
Therefore,
investigationit was[24].
not Therefore,
possible toitobtain
was not pictures
possibleof the stratigraphy
to obtain pictures details
of theofstratigraphy
the structure, sinceof
details thethe
Ministry of Culture did not allow core drilling and the information acquired
structure, since the Ministry of Culture did not allow core drilling and the information acquired regarding the structure
of regarding
the monument were obtained
the structure of theby monument
NDT deployment. Information
were obtained by concerning
NDT deployment.the structure of the
Information
various phasesthe
concerning of structure
the Catholiconof theisvarious
illustratedphasesin Figure
of the9a, which shows
Catholicon information
is illustrated about 9a,
in figure the which
first
construction phase of the Catholicon, the masonry of which is a three-leaf
shows information about the first construction phase of the Catholicon, the masonry of which is a one, as GPR measurements
displayed
three-leaf [24].
one, as GPR measurements displayed [24].
The documented stones were: fossiliferous limestone, beige off-white porous stone, grey porous
stone; compact limestone, limestone of red hue (reddish stone), compact stone of green hue
different types of porous stone were encountered in the Main Church. A fossiliferous porous stone
constitutes the main building material along with compact bricks, various types of limestones, and
two different types of porous stones, schist and marble. Apart from two main building mortars, five
additional types of mortars were detected on the north façade. Moreover, a restoration mortar is
Heritagelocated
2019, 2 around the door opening with four additional layers of repair mortars mapped on the
1220
wall of
the Narthex. Perhaps two of them are cement, indicative after visual inspection [29,30].
(a)
(b)
FigureFigure 9. (a) Characteristic
9. (a) Characteristic Results
Results from the from the GPR measurements;
GPR measurements; and (b) IRTand (b) of
image IRT
theimage of the north
north façade
façade
(Adopted (Adopted
from [24]). from [24]).
The Main Church (first construction phase) is a typical Byzantine three-leaf masonry, whereas
Narthex is a rubble masonry. The porous stone of the east façade is a fossiliferous stone. The original
mortar of the east façade, although attributed to the first construction phase, and therefore subjected
to environmental factors for a much longer period compared to the subsequent phase materials, is in
a good preservation state [24].
In addition, a plethora of decay patterns are evident according to NDT diagnostic study (Figure
10). They can be analyzed as extended bio decay, consisting of black fungi (black bio decay), crustose
epilithic lichens, foliose epilithic lichens, mosses, plants, brownish depositions, cracks, material
loss/scaling (including mortar depletion), rising damp and penetrating damp, and incompatible
conservation interventions, especially in the Narthex.
Figure 10.10.DM
Figure DMimages
imagesofofdecay
decay(various
(varioustypes
typesofof
lichens and
lichens black
and bio
black decay)
bio (Adopted
decay) from
(Adopted [24]).
from [24])
The documented stones were: fossiliferous limestone, beige off-white porous stone, grey porous
4. Discussion
stone; compact limestone, limestone of red hue (reddish stone), compact stone of green hue (greenish
stone) andElaboration
4.1. The schist. Theofbricks were classified
the Historical as: bricks
Documentation of redthe
Towards hue (reddish bricks)
Development and bricks
of Thematic Mapsofofyellow
hue (yellowishPhases
Construction bricks). The structural mortars of the church were typical lime mortars reinforced
by straws.
As presented
Specific areas ofinthe
the north,
monument’s construction
south and most of thephases
eastand the of
façade restoration
the Maininterventions
Church were(Figure
built
with ashlar porous stone and compact bricks according to the typical “plinthopericleiston”area
11), the Main Church retains the authentic building materials, apart from a specific located
system of
around the door
mid-Byzantine of the
masonry northern
(Figure 9a). façade
Rumbleandstonethe two windows
covered the rest ofofthethe eastern
north façade,façade
and south where of a
.
non-documented
the Main Church and restoration intervention
the walls of the Narthextook place during
and Chapel (Figurethe
9b).1950s
More[24]. Additionally,
specifically, past and
three different
most recent restoration interventions are evident and documented on the west and
types of porous stone were encountered in the Main Church. A fossiliferous porous stone constitutes north exterior
walls
the mainofbuilding
the Narthex andalong
material the west
withfaçade of bricks,
compact the chapel. Thetypes
various eastern façade hasand
of limestones, undergone fewer
two different
interventions than the others, while, on the west façade, the restoration interventions
types of porous stones, schist and marble. Apart from two main building mortars, five additional cover the
entire masonry and there is evidence of repair mortar as well (Figure 11a).
types of mortars were detected on the north façade. Moreover, a restoration mortar is located around
the door opening with four additional layers of repair mortars mapped on the wall of the Narthex.
Perhaps two of them are cement, indicative after visual inspection [29,30].
The Main Church (first construction phase) is a typical Byzantine three-leaf masonry, whereas
Narthex is a rubble masonry. The porous stone of the east façade is a fossiliferous stone. The original
mortar of the east façade, although attributed to the first construction phase, and therefore subjected to
environmental factors for a much longer period compared to the subsequent phase materials, is in a
good preservation state [24].
Heritage 2019, 2 1221
In addition, a plethora of decay patterns are evident according to NDT diagnostic study (Figure 10).
They can be analyzed as extended bio decay, consisting of black fungi (black bio decay), crustose epilithic
lichens, foliose epilithic lichens, mosses, plants, brownish depositions, cracks, material loss/scaling
(including mortar depletion), rising damp and penetrating damp, and incompatible conservation
interventions, especially in the Narthex.
Figure 10. DM images of decay (various types of lichens and black bio decay) (Adopted from [24])
4. Discussion
4. Discussion
4.1. The Elaboration of the Historical Documentation Towards the Development of Thematic Maps of
4.1. The Elaboration
Construction Phases of the Historical Documentation Towards the Development of Thematic Maps of
Construction Phases
As presented in the monument’s construction phases and the restoration interventions (Figure 11),
As presented in the monument’s construction phases and the restoration interventions (Figure
the Main Church retains the authentic building materials, apart from a specific area located around the
11), the Main Church retains the authentic building materials, apart from a specific area located
door of the northern façade and the two windows of the eastern façade, where a non-documented
around the door of the northern façade and the two windows of the eastern façade, where a
restoration intervention took place during the 1950s [24]. Additionally, past and most recent restoration
non-documented restoration intervention took place during the 1950s [24]. Additionally, past and
interventions are evident and documented on the west and north exterior walls of the Narthex and
most recent restoration interventions are evident and documented on the west and north exterior
the west
wallsfaçade
of the of the chapel.
Narthex Thewest
and the eastern façade
façade haschapel.
of the undergone fewer interventions
The eastern than the others,
façade has undergone fewer
while,
interventions than the others, while, on the west façade, the restoration interventionsiscover
on the west façade, the restoration interventions cover the entire masonry and there evidence
the
of repair
entiremortar
masonryas well (Figure
and there 11a).
is evidence of repair mortar as well (Figure 11a).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 11. Cont.
Heritage 2019, 2 1222
(e) (f)
Figure 1. (a) Construction phases thematic map—north façade; (b) construction phases thematic
Figure 11. (a) Construction phases thematic map—north façade; (b) construction phases thematic
map—south
map—south façade;
façade; (c) (c) construction
construction phasesthematic
phases thematicmap—east
map—east façade;
façade; (d)
(d) construction
constructionphases
phases
thematic
thematic map—west
map—west façade;
façade; (e) (e) historical
historical phases;
phases; and
and (f)(f)interventions.
interventions
4.2. 4.2.
Elaboration of NDTs
Elaboration for for
of NDTs the the
Development of of
Development Thematic
ThematicMaps
Maps
Since its early
Since construction,
its early construction, thetheCatholicon
Catholiconhas hasundergone
undergone many many andand various construction
various construction
interventions, some of which were analytically documented and could
interventions, some of which were analytically documented and could be found in the archivesbe found in the archivesofof
the Local Ephorate of Antiquities. However, the use of NDT is currently utilized
the Local Ephorate of Antiquities. However, the use of NDT is currently utilized by the scientific by the scientific
community
community to evaluate
to evaluate andand
assess thethe
assess compatibility
compatibilityofofpastpastconservation–intervention
conservation–intervention works. works. TheThe
NDTNDT techniques
techniques thatthat
were applied
were appliedforfor
thetheassessment
assessmentofofthe thechurch’s
church’s current
current state of preservation
preservation
indicated
indicated surface
surface morphology
morphology variations,
variations, texture
texture differences
differences and variable
and variable surface surface composition.
composition. These
These variations
variations led to theled to the classification
classification of the building
of the building materials
materials and decay
and decay data.data. In addition,
In addition, areas
areas of
of increased
increased or reduced
or reduced emissions
emissions were were revealed,
revealed, providing
providing information
information of structural
of structural variation
variation of
of the
the masonry,
masonry, informationinformation
that wasthat was strengthened
strengthened by the on-site
by the on-site visual inspection
visual inspection of the construction
of the construction phases
phases and the bibliographic
and the bibliographic research. research.
Recording,
Recording, classification,
classification, distribution
distribution andand representation
representation of building
of building materials
materials on a on a surface
surface scale,
scale, on the monument’s façade, was applied for the exterior of the Catholicon,
on the monument’s façade, was applied for the exterior of the Catholicon, based on visual inspection based on visual
inspection and NDT evaluation. The combination of the NDTs resulted in the validation of the
and NDT evaluation. The combination of the NDTs resulted in the validation of the building materials
building materials and decay pattern classification and therefore was integrated within the CAD
and decay pattern classification and therefore was integrated within the CAD information system.
information system. In Figure 12, the classification of the fossiliferous porous stone with 51 cm
In Figure 12, the classification of the fossiliferous porous stone with 51 cm length and 21 cm width
length and 21 cm width is one of the building materials type encountered in this typical
is one of the building materials type encountered in this typical “plinthopericleiston” system of the
“plinthopericleiston” system of the Catholicon masonry, which includes one layer of stone, one layer
Catholicon
of fillingmasonry,
mortar and which
one includes one layer
layer of brick, of stone,
enclosing eachone layer
stone. Theofwidth
fillingofmortar
the brickandasone
welllayer
as theof
brick, enclosing each stone. The width of the brick
width of the filing mortar is the same, approximately 2 cm. as well as the width of the filing mortar is the same,
approximately 2 cm.
On the north façade, integration between DM and IRT results in the validation of different type of
construction between the Narthex and the Main Church, since the Narthex is an area of high moisture
and, additionally, the susceptibility to bio decay and lichens of the north façade illustrated by DM
results is evident (Figure 13).
On the east façade, integration of visual inspection and DM images, reveal that 8% of the historical
bricks present scaling and material loss just above the rising damp zone, probably due to the presence
of the concrete ground work base (Figure 14).
4.3. Thematic Maps of Building Material and Decay

Thematic maps of building materials and decay of all the façades were developed. The north and
the east façade were chosen since they represent two different states of preservation. In addition, the
variation of the construction phases, demonstrated in these façades can contribute to the assessment
of the state of preservation, the incompatibility of past restoration works is revealed via the decay
thematic map.
In the thematic map of building materials on the north façade of the Catholicon, the variation of
materials is evident (Figure 15). The past restoration works performed in the Narthex of the monument
is almost as a patchwork having lost almost completely the structural layer underneath. In the decay
thematic map (Figure 16), the mortar microfractures (brown color) can easily provide information of
Heritage 2019, 2 1223
the incompatibility with other restoration works. Moreover, there is a significant amount of black bio
decay2019,
Heritage (purple color)
2 FOR PEER that covers
REVIEW almost the entire structure. 13
Figure 12. Classification and validation of building materials integrating NDT results with geometric
documentation.
On the north façade, integration between DM and IRT results in the validation of different type
of construction between the Narthex and the Main Church, since the Narthex is an area of high
Figure 12. Classification and validation of building materials integrating NDT results with
moisture and,
Figure 12. additionally,
Classification andthe susceptibility
validation to bio
of building decayintegrating
materials and lichens of the
NDT north
results withfaçade illustrated
geometric
geometric documentation.
by documentation.
DM results is evident (Figure 13).
On the north façade, integration between DM and IRT results in the validation of different type
of construction between the Narthex and the Main Church, since the Narthex is an area of high
moisture and, additionally, the susceptibility to bio decay and lichens of the north façade illustrated
by DM results is evident (Figure 13).
Figure 13.Elaboration
Figure13. Elaborationprocess
processduring
duringthe
theclassification
classificationofofdecay
decayon
onthe
thenorth
northfaçade.
façade.
Figure 13. Elaboration process during the classification of decay on the north façade.
On the east façade, integration of visual inspection and DM images, reveal that 8% of the
historical bricks present scaling and material loss just above the rising damp zone, probably due to
Heritage 2019, 2 1224
the presence of the concrete ground work base (Figure 14).

Figure 14. Elaboration process during the classification of decay on the east façade.
Figure 14. Elaboration process during the classification of decay on the east façade.
4.3. Thematic Maps of Building Material and Decay

Thematic maps of building materials and decay of all the façades were developed. The north
and the east façade were chosen since they represent two different states of preservation. In
addition, the variation of the construction phases, demonstrated in these façades can contribute to
the assessment of the state of preservation, the incompatibility of past restoration works is revealed
via the decay thematic map.
In the thematic map of building materials on the north façade of the Catholicon, the variation of
materials is evident (Figure 15). The past restoration works performed in the Narthex of the
monument is almost as a patchwork having lost almost completely the structural layer underneath.
In the decay thematic map (Figure 16), the mortar microfractures (brown color) can easily provide
information of the incompatibility with other restoration works. Moreover, there is a significant
amount of black bio decay (purple color) that covers almost the entire structure.
Figure 15.Thematic
Figure15. Thematicmap
mapof
of building
building material
material on
on the
the north façade.
north façade.
Heritage 2019, 2 1225
Figure 2. Thematic map of decay on the north façade

Figure 16. Thematic map of decay on the north façade.
In the elaborated thematic maps of the east façade, it is evident that its structure consists mainly
In the elaborated thematic maps of the east façade, it is evident that its structure consists mainly
of building material from the first construction phase with some restoration interventions in the
of building material from the first construction phase with some restoration interventions in the lower
lower zone of the façade (Figure 17). The main issue that should be dealt is the rising damp as well as
zone of the façade (Figure 17). The main issue that should be dealt is the rising damp as well as the
the moisture problems in the higher zone of the façade, as illustrated in the thematic map of decay
moisture problems in the higher zone of the façade, as illustrated in the thematic map of decay patterns
patterns (Figure 18).
(Figure 18).
4.4. Quantitative Data Integration

Through the multidisciplinary process, quantitative and qualitative data were produced and
information regarding the preservation state of the monument was obtained. Apart from the
visualization of the multidisciplinary data, quantification was possible, providing additional data for
further elaboration.
Heritage 2019, 2 1226
Figure17.
Figure 17.Thematic
Thematicmap
mapofofbuilding
buildingmaterial
materialon
onthe
theeast
eastfaçade.
façade.
The differences of each façade masonry type were recorded and elaborated for qualitative and
quantitative investigation (Figure 19). The structural system of each façade was documented through
the thematic maps, validating the architectural and historical research, their construction period and
past restoration works. On the east façade, it is evident that there are a higher percentage of stone and
lower ones of mortar in comparison to the other façades, depicting the strict cloisonné system that was
followed for its construction. This façade has undergone very few restoration interventions and the
structural system of the first construction phase is obvious.
Moreover, bio decay is one of the most deteriorating factors of the Kaisariani Catholicon. A
comparative diagram was elaborated, deriving from the thematic map development to quantify and
elaborate further the environmental conditions of the surroundings, which can work as a degradation
mechanism for the monument (Figure 20). The north façade presents higher percentages of bio decay
in comparison to the other façades, since its orientation favors bio decay growth.
Heritage2019,
Heritage 2019,2 2FOR PEER REVIEW 1227
18
Figure 18. Thematic map of decay on the east façade.

visualization of the multidisciplinary data, quantification was possible, providing additional data
Figure18.
for further elaboration. Figure Thematicmap
18.Thematic mapofofdecay
decayon
onthe
theeast
eastfaçade.
façade.

visualization of the multidisciplinary data, quantification was possible, providing additional data
for further elaboration.
Figure 19. Diagram of the percentage of building materials in three façades of the Catholicon.
growth.
This data quantification process presents many advantages for the planning and application of
conservation–restoration interventions. More accurate calculation of the amounts of the required
conservation materials can be accomplished, i.e. restoration mortars, and cleaning and protection
materials. Therefore, budget and cost analysis of the rehabilitation project can be organized more
Heritage 2019, 2 1228
accurately.
Figure 20. Diagram

Figure20. Diagram illustrating the percentage
illustrating the percentage of
of bio
bio decay
decay on
on the
thefaçades
façadesof
ofthe
theCatholicon.
Catholicon.
This data quantification process presents many advantages for the planning and application of
5. Conclusions
conservation–restoration interventions. More accurate calculation of the amounts of the required
The methodological
conservation materials canprocess is the outcome
be accomplished, i.e. of this workmortars,
restoration and is described
and cleaningwithin
andthis paper.
protection
Within thisTherefore,
materials. framework,budget
a multidisciplinary approach
and cost analysis of theis presented, importing
rehabilitation project acanvastbeamount of
organized
various data correlated
more accurately. and visualized within thematic maps. The four pillars of this process are the
historical documentation, the architectural, the geometric and the building materials and decay
5.documentation
Conclusions (Figure 21). They all contribute to the creation of multidisciplinary thematic maps
and interrelate among each other.
The methodological process is the outcome of this work and is described within this paper. Within
this framework, a multidisciplinary approach is presented, importing a vast amount of various data
correlated and visualized within thematic maps. The four pillars of this process are the historical
documentation, the architectural, the geometric and the building materials and decay documentation
(Figure 21). They all contribute to the creation of multidisciplinary thematic maps and interrelate
among each other.
Regarding the four basic pillars of this approach, the preservation state in terms of building
materials pathology is illustrated and is in conjunction with the geometric and architectural
documentation data. The past restoration works are depicted including the various construction phases
of the monument (historical documentation), ensuring sustainability in terms of planning and applying
of conservation and restoration interventions. Each documentation process contributes equally in the
illustrated diagram for the creation of the multidisciplinary thematic maps.
Through this proposed process, it is important to follow specific steps that can lead eventually to
the protection of the cultural heritage asset. The recording of the current state of preservation is among
the initial and most crucial steps. In the Catholicon of Kaisariani, this was a very demanding task,
since the Ministry of Culture did not give permission to perform analytical documentation processes
in order to have all the relevant information, due to its high significance. Therefore, the documentation
process of the historical data was crucial for the assessment of the construction phases of the monument
and also document past restoration projects that were recorded.
Heritage 2019, 2 1229
Figure 21.
Figure 21. Diagram
Diagram of
of the
the multidisciplinary
multidisciplinary process incorporating various
process incorporating various multidisciplinary
multidisciplinary data.
data.
In addition,the
Regarding thefour
construction
basic pillarsstyleof of theapproach,
this monument thealigns with thestate
preservation era that was built
in terms (brick
of building
and stone cloisonné
materials pathologymasonry style). and
is illustrated The geometric documentation
is in conjunction with the provided
geometricinformation regarding
and architectural
the structural system,
documentation data. The including building materials
past restoration works aredimensions (width and
depicted including thelength)
various in construction
the exterior
façades,
phases ofasthewell as information
monument regarding
(historical the structural
documentation), section dimensions
ensuring sustainability of in
theterms
walls,ofvalidating
planning
the
and documented constructionand
applying of conservation phases Moreover,
restoration correlation
interventions. between
Each geometricprocess
documentation and architectural
contributes
documentation depicted diagram
equally in the illustrated alterations forofthethe monument
creation of thethrough time, including
multidisciplinary thematic deviation
maps. from the
vertical and alteration in the structures’ surface. A 10-cm deviation
Through this proposed process, it is important to follow specific steps that can lead from vertical in the St. eventually
Antonio’s
Chapel is an example
to the protection of the ofcultural
deformation thatasset.
heritage can occur in the caseof
The recording ofthe
structures
current constructed in different
state of preservation is
periods,
among the with different
initial and most typescrucial
of materials,
steps. Inetc.theInformation
Catholicon of regarding
Kaisariani, thethis
pathology
was a veryof the building
demanding
in terms
task, ofthe
since exterior
Ministrydecay factors isdid
of Culture highlighted within thematic
not give permission maps analytical
to perform incorporating geometric,
documentation
architectural
processes in andorder building
to havematerial data investigation.
all the relevant information, Thedue
north façade
to its highpresents high interest
significance. sincethe
Therefore, it
incorporates information of the first construction phase of the Catholicon,
documentation process of the historical data was crucial for the assessment of the construction with the strict cloisonné
system
phases and main
of the decay factor,
monument and the
alsobio decay that
document accumulates
past restorationdue to environmental
projects factors and location.
that were recorded.
Through thisthe
In addition, investigation,
construction the proposed
style processes, address
of the monument aligns withvarious
the disciplines
era that wasand stakeholders
built (brick and
and
stone cloisonné masonry style). The geometric documentation provided information regarding the
utilize the thematic maps development. Through these thematic maps, whether they address
construction phases,including
structural system, building materials or restoration
building materials works, a(width
dimensions correlation
and and management
length) of the
in the exterior
various
façades,disciplinary information regarding
as well as information is accomplished, contributing
the structural section to dimensions
the planningof ofthe
interventions, if and
walls, validating
when the need arises.
the documented construction phases Moreover, correlation between geometric and architectural
The presented
documentation processes
depicted are multidisciplinary
alterations of the monument tasksthrough
that require
time,collaboration
including deviationamong architects,
from the
surveyor engineers and materials scientists/engineers (Figure 22). To
vertical and alteration in the structures’ surface. A 10-cm deviation from vertical in the St. Antonio’s conclude, the proposed
methodological
Chapel is an exampleprocesses can be implemented
of deformation that can occur forinall
thecultural heritage assets
case of structures to determine
constructed the
in different
preservation
periods, withstate and facilitate
different decision making
types of materials, for sustainable
etc. Information protection.
regarding In the specific
the pathology case of the
of the building in
Catholicon of Kaisariani that was investigated for the development of
terms of exterior decay factors is highlighted within thematic maps incorporating geometric, the proposed process, permission
was given only
architectural andforbuilding
the study of the exterior
material façades of the
data investigation. Themonument
north façade in terms
of the of building material
monument presents
high interest since it incorporates information of the first construction phase of the Catholicon, with
of interventions, if and when the need arises.
The presented processes are multidisciplinary tasks that require collaboration among architects,
surveyor engineers and materials scientists/engineers (Figure 22). To conclude, the proposed
methodological processes can be implemented for all cultural heritage assets to determine the
preservation
Heritage 2019, 2 state and facilitate decision making for sustainable protection. In the specific case of 1230 the
Catholicon of Kaisariani that was investigated for the development of the proposed process,
permission was given only for the study of the exterior façades of the monument in terms of
and decay material
building characterization.
and decayIssues concerning the
characterization. stratigraphy
Issues concerningofthe
thestratigraphy
structure and
of other parts ofand
the structure the
Catholicon such as the interior and the roof could be a next step of study whenever permission
other parts of the Catholicon such as the interior and the roof could be a next step of study whenever is given
bypermission
the Ministry of Culture.
is given by the Ministry of Culture.
Figure 22. Diagram representing the steps toward sustainable protection of monuments.
Figure 22. Diagram representing the steps toward sustainable protection of monuments.
Author Contributions: A.M., E.T.D. and E.T. conceived the research; A.M. supervised the overall writing of
Author
the paper Contributions:
and offered theA.M., E.D.
overall and E.T. conceived
methodology; the research;
G.M. performed AM supervised
the historical the overall writing
and architectural analysis;ofG.M.
the
elaborated
paper andthe resultsthe
offered foroverall
her Master Thesis entitled
methodology; “Planningthe
G.M. performed andhistorical
management of the Diagnostic
and architectural Study
analysis; G.M.of
Material
elaboratedandthe
Decay Patterns
results forMaster
for her the Katholic
Thesisofentitled
Kaisariani Monastery”
“Planning under the supervision
and management of A.M.Study
of the Diagnostic and C.I.;
of
C.I., G.M. and
Material E.T. analyzed
and Decay Patternsthe
forsurveying data,
the Katholic designed Monastery”
of Kaisariani the photo-based
underexperimental data
the supervision ofgathering, and
A.M. and C.I.;
performed the data gathering, management, elaboration and integration; E.T.D. and E.T., performed the analysis
C.I., G.M. and E.T. analyzed the surveying data, designed the photo-based experimental data gathering, and
of the thematic map development; A.M., E.T.D. and E.T. conceived and designed the methodology of the study;
performed
and theand
E.T., E.T.D. dataG.M.
gathering,
wrote management, elaboration
the paper. Credits for the and integration;
figures E.D.adopted
that are not and E.T.,
byperformed the analysis
other reference follow
ofmanuscript.
the the thematic map development; A.M. E.D and E.T. conceived and designed the methodology of the study;
and E.T., E.D. and G.M. wrote the paper. Credits for the figures that are not adopted by other reference follow
Funding: This research was funded by the research project “Seismic Protection of Monuments and Historic
the manuscript.
Structures—SEISMO” which is co-financed by the Greek Ministry of Education and Religions and the European
Union underThis
Funding: the research
action “Thales”- MIS380152,
was funded by the within theproject
research context“Seismic
of the Operational
Protection Programme—Education
of Monuments and Historic and
Lifelong Learning, NSRF 2007-2013.
Structures—SEISMO” which is co-financed by the Greek Ministry of Education and Religions and the European
Acknowledgments:
Union under the action The “Thales”-
investigation was performed
MIS380152, within thewithin
contexttheof research project Programme—Education
the Operational “Seismic Protection of
Monuments
and Lifelongand Historic
Learning, Structures—SEISMO”,
NSRF 2007-2013. which is co-financed by the Greek Ministry of Education
and Religions and the European Union under the action “Thales”-MIS380152 within the context of the Operational
Programme—Education
Acknowledgments: Theand Lifelong Learning,
investigation NSRF 2007-2013.
was performed within theInresearch
addition,project
the authors acknowledge
“Seismic Protection the of
contribution of the laboratory of Photogrammetry and more specifically of Sevasti Tapinaki
Monuments and Historic Structures—SEISMO”, which is co-financed by the Greek Ministry of Education and Sofia Soile, forand
the
3DReligions
laser scanning
and themodel of theUnion
European Kaisariani
underMonastery
the actionand advice in relevantwithin
“Thales”-MIS380152 information. The authors
the context would like
of the Operational
to thank M. Korre for his advice regarding the way to evaluate the deviations in the architectural documentation
Programme—Education
process. The authors would and Lifelong
like to thankLearning, NSRF 2007-2013.
the employees In addition,
of the 1st Ephorate the authors
of Byzantine acknowledge
Antiquities the
for their
contributionThis
cooperation. of the laboratory
research was of Photogrammetry
orally presented in itsandinitial
moreformspecifically
at the 1stof MSc EDIP Sevasti
International TapinakiTMM_CH:
Conference and MSc
EDIP Sofia Soile,
Transdisciplinary for the 3DModeling
Multispectral laser scanning model of for
and Cooperation thetheKaisariani
Preservation Monastery andHeritage,
of Cultural advice held
in relevant
during
10–13 October 2018
information. at the Eugenides
The authors would likeFoundation Athens, Professor
to thank Emeritus Greece under the title
M. Korre for “Documentation of the
his advice regarding theBuilding
way to
Materials
evaluate andthe Decay Patterns
deviations in theof the Kaisarianidocumentation
architectural Monastery” byprocess.
Ekaterini TheT. Delegou, and has
authors would since
like then been
to thank the
modified and elaborated with further results and interpretations.
employees of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities for their cooperation. This research was orally presented
Conflicts form at The
of Interest:
in its initial funders
the 1st had no role
International in the design
Conference of the study;
TMM_CH: in the collection,
Transdisciplinary analyses, orModeling
Multispectral interpretation
and
ofCooperation
data; in the writing
for theofPreservation
the manuscript, or in theHeritage,
of Cultural decision to publish
held duringthe 10–13
results.October
The authors
2018 declare no conflict
at the Eugenides
ofFoundation
interest. Athens, Greece under the title “Documentation of the Building Materials and Decay Patterns of the
Kaisariani Monastery” by Dr. Ekaterini T. Delegou, and has since then been modified and elaborated with
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heritage

Abstract: In this work, a multi-disciplinary approach regarding diagnostic study processes is

Keywords: multi-disciplinary approach; diagnostic study; geometric documentation; non-destructive

Heritage 2019, 2, 1211–1232; doi:10.3390/heritage2020079 www.mdpi.com/journal/heritage

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Geometric Documentation

2.1.1. Photo-Based Data Acquisition

2.1.2. Laser Scanning Data Acquisition

2.2. Architectural and Historical Documentation

2.3. Building Materials Characterization

Heritage 2019, 2 FOR PEER REVIEW 5

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2. Orthoimage of the south façade of the Catholicon.

3.3. Architectural Documentation Data

4.3. Thematic Maps of Building Material and Decay

Heritage 2019, 2 1223

Heritage 2019, 2 FOR PEER REVIEW 15

4.3. Thematic Maps of Building Material and Decay

Figure 2. Thematic map of decay on the north façade

4.4. Quantitative Data Integration

Figure 18. Thematic map of decay on the east façade.

4.4. Quantitative Data Integration

4.4. Quantitative Data Integration

Figure 20. Diagram

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