Static Electricity by SCD

Subrata Chandra Das
M.Sc. & B.Sc. in Textile Engineering (All First Class)

Faculty Member
Pabna Textile Engineering College, Pabna-6600
Department of Textiles, Ministry of Textiles & Jute
Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh
Lecture prepared & conducted by Subrata Chandra Das, Pabna Textile Engineering College 2
What is static electricity & how does it work?
• Static electricity is the result of an imbalance

between (-)ve & (+)ve charges in an object.
These charges can build up on the surface of
an object until they find a way to be released
or discharged. One way to discharge them is
through a circuit.
How does static charge build up?
Static charge can build up when two

insulating materials are rubbed
together, such as a plastic comb
moving through hair.
Friction between the materials causes

electrons to be transferred from one
material to the other:
 one material ends up with more electrons, so it now has an

overall negative charge
 one material ends up with fewer electrons, so it now has an

overall positive charge.
Where does static charge come from?
All materials are made of atoms, which contain electric charges.
The nucleus at the Around the outside

centre of an atom of an atom are
contains protons, electrons, which
which have a positive have a negative
charge. charge.
An atom has equal numbers of electrons and protons and so has no

overall charge.
Electrons do not always stay attached to atoms and can
sometimes be removed by rubbing.
What is Static Electricity?
Law of Electric Charges:

1. Opposite charges attract
2. Like charges repel
What is Static Electricity?

2. Like charges repel
3. Charged objects attract neutral objects
Static Electricity
• If two surfaces come in close contact with each other &
charge is created due to friction between them, the
produced charge remains enclosed & static in those
surfaces. They will not move from one place to another.
Here only charges are exchanged between the two surfaces,
this type of electricity is called static electricity.
• For examples, due to friction between glass rod & silk,
glass rod gains (+)ve & silk gains (-)ve charge. This is static
electricity.
Problems due to static electricity in Textile Sectors:
Through its effects, static causes a variety of troubles in textile materials &
processing.
1. Similar charges repel one another:

 This causes difficulty in handling materials.
 The filaments in a charged warp will bow out away from one another.
 There will be “ballooning” of a bundle of slivers.
 Cloth will not fold down neatly upon itself when it comes off a
finishing machine & so on.
2. Unlike charges attract one another:

 This has caused difficulty in the opening of parachutes.
 It will also cause two garments, oppositely charged, to stick to one

another, & in movement one garment may ride up on the other & cause
embarrassment to the wearer.
 Dirt & dust attracted to clothing from atmosphere.
 This fine dirt adheres so finely that it is difficult to remove & causes
serious soiling.
 Creates “Fog-marking” on fabrics.
3. Charged bodies are attracted to uncharged

bodies:
 Fibers will stick to earthed parts of machines.
 This happens particularly in carding machine.
 Roller lapping may occur.
 Uncharged particles in the atmosphere will be attracted to a
charged materials.
 Dirt & dust may stick to the garments.
4. Sparking:
 When high enough fields occur, discharge in air will take place with accompanying sparks.
 The noise of the discharge may be a nuisance in some special cases.
 Risk of fire or explosion owing to the sparks.
 Sparks from clothing are a source of danger where inflammable vapours are present.
5. Shocks will be given to people coming into contact with static charges. These are only
serious where a large insulated conductor has become charged up.
6. The projecting fibers remain stick to the fabric due to static charge. So, they can not be
removed by singeing & cropping. As a result, dyeing & finishing become faulty.
7. Due to static charge, roving experiences more friction while passing over guides & thus
breakage may occur. Again, due to allocation or repulsion, roving can not be wound
on to bobbin easily.
Methods of minimizing static problems:
1. By processing aids:
o By using conducting liquids like emulsion, oil, the friction between materials can be
reduced. Thus formation of static charge will be minimized.
2. By enhancing relative humidity:

o By increasing the humidity of atmosphere, the resistance of the materials can be
reduced so that the static charge will move & static problems will be minimized. This
can also be done by spraying water.
3. By using radio active materials:

o Radio active materials ionize air which reduces static charge formation.
4. Anti-static Agent or Finishing Treatment:

o By using anti-static agent during man-made fiber spinning with spin finish applicator,
the formation of static charge will be reduced.
o A thin permanent conducting layer on the fiber surface can reduce static charge
(Surface coating effect).
5. By Earthling:
o The static charge of the metallic machine parts can be neutralized by earthling.
6. By using conductive fibers:

o By blending conductive fibers with non-conductive one, static problems can be
minimized by discharge effect.
o Permanent anti-static behavior is achieved by the use of conducting fibers.

6. Dissipation:
o The speed of the process is important; Fog-marking can be

avoided by dissipation of time as follows:
Process Dissipation Current

Time
Weaving 10 min 0.003 µA
Carding 0.1 sec 0.07 µA
Warping 0.01 sec 5 µA
Theories of Static Electricity:
1. Two fluid theory

2. One fluid theory
3. Faraday’s theory
4. Lorentz’s theory
5. Modern theory
Measurement of Magnitude of Charge:
o The amount of static present should be expressed by the magnitude of the charge on the material. This may
be measured by the use of a Faraday Cylinder.
o Figure shows the apparatus used by Keggin et al. to measure the charge on Card Sliver after carding.
o The charged material in the cylinder induces an equal opposite charge on the inside of the cylinder (since
there can be no net charge inside a closed conductor), & this leaves an equal charge, of the same sign as
that on the material, to be shared between the outside of the cylinder & a condenser, which give a total
capacitance (C).
o The potential (V) is measured by a voltmeter & the charge (Q) can be calculated from the usual expression
Q = CV
Where,
Q = amount of charge induced in cylinder
C = known capacity of the whole system
V = potential difference shown by Voltmeter.
21
Lecture prepared & conducted by Subrata Chandra Das, Pabna Textile Engineering College
Various Hypothesis of Charge Transfer:
1. Potential difference
2. Nature of charge & their distribution
3. Asymmetric rubbing
4. Double layer
5. Piezo-electric polarization
Questions !!!
1. Define static electricity.
2. How does static charge build up?
3. Explain the theories of static electricity.
4. Describe the measurement of magnitude of charge by means of a Faraday

cylinder.
5. State & discuss the problems due to static electricity in textile

processing./Discuss the static electricity problem in spinning mills & how it
can be minimized in different stages?/ Describe the effect of static electricity
formation & its remedies in textile processes.

Static Electricity by SCD

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Subrata Chandra Das

M.Sc. & B.Sc. in Textile Engineering (All First Class)

• Static electricity is the result of an imbalance

Static charge can build up when two

Friction between the materials causes

 one material ends up with more electrons, so it now has an

 one material ends up with fewer electrons, so it now has an

All materials are made of atoms, which contain electric charges.

The nucleus at the Around the outside

An atom has equal numbers of electrons and protons and so has no

Law of Electric Charges:

Law of Electric Charges:

1. Similar charges repel one another:

2. Unlike charges attract one another:

 It will also cause two garments, oppositely charged, to stick to one

 Dirt & dust attracted to clothing from atmosphere.

 Creates “Fog-marking” on fabrics.

3. Charged bodies are attracted to uncharged

2. By enhancing relative humidity:

3. By using radio active materials:

4. Anti-static Agent or Finishing Treatment:

6. By using conductive fibers:

o Permanent anti-static behavior is achieved by the use of conducting fibers.

o The speed of the process is important; Fog-marking can be

Process Dissipation Current

1. Two fluid theory

Q = amount of charge induced in cylinder

C = known capacity of the whole system

V = potential difference shown by Voltmeter.

2. How does static charge build up?

3. Explain the theories of static electricity.

4. Describe the measurement of magnitude of charge by means of a Faraday

5. State & discuss the problems due to static electricity in textile

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