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CHAPTER 6
GASES

Yusuf Çakmak
yusuf.cakmak@gidatarim.edu.tr
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v Everyday gases:

• Air, CO2, Methane, Propane-butane, Perfumes (Isoamyl Acetate-banana

Flavor)

• Hot Air Balloons, Dry Ice, Lighter Than Air Balloons (Flying Balloon)

v Four properties determine the physical behavior of gases:

• AMOUNT, VOLUME, TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE
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v Pressure is defined as a force per unit area >> a force divided by the area over 4

which the force is distributed

v unit of force is a newton (N) >> defined as : Force (F) required to produce an
acceleration of one meter (1 m.s-2) with a one-kilogram mass (1 kg) >>
v 1 N = 1 kg.m.s-2

v Then force per unit area (pressure) is in the unit unit N/m2

v one pascal (Pa) is defined as then >> a pressure of one newton per square
meter • two cylinders >> same mass
and exert the same force (F =
g x m) on the supporting
surface
v A pascal is a small pressure unit >> kilopascal (kPa) more common • tall, thin one >> smaller area
of contact >> exerts greater
v Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) >> studied pressure and its transmission through pressure (P = F/A)
fluids (basis of modern hydraulics)
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Liquid Pressure

v it is difficult to measure the total force exerted by gas molecules

v pressure of a gas is usually measured indirectly >> comparing it with a liquid pressure
v pressure of a liquid >> height of the liquid column & density of liquid>> Confirmation:
• a liquid with density d, contained in a cylinder with cross-sectional area A, filled to a
height h
• weight is a force, and weight (W) and mass (m) are proportional >> W = g x m
• mass of a liquid >> m = V x d
• volume of a cylinder >> product of its height and cross-sectional area >> V = h x A
 Barometric Pressure
v Pressure exerted by atmosphere 6

v In 1643, Torricelli studied

v Barometric pressure in mmHg
v Density of mercury: 13.5951 g/cm3
v We are using liquid pressure to
calculate air (gas) pressure

Mercury barometers: Pascal

1 atmosphere (atm) equal to 101 325 Pa
Open-end Closed-end

Region above the mercury column is

devoid of air
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Example:
Height of a column of water that exerts the same pressure as a column of mercury 76.0 cm high?
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Manometers

v Its difference from barometer?

v by using a manometer >> measurement of a gas pressure by comparing with barometric pressure
v open-end manometers:

heights of the
mercury columns in
the two arms
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Simple Gas Laws

Boyle’s Law

v In 1662, working with air, Robert Boyle discovered first of the simple gas laws
v fixed AMOUNT OF GAS at a constant TEMPERATURE >>
• GAS VOLUME is inversely proportional to GAS PRESSURE
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Charles’s Law
v relationship between the VOLUME OF A GAS and TEMPERATURE was discovered by the
French physicists JACQUES CHARLES in 1787 and by JOSEPH LOUIS GAY-LUSSAC

v VOLUME of a FIXED AMOUNT of gas at CONSTANT PRESSURE is directly proportional to

KELVIN (ABSOLUTE) TEMPERATURE

Moving Piston>>
Constant Pressure
 Standard Conditions of Temperature and Pressure 11

Avogadro’s Law

v EQUAL VOLUMES of different gases compared at the

same TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE contain
EQUAL NUMBERS OF MOLECULES

v At a FIXED TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE >>

VOLUME of a gas is directly proportional to the
AMOUNT OF GAS
 Combining the Gas Laws: 12

Ideal Gas Equation & General Gas Equation

1. Boyle’s law describes the effect of pressure, V is proportional with 1/P

2. Charles’s law describes the effect of temperature, V is proportional with T

3. Avogadro’s law describes the effect of the amount of gas, V is proportional with n
PV = nRT
vHow to calculate R, gas constant?
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Exercises:
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General Gas Equation

v Sometimes a gas is described under two different sets of

conditions

v In such situations >> ideal gas equation must be applied twice as:
initial condition and final condition
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Example:
situation pictured in a is changed to that in b

Find the gas pressure in b?

amount of gas and volume are held

constant
(a) 1.00 L O2(g) at STP
(b) 1.00 L O2(g) at 100 °C
 Applications of Ideal Gas Equation
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Molar Mass Determination:

Example:
A glass vessel weighs 40.1305 g (evacuated) >> weigh:
• 138.2410 g when filled with water at 25.0 °C
• 40.2959 g when filled with propylene gas at 740.3 mmHg
• T= 24 oC

What is the molar mass of PROPYLENE?

density of water = 0.9970 g/mL
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Gas Densities

P.V= d.V.R.T/ M
m= d.V
P= d.R.T/M

d = P.M/R.T
Gases in Chemical Reactions

automobile air-bag safety system>> rapid decomposition of sodium azide

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Example:
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v Mixture of gases in a vessel of FIXED

VOLUME V at TEMPERATURE T >> TOTAL
PRESSURE >> determined by TOTAL
NUMBER OF MOLES: (non-moving piston)

v For FIXED VALUES OF T AND P >>

TOTAL VOLUME of a mixture of gases is
also determined by the TOTAL NUMBER
OF MOLES:
(moving piston)
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What is the PRESSURE (in bar) exerted by a mixture of 1.0 g H2

Example:
and 5.00 g He when the mixture is confined to 5 L at 20 °C?
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 Partial Pressure 23

v John Dalton made an important contribution to the study of gaseous mixtures

v in a mixture, each gas expands to fill container & exerts same pressure (called its partial pressure) that it
would if it were alone in the container
v total pressure of a mixture of gases >> sum of partial pressures of the components of the mixture

Constant volume vessel: Constant Pressure vessel:

v term nA/ntot is given a special name, the mole fraction of A, xA

v mole fraction of a component in a mixture is the its fraction of all the molecules in the mixture
v sum of all the mole fractions in a mixture is 1
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Example: What are the partial pressures of H2 and He in the following gaseous mixture?

1.0 g H2 and 5.00 g He >> Mixture is confined to 5 L at 20 °C?

Constant volume vessel: Constant Pressure vessel:

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Pneumatic Trough

v Used in isolating gases in early days of chemistry

v Works for gases that are insoluble and do not react with the liquid
v H2, N2, O2 can be used in water
v A gas collected in a pneumatic trough (with water as liquid) is said to
be collected over water and is wet
v It is a mixture of two gases: desired gas and water vapor
v gas being collected >> expands to fill the container >> exerts its partial
pressure, Pgas
v Water vapor >> formed by the evaporation of liquid water >> also fills To make total gas pressure in the bottle equal to
barometric pressure >> water levels inside and
the container >> exerts a partial pressure, PH2O outside the bottle should be same
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v pressure of water vapor depends only on temperature of water

v According to Dalton’s law, total pressure of wet gas >> sum of two partial pressures
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Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases

o A gas is composed of a very large number of extremely small

particles in constant, random, straight-line motion

o Molecules of a gas are separated by great distances >> gas is

mostly empty space

o Molecules collide only shortly with one another and with walls of
container >> most of the time molecules not colliding

o It is assumed >> no forces between molecules except very

briefly during collisions
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Distribution of Molecular Speeds

o not all the molecules in a gas travel at the same speed

o we cannot know the speed of each molecule, but we can make a statistical prediction of how many
molecules have a particular speed

o Fraction of molecules, F(u) that have speed u is given by the following equation:

o equation above is called the Maxwell distribution of speeds

M= molar mass
T= temperature
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o A plot of F(u) versus u is shown in Figure for a sample of H2(g) at 0 ºC

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o how the distribution of molecular speeds depends on temperature and molar mass?

o distributions for O2 (g) at 273 K and 1000 K >> range of speeds broadens as temperature
increases & distribution shifts toward higher speeds

o distributions for O2(g) at 273 K and H2(g) at 273 K >> lighter the gas, broader the range of
speeds

o root-mean-square speed, urms is obtained from the average of u2

o Gas speed is directly proportional to square root of Kelvin temperature and inversely proportional to
the square root of its molar mass

• molecular speeds increase as the temperature increases

• lighter gas molecules have greater speeds than do heavier ones
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Example:
Which is the greater speed, that of a bullet fired from a high-powered M-16 rifle (2180 mi/h) or
the root-mean-square speed of H2 molecules at 25 °C?

R = 8.3145 J K-1 mol-1

M = 2.016 x 10-3 kg mol-1

1 J = 1 kg m2 s-2

1.92 x103 m/s corresponds to 4.29 x 103 mi/h