SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Internet of Things (IOT) technology has brought revolution to each and every field of
common man’s life by making everything smart and intelligent. IOT refers to a network of
things which make a self-configuring network. The development of intelligent smart farming
IOT based devices is day by day turning the face of agriculture production by not only
enhancing it but also making it cost-effective and reducing wastage. These days, the strength
and adaptability of IOT has been changed and now a days it is being used even by normal
user. Agriculture sector is regarded as the more crucial sector globally for ensuring food
security. Consider the case of India farmers, which are right now in huge trouble and are at
disadvantageous position in terms of farm size, technology, trade, government policies,
climate conditions etc. IOT based agricultural convergence technology creates high value in
terms of quality and increased production and also reduces burden on farmers in ample
manner.

1.1. EXISTING SYSTEM

 The existing method and one of the oldest ways in agriculture is the manual
method of checking the parameters.
 In this method, the farmers they themselves verify all the parameters and calculate
the readings. It focuses on developing devices and tools to manage, display and
alert the users.
 This idea proposes a novel methodology for smart farming by linking a smart
sensing system and smart irrigator system through wireless communication
technology.
 It proposes a low cost and efficient wireless sensor network technique to acquire
the soil moisture and temperature from various location of farm and as per the
need of crop controller to take the decision whether the irrigation is enabled or
not.

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

1.2. PROPOSED SYSTEM

Here, an electronic device cum application of real time field monitoring and alerting
through IOT is proposed and implemented using PIC16F876A as the microcontroller. This
work presents the design and construction of a working prototype for smart agriculture
system using Internet of Things which can provide quality services. In this system, the
prototype developed uses an embedded system built using PIC16F876A microcontroller and
it is programmed using MPLAB IDE. The prototype gathers soil and pest information from
sensors of the monitored area and conveys them to android app utilizing IOT platform. The
sensor data is sent to the network through Wi-Fi link. The data collected by sensors is
updated at regular intervals and helps to maintain the field safe. This can handle
authentication, safety, and data management and provides accessibility. The system obtains
the parameter values and compares them with the standard values and in the case of an
emergency, a local alarm is triggered and an SMS text message is sent to the app with the
details, the owner can even control the actions in the field anytime, anywhere.

1.3 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE

The aim / objective of this paper is to propose a novel smart IOT based agriculture

device assisting farmers in getting live data (Temperature, Soil Moisture, etc) for
efficient environment monitoring which will enable them to do smart farming and increase
their overall yield and quality of products.

The scope of this project is to propose IOT Based Smart device which will enable
farmers to have live data of soil moisture, environment temperature at very low cost so that
live monitoring can be done.

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
Some of the related works that have been done by some researchers that are related to
the current research problem are as follows:

2.1. LONG RANGE AND SELF POWERED IOT DEVICE FOR AGRICULTURE

This article presents the prototype design and testing of long-range, self-powered IOT
devices for use in precision agriculture and aquaponics. The devices are designed using the
ultra-low power nRF52840 microcontroller with Bluetooth 5 support and ambient energy
harvesting. A power of 942W is harvested in an indoor environment. The devices are
therefore suitable for both indoor and outdoor use, as natural sunlight will provide far more
energy compared to artificial indoor lights. A line-of-sight range of up to 1.8km is achieved
with the use of coded transmissions. However, the coverage area and range can be extended
significantly by deploying the devices in multi-hop network topology. The custom multi-hop
protocol provides energy efficient communication from any device in a wireless sensor
network to a gateway while consuming an average of 267W with a transmission interval of 5
minutes.

The sensor data is transmitted to a gateway, which then forwards it to a local server or
cloud service, where the data can be analyzed to optimize the production in agriculture and
aquaponics. Normally, in a wireless IOT network, trade-offs must be made regarding energy
consumption, bandwidth and transmission range as increased range typically leads to higher
energy consumption. On the other hand, a higher bandwidth results in a shorter range. By
deploying IOT devices in agriculture, critical parameters such as soil pH and nutrient content
can be measured, logged and analyzed for optimizing the yield. These parameters can also be
used in preventing over-fertilization or over- watering well in advance. Over-fertilization is
known to harm the environment in multiple ways, such as excess fertilizer entering rivers or
lakes, polluting the water and damaging the aquatic life. Preventing over-watering is critical
in areas with limited water supply. IOT nodes can also be used to implement precision
farming techniques. Precision farming focuses on measuring soil properties and uses the
measurements to optimize soil sampling and management schemes. In aquaponics, IOT
devices can be deployed for optimizing the growth of both fish and plants by measuring and
controlling values such as dissolved oxygen percentage and water temperature.

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

Fig.2.1 IOT system overview

ADVANTAGES

 Long range and self powered

 Used for irrigation

DISADVANTAGES

 Low accuracy
 Require multi-hopes
 Expensive
2.2. DEVELOPMENT OF IOT BASED SMART SECURITY AND MONITORING
DEVICE FOR AGRICULTURE

Agriculture sector being the backbone of the Indian economy deserves security.
Security not in terms of resources only but also agricultural products needs security and
protection at very initial stage, like protection from attacks of rodents or insects, in fields or
grain stores. Such challenges should also be taken into consideration. Security systems which
are being used now a day are not smart enough to provide real time notification after sensing
the problem. The integration of traditional methodology with latest technologies as Internet
of Things and wireless sensor networks can lead to agricultural modernization. Keeping this
scenario in our mind we have designed, tested and analyzed an ’Internet of Things’ based
device which is capable of analyzing the sensed information and then transmitting it to the
user. This device can be controlled and monitored from remote location and it can be
implemented in agricultural fields, grain stores and cold stores for security purpose.

This paper is oriented to accentuate the methods to solve such problems like
identification of rodents, threats to crops and delivering real time notification based on

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

information analysis and processing without human intervention. In this device, mentioned
sensors and electronic devices are integrated using Python scripts. In the proposed scenario,
the research problem is to develop intelligent security systems with ability to analyze data
and transmit information over network to the remote location. So, in this paper, the sensory
information is analyzed in order to activate electronic devices and raspberry pi is used as a
server to analyze data and transmit information to user.

Fig.2.2 Device’s Architecture

ADVANTAGES

 Protect the field

 Regular monitoring help to analyze changes faster

DISADVANTAGES

 Only provide security and monitoring

 Consume high power

2.3. PLANTATION MONITORING AND YIELD ESTIMATION FOR PRECISION

AGRICULTURE

In this work, it has described a framework which performs plantation monitoring and
yield estimation using the supervised learning approach, while autonomously navigating
through an inter-row path of the plantation. The proposed navigation framework assists the
quadcopter to follow a sequence of collision-free GPS way points and has been integrated

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

with ROS (Robot Operating System). The trajectory planning and control module of the
navigation framework employ convex programming techniques to generate minimum time
trajectory between way-points and produces appropriate control inputs for the quadcopter. A
new ‘pomegranate dataset’ comprising of plantation surveillance video and annotated frames
capturing the varied stages of pomegranate growth along with the navigation framework are
being delivered as a part of this work.

The solution presented in this work is applicable to diverse plantations, with its
capabilities being demonstrated over organic pomegranate plantation. The capabilities of the
proposed approach could be described as a two-fold framework:

(1) Plantation monitoring and yield estimation: life cycle stage grading and yield
estimation of pomegranate while autonomously navigating through inter-row paths of
the plantation using a monocular camera as its primary sensor.
(2) Autonomous navigation framework: a novel navigation and control framework, which
uses GPS way-points as input provided by a farmer and employs convex optimization
for generating minimum time trajectory and control.

Fig.2.3 Process flow of flower bud detection

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

Fig.2.4 Navigation framework

ADVANTAGES

 Help in regular monitoring

 Can be used for spraying fertilizers and pesticides

DISADVANTAGES

 Limit view of camera due to occlusions

 Special care required
 Expensive

2.4. ENERGY EFFICIENT WIRELESS MONITORING SYSTEM FOR AGARIAN

AREAS IN INDIAN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM USING GPRS MODULE

In recent engineering advances the convergence of internet, communication and

information technologies will pave the way for new generation. Currently, distributed
wireless sensor network plays significant responsibility in civilizing agricultural production
and mitigating the agony of farmers. Soil moisture and temperature sensor are buried at the
root zone of the plant. Owing to different climatic condition, Rain water sensor is located at

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

the surface of the soil to deactivate the entire irrigation system during rainy season. The PIC
microcontroller is used to gather the sensor information in real time. The data can be acquired
and processed by sending and receiving the information from cultivation field. The measured
data is allowed for data inspection with cellular internet interface to be graphically visualized
through GPRS module. The whole irrigation system is powered by solar photovoltaic panel
with battery power management system. By incorporating the automated irrigation scheme,
consumption of water and electricity is reduced, further it increases the quality of food grains
and the yield of crops.

Fig.2.5 Architecture of the Automated Irrigation System

ADVANTAGES

 Help in smooth irrigation

 PIC microcontroller provides better efficiency

DISADVANTAGES

 Limited functionalities

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

2.5. GSM BASED SOLAR AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING

MOISTURE, TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSORS

The economy being highly based on agriculture demands innovative and reliable methods of
irrigation. The shortcomings of manual methods of irrigation can be rectified using
automated process. This paper presents the idea of automatic irrigation method and the
following research sustains this idea. The task of automatic irrigation is done through
assistance of soil moisture sensors. In the project, apart from soil moisture sensor, humidity
and temperature sensors are also used to make the process more advances. The proposed
design also has the feature of GSM which makes this system wireless. The electricity
required by components is provided through solar panels hence this liberates us from
interrupted power supply due to load shedding. The water content is constantly judged and
whenever moisture level of soil gets low, the system sends a signal to motors asking them to
turn on. The motors automatically stop after soil reaches its maximum upper threshold value
which is decided by user. Every time the motor starts or stops automatically, the user will get
a SMS about the status of operation. The major advantages of the project include avoidance
from water wastage, growth of plants to their maximum potential, less chances of error due to
less labor and uninterrupted supply of water due to solar energy.

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

Fig.2.6 Flowchart of Automatic Irrigation process

ADVANTAGES

 Helps in advanced irrigation

 Notifies user about operations

DISADVANTAGES

 Only provide SMS notification

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

 Limited functionalities

2.6. COMPARISON CHART

LONG SMART PLANTATION ENERGY AUTOMA

RANGE SECURITY MONITORING EFFICIENT TIC
Papers
AND SELF AND AND YIELD WIRELESS IRRIGATI
POWERED MONITORI ESTIMATION MONITORIN ON
DEVICE NG DEVICE G SYSTEM SYSTEM
SENSORS

Features

Technology IOT IOT GPS GPRS GSM

Accuracy High Medium Low High High

Used for Irrigation Monitoring Monitoring and Irrigation Irrigation

and security yield estimation

Cost High Low High Low Medium

Energy Low High High High Low

consumption

Table.2.1 Comparison chart

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

CHAPTER 3

THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system consists of hardware part and android application. It is already
told that, the system is a real time field monitoring system that provides anywhere anytime
services. Initially the sensors such as soil moisture sensor, light sensor, PIR sensor,
temperature sensor pest repellent etc. are connected to the PIC16F876A microcontroller.

The proposed system consists of mainly 3 parts:

1. Hardware part
2. Program part
3. Application part

3.1. HARDWARE PART

It will identify the soil moisture, temperature, photon intensity, pest attacks etc. The
microcontroller is capable to collect information from all these sensors hence it is
programmed. Also it consists of reference values. PIC16F876A microcontroller is connected
to the GSM module for sending information to the smart phone application. The sensors used
are:

1. Temperature sensor: It identifies the atmospheric temperature.

2. Moisture sensor: It checks the soil moisture content.
3. Light sensor: It checks the light intensity and we use it only in greenhouse farming.
4. PIR sensor: It identifies every movement in the farm hence, can detect the pest
attacks. Water motor: Used for irrigation purpose
5. Pest-repellent: Generate sound and prevent pest attacks.
6. Light system: Can be used to adjust light in the green house

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

Database
Temperature
sensor

Moisture Program
sensor Reference values
Phone No. Smart
GSM phone
Light
sensor module

PIR

Water-
motor

Pest repellent

Light system
PIC16F876A

Fig.3.1 Data flow diagram of device

3.2. APPLICATION

User New
Register
user? Database
Login
User name
Password
+ ! Phone No.
Unique ID Moisture
Land 1 + Temperature
Light intensity
+ ! Pest repellent
Land 1
Land 2

Moisture Temp
Photon Pest Submit
intensity repellent
Application

Device

Fig.3.2 Data flow diagram of application

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

The user can log in to the app by providing user-name, password and mobile number.
New user can register by providing this information. Those newly registered users should
provide a unique id to access the field’s information. The next page consists of land
information. We can add land by clicking the add button. By clicking the specified land, we
can enter into the next page showing moisture, temperature, photon intensity and pest
repellent. This information is got from the device and these are compared with the reference
values specified in microcontroller. After comparison, the changes are notified on the app
with different colors. The colors denote the intensity the particulars.

Fig.3.3 App Demonstration

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

CHAPTER 4

WORK PLAN AND FUND

4.1. WORK PLAN

 August Searching for project topic and selection

 September1-21 Literature review
 September22- October 31 Field visit and requirement collection
 November Project plan
 December Designing
 January Studying basics
 February Starts coding for device
 March Application development
 April Integration and testing

4.2. FUND

 Temperature sensor 210

 Moisture sensor 155
 Light sensor 600
 PIR sensor 200
 Repellent 2000
 PIC16F876A 1000
 GSM 2000

Overall device cost 6165

 Application development 2000

Over cost 8165

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SUMATO NOGIYO: Digitalization in agriculture

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

‘Internet of things’ is widely used in connecting devices for collecting information.

The system is designed for identification of soil properties that can affect plant growth. After
collecting and analyzing the data, algorithm is designed to provide accuracy in notifying user
and activation of repellent. All the results are calculated by taking several readings. Once PIR
sensor identifies all the abnormalities that occur in the field and notifications transferred to
user. In future, the device can incorporate pattern recognition techniques using machine
learning to identify objects and categorize them into humans, rodents and mammals for
security, also sensor fusion can be done to increase the functionality of device. Improving
these perspectives of device, it can be used in different areas. We have opted to implement
this system as a security solution in agricultural sector i.e. farms, green house, terrace farms,
etc.

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REFERENCE

[1] Nikkila, R., Seilonen, I., Koskinen, K. 2010. ‘‘Software Architecture for Farm
Management Information Systems in Precision Agriculture.’’Comput.
[2] AD Aggelopoulou, Dionysis Bochtis, S Fountas, Kishore Chandra Swain, TA
Gemtos, and GD Nanos. Yield prediction in apple orchards based on image
processing. Precision Agriculture, 2011.
[3] R. A. Kjellby, T. E. Johnsrud, S. E. Løtveit, L. R. Cenkeramaddi,M. Hamid and B. B.
Lozano, ”Self-Powered IoT Device for Indoor Applications,” 2018 31st International
Conference on VLSI Design and 2018 17th International Conference on Embedded
Systems (VLSID), 2018.
[4] R. A. Kjellby, L. R. Cenkeramaddi, T. E. Johnsrud, S. E. Løtveit, G. Jevne, B. B.
Lozano and Soumya J, ”Design and Prototype Implementation of Long-Range Self-
powered Wireless IoT Devices,” IEEE iSES 2018.
[5] Ju, Xiao-Tang and Xing, Guang-Xi and Chen, Xin-Ping and Zhang,Shao-Lin and
Zhang, Li-Juan and Liu, Xue-Jun and Cui, Zhen-Ling and Yin, Bin and Christie, Peter
and Zhu, Zhao-Liang and Zhang, Fu-Suo, ”Reducing environmental risk by
improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems,” in Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009..
[6] A. B. McBratney and M. J. Pringle, ”Estimating Average and Proportional
Variograms of Soil Properties and Their Potential Use in Precision Agriculture,” in
Precision Agriculture, 1999.
[7] Anders Frøytlog and Linga Reddy Cenkeramaddi, ”Design and Implementation of an
Ultra-Low Power Wake-up Radio for Wireless IOT Devices” (IEEE ANTS 2018).

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