Lecture 01

Properties of Gases
Semester 1: 2015-2016

Instructor Dr. Huỳnh Kim Lâm

Office Rm. A1.705 or A1.712
Office hours 8:30-11:30 Wednesday
(other: appointments needed)
Website www.lamhuynh.net

1 Huynh Kim Lam Physical Chemistry - Lecture 01 - Semester 1: 2014-2015

Open questions

Matter?

States of matter?Their properties?

What controls them?

2 Huynh Kim Lam Physical Chemistry - Lecture 01 - Semester 1: 2014-2015

Molecular forces

Intramolecular forces (bonding forces)

– exist within each molecule
– influence the chemical properties of the substance
– are relatively strong (larger charges that are closer together)
Intermolecular forces (nonbonding forces)
– exist between the molecules
– influence the physical properties of the substance
– are relatively weak (smaller charges that are farther apart)
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Types
Types of
of Energy
Energy – Potential and Kinetic (Main)
Potential energy is energy that is stored
by virtue of position above ground (≡
reference point)
 Water flows because gravity pulls it
downstream.
 However, the dam won’t allow it to move, so it
has to store that energy.
 Potential energy (due to gravity) = m*g*h
 g: gravitational constant, 9.81 m/s2

Chemical potential energy: energy is due to chemical

interaction (bonding: nuclei-nuclei, nuclei-electrons,
elections-electrons)

4 Potential energy: thế năng; reference point: điểm tham chiếu

Types
Types of
of Energy
Energy – Potential and Kinetic (Main)

Kinetic energy is energy of motion, or

energy that is being transferred from
one object to another.

 When the water flows over the dam, some of

its potential energy is converted to kinetic
energy of motion.
 Kinetic energy = ½*m*v2
 m: mass
 v: velocity

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Gas-liquid-solid
A heating/cooling curve for the conversion of gaseous water to ice

Copyright @ 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Phase changes are also determined by the interplay between

kinetic energy and intermolecular forces
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Gases - Review
 Composed of widely-separated particles in constant,
random motion (weak intermolecular forces)

 Flow readily and occupy the

entire volume of their container

Vapor is the term used to denote the gaseous state of a

substance existing more commonly as a liquid
Ex: water is a vapor, oxygen is a gas

Many low molar mass molecular compounds are gases

Ex: methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO)
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General Properties - Review

 There is a lot of “free” space in a gas.

 Gases can be expanded infinitely

 gases fill containers uniformly and

completely.

 Gases diffuse and mix rapidly.

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Common Gases

9
Properties

Gases are described in terms of 04 properties

Properties Description Unit(s) of

Measurement
Pressure (P) The force exerted by gas against the walls Atmosphere (atm);
of the container mmHg; torr; pascal
Volume (V) The space occupied by the gas Liter (L);
milliliter (mL)
Temperature (T) Determines the kinetic energy and rate of Celsius (oC);
motion of the gas particles Kelvin (K)
Amount (n) The quantity of gas present in a container Grams (g);
moles (n)

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Properties – (1) Pressure

Gas pressure
 Is the force (caused the gases) acting on a specific
area.

Units: atm, mm Hg, torr, lb/in2 and kilopascals (kPa).

1 atm = 101.325 kPa (1 Pa N/m2)
1 atm = 760 mm Hg (exact)
1 atm = 760 torr
1 atm = 14.7 lb/in.2

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Properties – (1) Pressure
Pressure depends on

 Amount of matter
Increase number of particles  increase density  increase
collisions against container wall  increase pressure
 Volume
Increase volume (with a fixed amount of gas)  decrease
gas density  decrease pressure
 Temperature
Increase temperature  increase kinetic energy  increase
collisions  increase pressure

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Properties – (1) Pressure

Atmospheric pressure
≡
the pressure exerted by a column of
air from the top of the atmosphere
to the surface of the Earth.

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Earth’s Atmosphere

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Atmosphere.shtml

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Properties – (1) Pressure

Atmospheric pressure

 Is about 1 atmosphere at sea level

(1 atm = 101.325 kPa)

 Depends on the altitude and the

weather.
• Is lower at high altitudes where the
density (and volume) of air is less.
• Is higher on a rainy day than on a
sunny day

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Properties – (1) Pressure
Barometers: are used to measure atmospheric pressure
 The pressure exerted by a column of mercury exactly 760 mm
high is defined as 1 atmosphere (atm)
 Gases tend to settle under the effects of gravity – pressure 
as altitude 

Patm = hg
= 101 325 N/m2 (1 atm)

Given:
• g = 9.81 m/s2 (the gravity of Earth)
• Hg= 13.534 g/cm3
• [N] = [kg-m/s2]

=> h = 760 mm Hg
Copyright @2004 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

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Properties – (1) Pressure

Types of barometers

Aneroid Barometer
Mercury Barometer

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Properties – (1) Pressure

Manometers: are used to measure differential pressure of

gases

Pgas = h

Pgas = 1 atm => h =? if

 Liquid is Hg ( = 13.534g/cm3)
 Liquid is water ( = 1 g/cm3) Copyright @2004 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

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Properties – (1) Pressure

Open-ended manometers

Patm Open-ended manometers

compare gas pressure to
barometric pressure

Column height differences are

proportional to gas pressure
Copyright @2004 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Pgas = Patm + h

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Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law (Pressure and Volume)

Robert Boyle (1627-91)

Copyright 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Company

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Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law (Pressure and Volume)

“The volume of a sample of gas at a given temperature varies

inversely with the applied pressure.”
∝

Or PV = constant
(For a given amount of gas at fixed temperature)

P Variant form: P1V1 = P2V2

V
Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law - Breathing

During inhalation,
 The lungs expand (V )
 The pressure in the lungs
decreases (P)
 Air flows towards the lower
pressure in the lungs.

Unknown source
Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law - Breathing

During exhalation,
 Lung volume decreases (V)
 Pressure within the lungs
increases (P)
 Air flows from the higher
pressure in the lungs to the
outside.

Unknown source
Gas Laws: Charles’ Law (Temperature and Volume)

Jacques Alexandre César Charles

(1746 – 1823)

Copyright 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Company

V T
Gas Laws: Charles’ Law

Copyright 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Company

Gas Laws: Charles’ Law
“The volume occupied by any sample of gas at a constant
pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature”

V T
Or V/T = constant
(for a given amount of gas at a fixed pressure)

V Variant form: V1/T1 = V2/T2

T
Gas Laws: Gay-Lussac’s Law (Temperature and Pressure)

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac

(1778–1850)

“The pressure caused by any sample of gas at a constant

volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature”

P T
Or P/T = constant
(for a given amount of gas at a fixed volume)
Gas Laws: Combined Gas Law

The combined gas law uses (n is constant).

• Boyle’s Law: PV = constant
• Charles’ Law: V/T = constant
• Gay-Lussac’s Law: P/T = constant
Gas Laws: Avogadro’s Law (Volume and Amount )

“Equal volumes of any two P, T: constant

gases at the same temperature

and pressure contain the same
number of molecules”

1 mole has NA molecules

(NA – Avogadro’s number = 6.023x1023)

At Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): 0oC and 1 atm

Vm = 22.4 L/mol
Gas Laws: Ideal Gas Law

The relationship between the four properties

(P, V, n, and T) of gases can be written equal
to a constant R.

Rearranging the ideal gas law.

PV = nRT

Ideal gas: collisions between gas molecules and the walls of a

container are perfectly elastic, thus
 gas particles do not have any volume
 there are no repulsive or attractive forces between molecules
Gas Laws: Ideal Gas Law

The universal gas constant, R, can be calculated

using the molar volume of a gas at STP (T = 0 oC
and P = 1 atm)

. . /

·
·
Gas Laws: Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT

 Applies to LOW pressure and HIGH temperature only.

 At HIGH pressure or LOW temperature, gases can

condense or solidify
=> Intermolecular interaction is more important, making the
system not ideal anymore
Ideal Gas Law Deviations

 NO gas is ideal at all temperatures and pressures

 If => Non-ideal behavior
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
PV/nRT

1
0.8
0.6 H2(0 °C)
CH4(0 °C)
0.4
CH4(200 °C)
0.2
CO2 (40 °C)
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Pressure (kPa)
Real Gases

Under many conditions, real gases do not follow the

ideal gas law PV=nRT
Intermolecular forces of attraction cause the measured
pressure of a real gas to be less than expected
When molecules are close together, the volume of the
molecules themselves becomes a significant fraction
of the total volume of a gas
van der Waals Equation for Real Gases
 n2a 
 P  2  V  nb   nRT
 V 
Corrections for real gas behavior are made using the
parameters a and b
 a – accounts for intermolecular attractions in real gases
 b – accounts for the real volumes of gases
Gas Laws: Partial Pressure (Dalton’s Law)

The partial pressure of a gas

• Is the pressure of each

gas in a mixture.

• Is the pressure that gas

would exert if it were by
itself in the container.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

• Pressure depends on the total number of gas particles,
not on the types of particles.
• The total pressure exerted by gases in a mixture is the
sum of the partial pressures of those gases.
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 +.....PN
N: the total number of gases
Air - Gases We Breathe

The air we breathe

• Is a gas mixture.

• Contains mostly N2 and

O2 and small amounts
of other gases.
Blood Gases

In the tissues: O2 enters the In the lungs: O2 enters the

cells, which release CO2 blood, while CO2 from the
into the blood. blood is released.
Gas Exchange During Breathing
Diffusion and Effusion

Diffusion is the tendency for molecules to move toward areas of

lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.
Effusion is the process by which a gas escapes through a tiny
hole in it’s container.
Molecular Diffusion

Diffusion is the process by which one substance mixes with

one or more other substances as a result of the translational
motion of molecules
 Diffusion of gases is much slower than would be predicted
by molecular speeds due to the frequent collisions of
molecules
 The average distance a molecule travels between collisions
is called its mean free path
Effusion Rate - Graham’s Law

The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to

the square root of the molar mass of the gas.

If two bodies of different mass have the same kinetic

energy, the particle of lower mass will move faster.
Effusion Rate - Graham’s Law

For 2 gases with different molar masses:

Rate A (Molar Mass) B

=
Rate B (Molar Mass) A
End of lecture 8

Thank you!

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