EEE310 Communication Theory

08-Effect of Noise on
Analog Modulation Systems
DR. THILINI RAJAKARUNA
Analog Modulation Systems:
Noise in Communication Systems
Ideal Low-Pass Filtered White Noise, Narrow-band Noise
Effect of noise on,
Conventional Amplitude Modulation,
Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM (DSB-SC),
Single-Sideband AM (SSB), Vestigial-Sideband AM (VSB)

Ref:
Communication Systems, Simon Hykin, 4E
Communication Systems Engineering, John G. Proakis, M. Salehi, 2E

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 2

Noise in Communication Systems
Performance of a communication system is constrained by,

• Transmission bandwidth, and power

• Presence of noise.

Bandwidth is a resource that must be conserved as much as possible (very expensive in the
commercial market)

Noise: the unwanted and beyond our control waves that disturb the transmission of signals

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 3

White Noise
 The power spectral density of white noise is independent of frequency.

 All frequency components are present in equal amounts. Denote the power spectral
density of a white noise process as,

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 4

Ideal Low-Pass Filtered White Noise
Characteristics of low-pass filtered white noise.
(a) Power spectral density.
(b) Autocorrelation function.

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 5

Narrow-band Noise
 Narrowband noise can be represented mathematically using in-phase and quadrature
components

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 6

Narrow-band Noise

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 7

Noise on linear modulation systems

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 8

Performance of linear-modulation systems
in the presence of noise
 The noise performance of the various types of bandpass systems is examined by
evaluating the signal-to-noise power ratio at the receiver output, (SN)out, when a
modulated signal plus noise is present at the receiver input.

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 9

Effect of Noise on a Baseband System
 Receiver consists only of a lowpass filter with bandwidth W. The noise power at the
output of the receiver is,

 denote the received power by PR, the baseband SNR is given by,

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 10

Analog modulation systems
 The analog signal to be transmitted is denoted by 𝑚(𝑡)

 Assume 𝑚(𝑡) to be a lowpass signal of bandwidth W,

𝑀( 𝑓 ) ≡ 0, for | 𝑓 | > 𝑊

 The message signal m(t) is transmitted through the communication

channel by impressing it on a carrier signal of the form
𝑐(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 + ∅𝑐)

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 11

Conventional Amplitude Modulation
(AM)
A carrier component is added to the double-sideband AM modulated signal.
The transmitted signal is,

The message waveform is constrained to satisfy the condition that |m(t)|≤1.

𝐴𝑐𝑚(𝑡) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 + ∅𝑐 ) is a double-sideband AM signal
𝐴𝑐cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 + ∅𝑐 ) is the carrier component.

As long as |m(t)| ≤ 1, the amplitude Ac[1+m(t)] is always positive.

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 12
Bandwidth of Conventional AM Signal

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 13

Effect of noise on conventional AM
 Modulated signal and the received signal,

 Low pass filter output,

 Received signal power,

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 14

Effect of noise on conventional AM
 Output signal to noise ratio,

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 15

Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM
Modulated signal:

Magnitude spectrum of the modulated signal: Shifted in frequency by 𝑓𝑐

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 16

Demodulated DSB-SC AM signal

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 17

Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM
Modulated signal:

Received signal with additive noise (in-phase and quadrature components),

at the output of the receiver noise-limiting filter is:

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 18

Single-sideband (SSB) AM
Modulated signal,

where 𝑚(𝑡) is the Hilbert transform of 𝑚(𝑡). Hilbert transform has impulse
response h(t) = 1/πt and frequency response,

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 19

Single-sideband (SSB) AM

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 20

Single-sideband (SSB) AM signal:
positive frequencies

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 21

Bandwidth of SSB AM Signal

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 22

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 23
Example:

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 24

Demodulation of SSB AM Signals
 Received signal, multiplied with a locally generated sinusoid cos(2πfct + φ),

 Output of lowpass filter,

EEE301 COMMUNICATION THEORY 25