Internal Forced

Convection

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 Most of the fluids, transported by circular ducts
 Circular cross section can withstand large pressure
difference compared to non-circular
 Few theoretical solutions available for internal flow.
Mostly experimental results and empirical relations.

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 PRANDLT NUMBER AND BOUNDARY
LAYERS
 Pr is a measure of growth of velocity and thermal
boundary layers
 Fluids (gases), Pr ≈ 1. Two boundary layers
nearly coincides with each other.
 Fluids (oils), Pr ≥ 1. Velocity boundary layer
outgrows thermal one. It means the
hydrodynamic entry length is smaller compared
to thermodynamic entry length.
 Fluids (liquid metal), Pr ≤ 1 , its opposite.

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ENTRY LENGTHS

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 References
 Book- Heat and Mass Transfer by Yunus Cengel

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