The challenges of 4G network rollout

in England
Table of Contents
Introduction (131).......................................................................................................................................1
Literature review (733)................................................................................................................................1
Overview of Cellular Networks................................................................................................................1
The 4th Generation Mobile Communication System...............................................................................2
The Challenges for 4G Wireless Networks...............................................................................................3
Technical Challenges............................................................................................................................3
Methodology (230).................................................................................................................................... 4
Discussion (306)...........................................................................................................................................5
Low service quality Management (LsQM)...............................................................................................5
Complex requirements for infrastructure................................................................................................6
Findings (402)..............................................................................................................................................6
Reflection (195)...........................................................................................................................................7
References...................................................................................................................................................9
Appendix...................................................................................................................................................11
Introduction

Although the advanced 4 G networks in 12 countries such as USA, Japan and Germany have

been available since 2008, the United Kingdom (UK) has taken up these technologies much

slowly. So it is not surprising that in August 2012, a lot of attention was put on the launch of 4 G

services within the UK , especially as it is reported that the UK will be the largest 4 G network in

the world, reaching 98% of the UK by the end of 2018 (Rumanyika, 2016). The objective of this

review is to identify the problems with the implementation of 4 G services in the England. In this

paper we will address key problems which the researchers and vendors try to solve and will

finally identify briefly some of the solutions proposed.

Literature review

Overview of Cellular Networks

Over the past two decades, mobile connectivity around the world has been rising rapidly.

Cellular communication is enabled by a cellular network system that incorporates cellular

telephones into a public telephone network (PSTN) (Gani et al. 2009). Mobile stations (MS) are

vital components of a cellular network that basically enable a user to communicate. The MS

comprises two parts – the telephone and the SIM, which mainly supports both operator and user

data storage. It consists of the SIM module. The cellular network's reconstruction area is divided

into a range of smaller areas known as CELL and served by the basic station which is designed

and fixed to connect to the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO), called Mobile

Switching Center. The MTSO is responsible for a cluster of BSs and is linked to the PSTN in

effect. BTS is connected to MSC via the GSM network Base Station Controller (BSC). The

primary role of the BSC is to manage radio resources management and to transform the call from
one BTS (or cell / sector) into another BTS. MSs can communicate through the wireless

connection between BTS and MS with PSTN wireline phones. Both BS and MSs are equipped

with transceiver (Adokar and Rajput, 2012).

The 4th Generation Mobile Communication System

4 G is the fourth generation of fixed broadband standards in telecommunications to replace 3 G

and 2 G families. In 2008, ITU-R defined 4G requirements as IMT-Advanced (International

Mobile Telecommunications Advanced), setting high-speed 4G service criteria for 100 MB/s for

high-mobility communications, and one Gb/s for low mobility. Mobile networking services in 4

G worldwide began in 2010 but in 2014-15 will become a mass market. The new 4 G

architecture, as compare to 3 G, will aim, through the convergence of all the latest mobile

technologies, to reach new levels of user interface and various networks. The key explanation for

the move to All-IP is that all technologies built to date have a shared interface and that they are

in line with consumer expectations of the various services to be offered. The main objectives of 4

G technologies are high speed, top quality, high availability and low cost services such as audio,

multimedia and IP Internet. For laptop computers, smart phones and other mobile devices, a

robust, secure IP-based mobile broadband solution is designed in 4G. Users can be provided with

facilities such as high-speed internet, IP telephony, games and multimedia streaming. OFD

Multiplexing (Orthogonal Frequency Division) wave forms are the key design parameters for

radio access in this new framework to prevent interference. Efficiency limitation of high-speed

and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) technology in order to improve data speeds usually occurs.

While 4 G networks for mobile users are better, they do have other constraints (Kumaravel,

2011). One of the main issues is the area in which all communication networks find themselves

in disadvantage. As we know, many rural areas and buildings in urban towns where this modern
environment has no network coverage. It is because of our current connectivity requirements and

equipment to develop this most innovative technology that is promising for connectivity and for

many other technological technologies everywhere that cannot be applied without the successful

reinforcement of our operating area. We address the current status and the problems behind the

scenes in building this network in this literature. A variety of reports were chosen and intensively

analyzed internationally to overcome the problems of the 4 G Network in England.

The Challenges for 4G Wireless Networks

Although there are many driving factors for improving 4 G wireless networks, a range of

problems still remain to be dealt with until 4 G delivers the many features expected. Before the

dream for 4 G becomes reality a range of spectrum allocation, standardization and decision on

connectivity, technological advances, system creation, signal processing and switching changes

and inter-contractor cooperation will happen. In short, the specifications of 4 G wireless mobile

networks are:

 Transmission of high data rate

 Improved capacities and lower bit prices

 Power of wireless LsQ capital

 High mobility

 Broad coverage and seamless roaming of different networks

Technical Challenges

In addition to these problems, there are still three ways in which current 4 G networks do

not completely address the needs of users in England after they have completed their

deployment:

 Key transportation connection coverage, rail – underground, rural and urban; roads –

main road corridors.

 Coverage of the indoor.

 Efficiency of the backhaul in dense urban areas.

Methodology

A descriptive analysis was taken in this paper using a quantitative approach. An intensive literary

review to extract the most frequently identified challenges in England in the implementation of

the 4G network has been conducted. These challenges will require additional technical

investment with possibly different technologies to make it suitable. In these commercially and

technologically challenging areas, increasing network sharing or a wholesale Open reach type

arrangement can be implemented. The 4 G networks in Great Britain have definitely

strengthened, but the country has to go some way before meeting its European neighbors. In the

recent analysis of European 4 G performances and the 19th of 4 G availability, the UK ranked

the 29th out of 36 European countries. The survey produced 13 papers (13) from all around the

world to justify the extent to which 4 G network systems are challenged (Stiakakis et al., 2009).

The choice of these documents was based on their relevance to the subject under consideration

and the current literature year limits (2011-2015). A sample of 13 literatures was found to be
sufficient for statistical analysis and the conclusion. In eight variables (6), the estimation of the

frequency and the percentage has been defined and analyzed and presented in tabular form

(Margaret Rouse, 2010) These variables contain:

 Issues concerning security and privacy

 Low service quality (LsQ)

 High customer charges

 Complex requirements for infrastructure

 Issue of network bandwidth

 Costs for cell phones

Discussion

Low service quality Management (LsQM)

The findings in Table 2 show that 69.2% of the most MNOs are affected by a problem in service

quality (LsQ) as they use 4G. The explanation is the issue of maintaining Low Service Quality

(LSQ) when switching from 3 G to 4 G, since certain service models such as videoconferencing

available on this new mobile technology have limited time constraints which cannot be

significantly affected by transition (Nageshar, 2010) The problem is also solved by defining the

LsQP that is induced by the present wireless network version that can be divided into two

narrowly defined categories: IP and non-IP. This means that all networks converge into one

seamless network when 4 G services are created. Such integration poses LsQ problems as the

wireless network has specific characteristics such as bit rates, path, allocation of bandwidth and

hand-outs. Resource management is a key component of LsQ security. As 4 G networks would

entail the proper allocation of network resources that are very difficult to handle various types of

user and application with various LSQ. For example, LTE poses challenges as to how to fulfill

existing LSQ CTV and SMS standards for LTE smart phones when working on the LTE

network.

Complex requirements for infrastructure

  In the case of MNOs facing challenges because of 4 G, 61.5 per cent of surveyed papers have

shown that complex infrastructure requirements are required. For the dynamic requirement of the

network in 4 G networks, a transparent and robust UMTS system infrastructure system LsQ

system must be incorporated with current non-IP, IP-based infrastructure systems, to provide

LSQ guarantee on the planned end-to - end framework. 4G's biggest challenge lies in the need

for a high data rate (HDR) related to more bandwidth rivalry, such as two other frequency bands

currently used for 2G and 3G cell users (Fagbohun, 2014).

Findings

The most extracted challenges of the 4 G network among MNOs in England are presented in

Table 1 with the help of surveyed literatures. The sign (§) indicates the variables that were found

in the analysis as the major challenges (Tables 1 and 2). This paper analyzes and discusses 4 G

network challenges. 4G wireless systems operating on the LTE system were generally developed

as a radio network succeeding UMTS. The key LTE features are increased bandwidth, multiple

antennas assisted by individual base stations and the IP protocol emphasis. 4 G network system
will overcome current wireless system constraints and will support a popularization of the more

popular new applications providing enhanced content management with increased bandwidth,

support heterogeneous networks and efficiency of LsQ. However, it is recommended that several

technical challenges be solved before 4 G network systems are deployed to consumers

(Makhecha and Wandra, 2009). The first challenges in relation to the limited number of

resources for MNOs in England must be addressed; (I) Low service quality (LsQ) which is

especially troublesome for assuring latency efficiency of 3 G wireless networks of existing

systems, (ii) management of the mobility, which during transfer between two different access

technologies or two different operators allows contractual relationships; (iii) complex and related

infrastructure requirements. (iii) The following is recommended for the successful deployment of

4 G between MNOs in England. Firstly, LsQ insurance is important for Echtzeit traffic. LsQ

assists network managers in reducing network congestion and in managing network capacity

effectively. The 3 G packet core consists of many elements, including the Universal Mobile

Communications System and GPRS Support Nodes (GSN); all provide the interface for packet-

converted, stationary, and stable packet configuration between the radio system and fixed

networks. Now, the voice and data quality assurance of latency in an existing 3 G wireless

system must in 4 G networks be provided in order to enhance its current access technology in a

seamless way to transfer it to another technology. Some protocols are designed to keep users in

movement smooth, i.e. to reduce latency and loosening packets in the ongoing contact session.

Such protocols can help mobile users improve their mobility management. To support LSQ for

mobile users, it is proposed to combine Seamless Desktop IPv6 accessibility with Session

Imitation Protocol accessibility. Secondly: Stability management is very relevant in 4 G

networks because it is a mixed network that is more difficult to deal with.

Reflection

My analysis method was a test and an error. I got to know the many databases for environmental

studies, my results were almost reduced and I started looking at the names and abstracts of the

articles which are most relevant to the 4 G network and the problems I was looking for. It was

not long before I found numerous papers on Generations of networks, drawbacks of networks,

migration of networks, challenges of generations, which matched well with the study. The most

in-depth thing I found from my study is that searching for papers would never have the issue of

not being able to find something, but of finding too many to dig through. It demands the need to

over-restrict what you are doing, and to be as precise as possible. I am very fortunate that the

majority of the papers I found were not excessively looking for, but there is certainly a

possibility that a complicated circumstance might occur. I have also found that peer reviews are

the best sources. For a wide range of reasons, including legitimacy, they seem to have accurate

data which is useful for a research project in general.

References

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Appendix A

Extracted variables
ICSP LsQP HCC CRFI IoNB CFCP
Article

/Researcher

[3] § §
[10] § § § § §
[11] § § § §
[14] § § § §
[2] § §
[5] § §
[12] § § §
[9] § § § §
[13] § §
[8] § §
[7] § § §

Table 1: Technical Challenges Preached among mobile network operators in England with regard to 4 G

Keys:

 ICSP= Issues concerning security and privacy

 LsQP= Low service quality problem,

 HCC= High customer charges,

 CRFI= Complex requirements for infrastructure,

 IoNB= Issue of network bandwidth,

 CFCP= Costs for cell phones.

Variables Percentages (%) Frequencies

Issues concerning security and 38.5 5

privacy
Low service quality 69.2•• 9
High customer charges 46.2 6
Complex requirements for 61.5•• 8

infrastructure
Issue of network bandwidth 38.5 5
Costs for cell phones 30.8 4
Table 2: Frequencies and percentages for 4G Network challenges

Key: •• =Critical challenges.

Appendix B

4G.ppt