A New Species of Aleurodicus Douglas and Two Close Relatives (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Author(s): Louise M. Russell

Source: The Florida Entomologist, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Mar., 1965), pp. 47-55
Published by: Florida Entomological Society
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A NEW SPECIES OF ALEURODICUS DOUGLAS AND TWO
CLOSE RELATIVES (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE)
LouiSE M. RUSSELL
Entomology Research Division, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA

This paper provides a name for a whitefly that occurs on diverse plants
of economic importance. The insect is of concern in Florida, where it has
been collected from numerous plants, including avocado, citrus, guava, and
palm, and where it is suspected of being associated with the destructive
lethal yellows disease of coconut palms. It is here recorded from 38 genera
belonging to 27 plant families. Its known distribution includes southern
Florida, portions of Central and South America, the West Indies, and the
Canary Islands. Two previously described species are discussed briefly
because of their close relationship to the new species.
Harold A. Denmark, Chief of the Entomology Section, Division of
Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture, asked me to describe
the new species, and I am happy to do so. Through his efforts. and those
of his associate, Howard V. Weems, Jr., and of their Department Inspectors,
much useful material has been collected in Florida since 1957. Specimens
from other areas have accumulated over a period of nearly 60 years and
have been furnished by many people. I extend my sincere appreciation
to the collectors and to all persons who have contributed to this study.
Aleurodicus coccolobae Quaintance and Baker (1913), Aleurodicus fiavus
Hempel (1922), and Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, new species, are closely
allied and form a group that is set apart from other species of Aleurodicus
by the characteristics of its so-called "simple pores." Before discussing
the species further, it is desirable to describe the wax secreting organs on
the dorsal surface of the immature forms.
Glands found in the pupae of Aleurodicus were called compound pores
and simple pores by Quaintance and Baker (1913). Most subsequent work-
ers have followed their terminology and it is, used here. Although the com-
pound pores were well described by Quaintance and Baker, the simple pores
have received little attention from them or other workers. Since both com-
pound and simple pores vary, and are of value in differentiating the spe-
cies under consideration, they are discussed in some detail.
Compound pores occur in seven or fewer subdorsal pairs. They are
comparatively large and conspicuously invaginated, and have several to
many distinct loculi at the bottom, arranged in a circle around the base
of a central process that rises above the top of the pore. Cylindrical, or
cylindrical and thimble shaped, compound pores occur in the species treated
here. In contrast, simple pores are fairly to- very numerous and occupy
various positions. They are minute to small, are slightly or not at all
invaginated, and lack well-defined loculi and an elongate central process.
Though the structure of the pores is apparent only under optimum optical
conditions, their size and location are readily discernible. Disk pores and
their associated porettes, which are not included in the category of simple
pores, are scattered sparsely in the median and submedian areas. The disk
pores are very minute and have thin dark rims, and the porettes are nearly
or quite indistinguishable. They appear to be similar to the pores and

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48 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 48, No. 1

*ee~~~

0 ~ ~ ~ ~~~I0

3 .~~~~~~~

Figure. 1-3. Aleurodicus dispersus, pupa. 1, dorsal and ventral halves

of body; a, 8-shaped pore; b, double-rimmed pore; c, wide-rimmed pore; d,
minute wide-rimmed pore; e, septate pore. 2, vasiform orifice. 3, portion
of dorsal surface of abdominal segment 4. (Drawings by Arthur D. Cush-
man.)

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 Russell: A Newv Species of Aleurodicus 49
porettes of the Aleyrodinae, and apparently have not been mentioned in
previous discussions of the pores of Aleurodicus.
In the species considered here, there are four types of simple pores,
one type occurs in two sizes, and each type is given a descriptive name.
The 8-shaped pores (Fig. la) appear to be oval and divided at midlength
by a slender bar. They are located near the body margin and usually are
seen in side view because they are directed outward. The double-rimmed
pores (Fig. lb) are circular, slightly concave, and are located in the sub-
margin. Each consists of a light, porous appearing central portion encir-
cled by a dark rim which in turn is encircled by another light, porous ap-
pearing area ringed with a lighter rim. There is a minute opening in the
proximal portion of the circumference of the darker rim. Wide-rimmed
pores (Fig. lc) are circular or subeircular, and are located in the submar-
gin around, and proximad of, the double-rimmed pores. In them the rim is
as wide or wider than the diameter of the center, which is porous in ap-
pearance and has a suggestion of a minute, central opening. Minute wide-
rimmed pores (Fig. ld) are similar to the wide-rimmed pores but are
smaller, and are located in the submargin and subdorsum proximad of the
wide-rimmed pores. Septate pores (Fig. le) are circular or subcircular,
slightly tuberculate, faintly porous, and the rims are much darker than
the centers. Each has an opening in the rim, from which a canal-like line
extends partially or entirely across the pore. They are located proximad
of the minute wide-rimmed pores.

KEY TO PUPAE OF Aleurodicus coccolobae, A. dispersus, and A. flavus

1. With a pair of thimbleshaped compound pores on abdominal segment 7
---- - - favus Hempel
Without compound pores on abdominal segment 7- 2
2. Septate pores present in median area of abdominal segment 7 but ab-
sent posterior to the lingula on abdominal segment 8; wide-rimmed
pores distributed 3-6 deep between lingula and row of double-rimmed
pores; caudal setae located in wide-rimmed pores anterior to row of
double-rimmed pores- .. coccolobae Quaintance and Baker
Septate pores absent from median area of abdominal segment 7 but
present posterior to the lingula on abdominal segment 8; wide-
rimmed pores distributed 1 or 2 deep between septate and double-
rimmed pores, posterior to lingula; caudal setae located in row of
double-rimmed pores- . dispersus, new species

Aleurodicus dispersus, new species

(Fig. 1)
Aleurodicus dispersus lives on the lower surface of leaves.
PUPA: Mature pupa with a copious amount of a white cottony secre-
tion extending upward and outward from the dorsum; some fluffy, some
waxy and in ribbons as long as, or longer than, width of body; a white,
glasslike waxy rod arising from each compound pore, 3-4 times longer
than width of body; a band of whitish, translucent, striated wax extending
from ventral submargin to leaf. Nearly flat dorsally; young pupae flat

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50 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 48, No. 1
ventrally, but mature ones with ventral surface swollen and surrounded
by a band of wax. Colorless or yellowish. Membranous. Nearly oval,
1-1.25 mm long and 0.75-0.90 wide.
Dorsal surface. Pores: Compound pores in 1 subdorsal pair on pro-
thorax and on each of abdominal segments 3-6, cylindrical, each with 30-50
loculi at base (larger pores with more loculi than smaller ones), and with
central process reaching well above top of pore; abdominal pores decreasing
in size from abdominal segment 3 to segment 6, the last slightly larger
than the prothoracic one, the largest approximately 45, the smallest about
28, u in diameter. The 8-shaped pores in a single row, about the length of
a pore apart and from the body margin. Double-rimmed pores in a single
submarginal row, the majority approximately the diameter of a pore apart
and from the body margin. Wide-rimmed pores in a single row between
the 8-shaped and the double-rimmed pores, 1-3 pores between the double-
rimmed pores, and 1-6 rows of pores mesad of the double-rimmed pores;
most numerous on the cephalothorax and abdominal segments 3-6. Minute
wide-rimmed pores very numerous proximad of most wide-rimmed pores
but few on abdominal segment 7, and few or none on segment 8; usually
present around, but sometimes absent for a short space on proximal cir-
cumference of, compound pores. Septate pores present in median and
submedian area of most segments, but absent from abdominal segment 1,
usually absent from median area of segment 7 between pockets (1 rarely
present), and absent from segment 8 anterior to vasiform orifice. Disk
pores and porettes sparse, scattered among septate pores. Setae: Pos-
terior marginal setae 60 A long. Submarginal setae in 11 pairs; 3 on
cephalic segment, and 1 on each of pro- and mesothorax, on combined ab-
dominal segments 1 and 2, and on each of abdominal segments 3-7; 40-
60 M long and all except cephalic 3 pairs reaching to or beyond the body
margin. Submedian meso- and metathoracic setae each 8-12, eighth ab-
dominal 32, u long; caudal setae 65-80 u long, located in row of double-
rimmed pores. Segments: Median section of abdominal segment 7 about
1/2 length of segment 6. Vasiform orifice: Subcordate, 88-96 ,u long and
108 wide; its bottom extending forward 1/2 the distance to the operculum.
Operculum transverse, subrectangular, 52-56 ,u long and 100 wide. Lingula
broadly rounded apically, 108-120 ,u long and 52-56 wide at basal third, its
widest area; its anterior setae 52, its posterior pair 72, , long.
THIRD-STAGE LARVA: Cottony secretion much less abundant than in
pupa; a short, glasslike waxy rod emanating from each compound pore.
Dorsal surface. Pores: Compound pores in 1 subdorsal pair on each of
meso- and metathorax, of equal size, thimbleshaped, with 10-15 loculi at
base, and central process reaching just above top of pore. A double row of
barely distinguishable circular pores close to body margin. The 8-shaped
pores oblong, at least ?/2 as long as diameter of a compound pore, each
set in a slightly concave area as long as the diameter of a compound pore;
52-57 in a single row; 1-3 times the length of a pore apart and about 2
times the length of a pore from body margin. Septate pores subcircular,
scattered mesad of 8-shaped pores, usually not present along median line
but occasionally 1 or 2 on one or another of abdominal segments 3-6; about
2/3 the size of submarginal 8-shaped pores. Disk pores and porettes sparse.
Setace: Cephalic 2 pairs of submarginal setae located proximad of, other
9 submarginal pairs in, row of 8-shaped pores; all except cephalic 1 or 2

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 Russell: A New Species of Aleurodicus 51
pairs reaching beyond body margin. Meso- and metathoracic submedian
setae minute. Vasiform orifice as in pupa but closer to body margin.
SECOND-STAGE LARVA: Cottony secretion sparse; a short, glassy rod
emanating from each compound pore.
Dorsal surface. Pores: Compound pores in 1 subdorsal pair on each
of cephalic and prothoracic segments and on abdominal segment 8, of equal
size, thimbleshaped, with 6-10 loculi at base, and central process reaching
slightly ablove top of pore. A single row of subeircular pores close to body
margin, their structure indeterminable. Septate pores in 1 inner subdorsal
pair on each cephalothoracic segment and on each of abdominal segments
3-6. Other pores absent. Setae: Cephalic 2 pairs of submarginal setae
reaching beyond body margin, other setae as in third-stage larva. Vasi-
form. orifice much as in third-stage larva but nearer posterior end of body;
lingula widest at midlength, more strongly tapered and reaching body
margin.
FIRST-STAGELARVA: Waxy secretion in a narrow band from submargin.
Dorsal surface. Pores: Compound pores absent. A single, submar-
ginal row of circular pores, their structure indeterminable but each with
a suggestion of a division; pairs arranged as follows: Cephalic segment,
5; prothorax, 3; mesothorax, 2; metathorax, 3; combined abdominal seg-
ments 1 and 2, and each of segments 3-8, 1; anterior mesothoracic, and
anterior and posterior metathoracic pairs proximad of line formed by
others. A pair of smaller, circular, subdorsal pores on abdominal segment
3. Setae: Anterior and posterior marginal setae present. Submarginal
setae in 14 pairs as follows: Cephalic segment, 3; prothorax, 2; meso- and
metathorax, each 1; combined abdominal segments 1 and 2 and each of
segments 3-8, 1; the majority located just proximad of pores, but those on
abdominal segments 3-7 located in row of pores. Submedian cephalic and
first abdominal setae absent. Meso- and metathoracic submedian (actually
subdorsal in position) setae minute; caudal setae just anterior to posterior
pair of circular pores. Vasiform oriNfce much as in second-stage larva
but lingula nearly oval, and its setae located farther caudad on the margin.
ADULT: Forewing in uncleared specimens with a pale dark spot ex-
tending from costal margin to angle formed by branching of Rs, and an-
other dark spot distally in angle between Rs and R1 (dark spots not ap-
parent in cleared specimens). Parts of compound eye joined by 3 or 4
facets. Antenna 7-segmented; segment II with 2 strong setae as long as
least diameter of segment, several smaller setae, and a sensorium at distal
end; segment III with several sensory setae along entire length and each
of segments IV-VII with a few sensory setae; segment III with 4-6 sen-
soria, V with 3, and VII with 1, each sensorium with fringed margin and
a short seta. Distal segment of beak with 25-30 readily distinguishable
setae. Ventral wax plates well separated in median area of abdomen.
Female without pores. Male with numerous circular pores on the abdomen,
scattered dorsally, laterally, and ventrally on first 2 segments posterior to
wax plates, except at median line of body; absent from genital segment.
Genitalia typical of Aleurodicus.
A. dispersus is described from hundreds of unmounted and about 500
mounted paratypes, and mounted holotype pupa. Most of the Florida ma-
terial was collected by H. V. Weems, Jr. and the following State Inspectors:
C. A. Bennett, G. C. Butler, C. F. Dowling, Jr., P. E. Frierson, J. H. Knowles,

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52 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 48, No. 1
R. W. Swanson, and J. N. Todd. In the collection data the names of these
persons are indicated by their initials. Many of the Florida host plants
were kindly identified by Erdman West. The Florida collections were taken
in Monroe County, in the southernmost part of the state, at Key Vaca,
Boca Chica Key, Key West, and Stock Island. Collection data are arranged
alphabetically by host genera, so far as possible, and are as follows:
A,calypha hispida (Euphorbiaceae), Key West, 16 Oct. 1963, HVW.
Acalypha sp., Dominica, British West Indies, Jan. 1959, F. D. Bennett.
Achras sapota (Sapotaceae), Key West, 20 June 1957, CFD and RWS,
and 2 Oct. 1958, J. E. Barbaree and GCB.
Achras sp., Key West, 20 July 1961, CFD.
Anona squamosa (Anonaceae), Key West, 10 July 1958, CFD and RWS.
Barringtonia speciosa (Lecythidaceae), Key West, 15 Oct. 1963; HVW;
Stock Island, 6 June 1964, HVW.
Bauhinia sp. (Leguminosae), Costa Rica, 27 Dec. 1956, B. B. Sugarman;
Key West, 1 Feb. 1961, CAB.
Beaumontia, grandiflora (Apocynaceae), Key West, 10 July 1958, CFD
and RWS.
Begonia sp. (Begoniaceae), Key West, 20 June 1961, CFD and JHK.
Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae), Key West, 2 March 1961, CAB, 8
Aug. and 8 Nov. 1962, JHK.
Calophyllum inophyllum (Guttiferae), Stock Island, 3 Apr. and 15 Oct.
1963, HVW.
Capsicum sp. (Solanaceae), Dominica, British West Indies, Jan. 1959,
F. D. Bennett.
Cassia bahamensis (Leguminosae), Key West, 1 May 1963, HVW.
Cassia fistula, Key West, 1 May 1963, HVW.
Cassia siamea, Balboa, Panama Canal Zone, Panama, 23 Jan. 1924, J.
Zetek and I. Molino.
Cassia sp., Panama City, Panama, 17 March 1921, J. Zetek and I. Molino.
Cestrum diurnum (Solanaceae), Key West, Apr. 1963, HVW.
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens (Palmae), Key West, 20 June 1961, CFD
and JHK.
Citrus aurantifolia (Rutaceae), Key West, 5 Feb. 1961, CAB, and 16
May 1963, JNT.
Citrus sp., Costa Rica, 30 June 1936, C. H. Ballou, Key West, 20 June
and 20 July 1961, JHK.
Coccoloba floridana (Polygonaceae), Stock Island, 22 June 1961, CFD
and JHK.
Coccoloba uvifera, Barbados, British West Indies, 1958-1959, F. D. Ben-
nett; Boca Chica, Fla., 22 June 1961, CFD and JHK, and 1 May 1963, PEF;
Key West, 17 Oct. 1963. HVW.
Cocos nucifera (Palmae), Vedado, Havana, Cuba, 20 Feb. 1944, S. C.
Bruner; Dominica, British West Indies, Jan. 1959, F. D. Bennett; Key
West, 20 June 1961, JHK, 3 May, CFD, 8 Nov. 1962, JHK, and 12 June
1964, HVW(including holotype); Marathon, 16 and 28 May 1963, JNT.
Cocos sp., Key West, 13 June 1960, CAB, and 20 June 1961, CFD and
JHK.
Coffea sp. (Rubiaceae), Jipijapa, Ecuador, 28 July 1954, H. R. Yust.
Coleus sp. (Labiatae), Cuba, intercepted at Key West, Fla., 4 Jan. 1960,
CAB.
Conocarpus erectus (Proteaceae), Key West, 1 Feb. 1961, CAB; Stock
Island, 20 June 1961, CFD.
Dizygotheca elegantissima (Araliaceae), Key West, 20 July 1961, CFD.
Eugenia buxifolia (Myrtaceae), Stock Island, 20 July 1961, CFD.
Ficus religiosa (Moraceae), Cuba, letter 27 May 1944, S. C. Bruner;
Vibora, Havana, Cuba, 10 June 1944, S. C. Bruner; Cuba, intercepted at
Tampa, Fla., 15 July 1949, A. S. Mason.
Ficus sp., Balboa, Panama Canal Zone, Panama, 8 Apr. 1921, J. Zetek
and I. Molino; Key West, 16 May 1963, JNT.
Hura crepitans (Euphorbiaceae), Key West, 20 June 1961, JHK.

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 Russell: A New Species of Aleurodicus 53
Inga laurina (Leguminosae), Turners Hill, Barbados, British West In-
dies, 21 Apr. 1953, L. F. Martorell.
Inga sp., Balboa, Panama Canal Zone, Panama, 8 Apr. 1921, J. Zetek
and I. Molino.
Mangif era indica (Anacardiaceae), Key West, 8 Nov. 1962, JHK.
Melaleuca leucadendra (Myrtaceae), Key West, 27 March 1957, CFD
and RWS.
Monstera deliciosa (Araceae), Key West, 12 May 1959, JHK and RWS.
Musa nana (Musaceae), Key West, 20 June 1961, CFD and JHK.
Musa paradisiaca, El Retiro, Rio Abajo, northeast of Panama City, Pan-
ama, 11 Feb. 1921, J. Zetek and I. Molino.
Musa sapientum, Panama Canal Zone, Panama, May 1924, J. Zetek;
Leogane, Haiti, 14 Sept. 1957, L. F. Martorell; Dominica, British West In-
dies, Jan. 19,59, F. D. Bennett.
Musa sumatrans, Key West, 16 Sept. 1959, CFD and JHK.
Musa sp., Key West, 8 Nov. 1962, JHK, 17 May, JNT, and 16 Oct. 1963,
HVW.
Orchidaceae, Panama, intercepted at Miami, Fla., 29 Oct. 1963, F. J.
Formichella.
Persea americana (Lauraceae), Frijoles, Panama Canal Zone, Panama,
19 Feb. 1921, J. Zetek and I. Molino; Dominica, British West Indies, Jan.
1959, F. D. Bennett.
Peristeria sp. (Orchidaceae), Peru, intercepted at Miami, Fla., 16 Apr.
1963, E. B. Lee.
Plumeria sp. (Apocynaceae), Key West, 20 July 1961, CFD.
Prunus sp. (Rosaceae), Stock Island, 20 June 1961, CFD.
Psidium guajave (Myrtaceae), Martinique, French West Indies, 24 July
1905, A. Busck; Orosi, Costa Rica, Oct. 1953, N. L. H. Krauss; Key West,
20 June 1957, CFD and RWS.
Psidium sp., Museum Garden, San Jos6, Costa Rica, 3 Apr. 1914, Ad.
Tonduz; Stock Island, 22 June 1961, C'FD and JHK.
Sanchezia nobilis (Acanthaceae), Key West, 20 June 1957, CFD and
RWS.
Schinus terebinthefolius (Anacardiaceae), Las Palmas, Grand Canary,
Canary Islands, 28 Apr., 1962, N. L. H. Krauss.
On Solandra sp. (Solanaceae), Cuba, letter 27 May 1944, S. C. Bruner;
Key West, 20 July 1961, CFD.
On Spathyphyllum, sp. (Araceae), Key West, 27 March 1957, CFD; Cuba,
intercepted at New York, N. Y., 27 Apr. 1959, J. Hidalgo.
On Terminalia catappa (Combretaceae), Monte Lirio, Panama Canal
Zone, Panama, 8 March 1922, J. Zetek and I. Molino.
On undetermined plants; Costa Rica, 3 Apr. 1914, Ad. Tonduz; Bahia,
Brazil, received 15 Aug. 1923, G. Bondar; Summit, Panama Canal Zone,
Panama, 27 Nov. 1946, N. L. H. Krauss; Cuba, intercepted at Miami, Fla.,
29 Sept. 1948, A. S. Mills; Turners Hill, Barbados, British West Indies,
21 Apr. 1953, L. F. Martorell.
The holotype and numerous paratypes are in the collection of the
U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Other paratypes are deposited
in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Seagle Building, Gainesville,
Fla., and the British Museum (Natural History), London, England.
A. dispersus is closely related to coccolobae, but the two are readily dis-
tinguishable on the basis of the characters listed in the key. Additional
differences are the length of the submarginal setae which extend to or be-
yond the body margin in dispersus, but which do not reach the margin in
coccolobae, and the shape of the lingula which in disp,ersus is widest on
the basal half, is gradually tapered and broadly rounded apically, but in
coccolobae is widest on the basal fourth, and is more strongly tapered and
narrowly rounded apically.
Since approximately 400 mounted pupae of dispersus from diverse
plants and localities have been examined, it is likely that a fairly complete

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 54 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 48, No. 1
range of variation within the species has been observed. In the available
material, only two pupae, from Peristeria sp. (Orchidaceae), show notice-
able variation from the typical form. Other pupae from an unnamed orchid
are entirely typical of the species.
This species is sometimes abundant and in these instances the insects
are conspicuous on the leaves owing to the white flocculence that covers
their bodies. Specimens are frequently parasitized. H. V. Weems, Jr.,
stated in correspondence that the lethal yellows disease of coconut palm
was discovered in Florida a short time after dispersus was first found
there. The earliest known collection in Florida is 27 March 1957.

Aleurodicus coccolobae Quaintance and Baker

Aleurodicus coccolobae Quaintance and Baker, 1913, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur.
Ent., Tech. Ser. 27: 46-47, illus.; Costa Lima, 1927, Arch. da Esc. Sup.
de Agric. e Med. Vet. 8(n. 1,2): 144; Costa Lima, 1936, Terceiro Catalogo
dos Insectos que Vivem nas Plantas do Brasil, p. 144; J. Baker, 1937,
[Mex.] Inst. Biol. An. 8(4): 603; Sampson and Drews, 1941, [Mex.]
Escuela Nac. Cien. Biol. An. 2:145-147.
A. coccolobae was described from specimens from Coccoloba uvifera,
from Yucatan, Mexico. J. Baker, and Sampson and Drews, reported only
the original collection, but Costa Lima., in 1927 and 1936, recorded the spe-
cies from Begonia, from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
I have studied type pupae, pupae from coconut palm from Ceiba, Hon-
duras, and from Schinus terebinthefolius, Summit, Panama Canal Zone,
Panama. Nine mounted pupae were examined and three of them were para-
sitized. No other instars are available.

Aleurodicus ftavus Hempel

Aleurodicus ftavus Hempel, 1922, Notas Preliminares da Revista do Museu
Paulista 2 (fasc. 1):4-5; Bondar, 1922, Insectos Nocivos e Molestias do
Coqueiro (Cocos nucifera) no Brasil, p. 81-83, illus; Bondar, 1923, Aley-
rodideos do Brasil, p. 68-71, illus.; Hempel, 1923, Hemipteros Novos ou
pouco Conhecidos da Familia Aleyrodidae (1922) 13: 1122-1123 (in
Portuguese), 1159-1160 (in English); Costa, Lima, 1927, Arch. da Ese.
Sup. de Agric. e Med. Veter. 8 (n. 1, 2): 92; Costa Lima, 1928, Con-
tribuigao ao estudo dos aleyrodeos da subfamilia Aleurodicinae, Inst.
Oswaldo Cruz Suppl. das Mem. 4: 132; Costa Lima, 1936, Terceiro Cata-
logo dos Insectos que Vivem nas Plantas do Brasil, p. 144.
A. flavus was described from specimens from coconut palm from Brazil,
and was recorded therefrom by Bondar, and by Costa Lima in 1927. In
1928 Costa Lima reported the species from a forest plant and from Bego ia,
and in 1936 again recorded it fr-om coconut and also from Begonia.
I have examined pupae from Bahia, Brazil, received from Bondar and
presumed to be types of tiavas, and pupae from Sida sp. and an undeter-
mined plant, from Vigosa, Brazil. Five of the 18 mounted pupae examined
were parasitized. One mounted male is available, but it is fragmentary
and little can be told about it. In 1922 Bondar mentioned the adult and
illustrated the forewing, the antenna, and the distal portion of a leg. In

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 Russell: A New Species of Aleurodicus 55
1923 he described the adult male and female and again illustrated the
forewing.
This species can be readily separated from dispersus and coccolobae
by the presence of the pair of thimbleshaped compound pores on abdominal
segment 7. A. flavus resembles coccolobae in having septate pores in the
median area of abdominal segment 7, but differs from that species and
resembles dispersus in having septate pores posterior to the lingula on
abdominal segment 8. Also, in flavus the wide-rimmed pores are 3 or 4
deep between the septate and double-rimmed pores posterior to the lingula,
the caudal setae are in or slightly anterior to the row of double-rimmed
pores, and the submarginal setae do not attain the body margin.

LITERATURE CITED

Hempel, Adolph. 1922. Algumas especies novas de Hemipteros da familia

Aleyrodidae. Rev. do Museu Paulista 2(fase. 1): 3-10.
Quaintance, A. L., and A. C. Baker. 1913. Classification of the Aleyrodi-
dae, Part I. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. 27. 93 p. Illus.

The Florida Entomologist 48(1) 1965

BOOK NOTE
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF INSECT SENSES. V. G. Dethier. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, 1963. 266 p. 99 fig. $7.25.
Dethier has performed a real service to entomology in compiling, or-
ganizing, and explaining clearly much of what is known about the sensory
capabilities of insects. In a concise, well-illustrated volume, he first con-
siders the genera.l properties of insect sensory systems and then delves
into the details of mechanoreception, sound perception, chemoreception,
response to humidity, and photoreception. One important sense that De-
thier neglects completely is the temperature sense, but he points out that
research investigators have also largely neglected it.
Dethier sticks to his subject (sensory physiology) and spends little
time describing events in the central nervous system or interpreting insect
behavior.
I believe this is a book that every entomologist should be acquainted
with and that any teacher or researcher who is at all concerned with insect
behavior or physiology will want a copy within walking distance.-TJW.

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