EEE310 Communication Theory

12 - Digital Communication systems II

DR. THILINI RAJAKARUNA
Digital Communication Systems:
 Transition from analog to digital communications: Pulse modulation
 Optimum detection of pulses,
 Raised-cosine filter,
 Performance of binary baseband systems,

 M-ary modulation schemes: ASK, PSK, FSK

 Error probability performance of digital carrier modulated systems
 Error performance of Multi-level modulations
Ref:
Communication Systems, Simon Hykin, 4E
Communication Systems Engineering, John G. Proakis, M. Salehi, 2E

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Eye pattern for distorted NRZ waveform

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Eye pattern for a baseband binary data
transmission system
 Eye patterns are used to
experimental evaluation.

 Produced by the
synchronized superposition
of successive symbol
intervals of the distorted
waveform appearing at the
output of the receive-filter
prior to thresholding.

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 Eye pattern for a baseband binary data
transmission system
 An eye opening of unity,
corresponds to zero
intersymbol interference.

 An eye opening of zero, when

the effect of intersymbol
interference is severe

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Binary Modulation schemes
1. Binary amplitude shift-keying (BASK): carrier frequency and carrier phase are both maintained
constant, while the carrier amplitude is keyed between the two possible values used to
represent symbols 0 and 1.

2. Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK): carrier amplitude and carrier frequency are both maintained
constant, while the carrier phase is keyed between the two possible values (e.g., 0° and 180°)
used to represent symbols 0 and 1.

3. Binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK): carrier amplitude and carrier phase are both maintained
constant, while the carrier frequency is keyed between the two possible values used to
represent symbols 0 and 1.
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Binary amplitude shift-keying (BASK)
 Binary data stream b(t) given by,

 BASK signal is given by,

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Binary phase shift-keying (BPSK)
 BPSK signal is given by,

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Binary frequency shift-keying (BFSK)

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Summary

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Binary Modulation schemes

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M-ary Digital Modulation Schemes
 Send any one of M possible signals, s1(t), s2(t), s3(t)…. sM(t) during each signaling (symbol)
interval of duration T.

 M-ary phase-shift keying

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Signal space diagram
 Signal-space diagram of 8-PSK

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 M-ary quadrature amplitude
modulation
Modulated signal,

where the level parameter 𝑎𝑖 in the in-phase component and the level
parameter 𝑏𝑖 in the quadrature component are independent of each other for
all i.

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Example:
 Signal-space diagram
of Gray encoded M-ary
QAM for M 16.

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M-ary frequency-shift keying
Modulated signal:

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Bit Error Rate (BER)
 In digital communication systems, output quality is measured in terms of
the average bit error rate (BER).

 Let n denote the number of bit errors observed in a sequence of bits of

length N;

 Then the relative frequency definition of BER is,

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Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
 Reference SNR is the ratio of the modulated energy per information bit to
the one-sided noise spectral density,

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Detection of a Single Pulse in Noise

 Received signal,

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Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise

 Receiver decides between two hypothesis,

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Summary

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Comparison of BER
versus Eb/N0

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