Journal of Structural Technology

e-ISSN: 2581-950X
Volume 4 Issue 3

A Study on Strength Properties of Concrete by Partial

Replacement of Egg Shell Powder in Cement and Steel Slag in
Fine Aggregate
H. Eramma1, Madhukaran2
1
Associate Professor, 2Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, BDT College of Engineering, Davangere, Karnataka, India
Email: 1h.eramma@gmail.com
DOI:

Abstract
The major problem, world is facing today is the environmental pollution. In the construction
industry, mainly the production of Portland cement will causes the emission of pollutants
results in environmental pollution. In the present study, egg shell powder (ESP) are varied up
to 10% and steel slag (SS) is added to optimum egg shell powder content cement concrete
from 20% to 40% (20%, 30% and 40%). These two wastes are recycled as an incomplete
replacement of cement and fine aggregate and various properties like workability. From the
experimental results, it is found that 28 days strength of concrete using the partially
replacement of egg shell power and steel slag in concrete. The compressive strength is 6,
71%, split tensile strength is 15.66%, shear strength is 17.98% and flexural strength is 8.15%
have been achieved than the conventional type of concrete.

Keywords: Egg shell powder, properties, strength, steel slag, waste, workability

INTRODUCTION EGG Shell Powder

Concrete is one of the significantly
accepted construction material in the
development of infrastructure. The current
consumption of concrete is approximately
500 million tons per annum and demand is
expected to reach one billion tons in next
decade. Natural river sand is one of the
most important constituent in cement
concrete production. Nowadays the sand is
being extensively utilized in almost all
around the world in construction activities.
Throughout the world at all places
construction industries are developing at
faster rate which in turn is resulting into
the higher demand for concrete, sand and
other concrete making materials. The main
source of sand are river bed deposits,
because of expensive sand and its
increasing depletion, it has become very
important to protect and preserve the
environment and its natural resources
which is an important step towards any
development.
Calcium rich egg shell is a poultry tolerant
waste material with substance synthesis
almost same as that of limestone.
Utilization of egg shell waste in cement
rather than common lime to supplant
cement it will have advantage of limiting
the utilization of cement, saving normal
lime and using waste materials. As per an
investigation of egg shell waste era in
India, in US and in UK is 190000,150000
and 11000 tons for each annual
individually. This egg shell waste can be
utilized for feeding animals, manure and
other uses. Be that as it may, greater part
of the egg shell waste is saved as landfills.
Egg shell squander in landfills draws in
vermin because of appended film and
causes issues related with human well-
being and surround. Few tests were
directed to utilize eggshell squander in
structure building application. The point of
this review is to utilization of ESP in

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cement. In spite of the fact that eggshell is
rich in calcium and almost same synthesis
of limestone, these egg shells are squander
material. Accordingly, to start the
utilization of this waste eggshell in
concrete for incomplete substitution of
cement, there is a need to comprehend
concrete properties made with eggshell
powder. In this manner, the essential goal
of this review is to comprehend the
potential outcomes of utilization of ESP in
concrete. Tests were efficiently led on
execution of ESP in cement regarding
quality like compression strength and spilt
tensile and shear strength additionally the
concrete indicates the property like
adsorption and water absorption. The
partially replaced ESP in concrete was
tested for 7 and 28 days. In light of these
outcomes, the impact of ESP substitution
and the curing age on the concrete
properties were examined. The test
examination and constituent materials
utilized as a part of this examination were
delivered from neighborhood bodies.
Normal Portland concrete of OPC43 grade
review was utilized. At that point these
dried shells hand squashed, granulated and
sieved through 90µm sieves. A material
gone through 90µm sieve is utilized for
cement substitution in concrete.
Application of ESP:
 Concrete\brick work.
 Plaster; ferrous metal.
 Wood.
 Gypsum wallboard-drywall. Street
asphalts.
Steel Slag
Slag is by-product of pig iron and steel. It
contains of chemical composition like
calcium, magnesium and aluminum
silicates.
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Journal of Structural Technology
e-ISSN: 2581-950X
Volume 4 Issue 3
Current applications of steel slag
 Illinois Department of Transportation
(IDOT) has successfully specified steel
slag SMA6 bituminous mixes on
roadways.
 It is used in base application,
construction of unpaved parking lots,
as a shoulder material, and also in the
construction of berms and
embankment.
 It is also used in agriculture because it
has minerals like Iron, Manganese,
Magnesium, Zinc and Molybdenum
which are valuable plant nutrients.
OBJECTIVES
 To partially replace cement with ESP
and Sand with Steel slag in concrete as
it directly influence the economy in
construction.
 To6design and6proportion6the
concrete mix for M30 grade concrete,
as per the IS: 10262-2009
recommendations.
 To check the variation of Compressive
strength results by partial replacing
cement 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, with ESP
and sand 20% to 40% with Steel slag
and compared with controlled concrete
cubes and plotting corresponding
graphs.
 To find the optimum percentage of
replacement of cement with ESP and
river Sand with Steel slag at which
maximum strength is obtained.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
The materials used in present investigation
are as follows
 43 grade Ordinary Portland Cement
 Coarse Aggregates
 River sand as Fine Aggregate
 Egg shell powder (ESP)
 Steel slag (SS)
 Water
 Journal of Structural Technology
e-ISSN: 2581-950X
Volume 4 Issue 3

Table 1: Test results of ultra tech cement of OPC 43grade.

Sl. No Particulars Test Results Requirements as per IS: 8ll2-l989
1 Normal Consistency (%) 30 % 26 - 33 %
2 Specific Gravity 3.0 2.5 to 3.15
3 Initial setting time 52 minutes Minimum 30 minutes
4 Final setting time 348 minutes Maximum 600 minutes
5 Fineness of cement 2% Maximum0- 10 %

Table 2: Fineness of coarse aggregate.

IS Sieve Weight retained Percentage Weight Cumulative
Remarks
(mm) (gm) retained (gm) percentage retained
40 0 0 0 The CA Conform
20 2295 28.68 28.68 to 20mm well
12.5 3783 47.26 75.96 Graded
10 475 5.9 81.86 aggregates
4.75 1200 15 96.86
Pan 250 3.125 99.985
FM of CA = Total cumulative retained / 100 =483.9 / 100 = 4.83

Table 3: Physical properties of coarse aggregates.

Specific Gravity 2.62
Shape Angular
Size 20 mm and 12.5 mm down
Fineness modulus 4.83

Table 4: Fineness modulus of fine aggregate.

% Zone
Weight Cumulative
Size of sieve Retained
retained (gm) Passing(percentage)
I II III IV

4.75mm 10 0.5 99.5 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100

2.36mm 16 1.3 98.7 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100

1.18mm 218 12.2 87.8 30-75 55-90 75-100 90-100

600μ 990 61.7 38.3 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100

300μ 560 89.7 10.3 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50

150μ 30 97.2 2.8 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-10

Pan 26 100 0 _ _ _ _
FM of sand = Total cumulative retained / 100=262.9 / 100=2.62

Table 5: Physical properties of Fine aggregate.

Fineness modulus 2.62

Specific Gravity 2.60

Grade zone as per IS :383-1970 Zone II

3 Page 1-11 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved

 Journal of Structural Technology
e-ISSN: 2581-950X
Volume 4 Issue 3

Egg Shell Powder (ESP)

Egg shell powder preparation procedure as shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1: Egg shell powder.

Table 6: Physical properties of ESP.

Specific Gravity 2.00
Color Off white
Fineness 3%

Table 7: Chemical properties of ESP and cement (source from JSW).

Constituents Composition of ESP (%) Composition of Cement (%)
Calcium Oxide (Cao) 50.7 63.14
Silica (Sio2) 0.11 21.30
Aluminum Oxide(Al2O3) 0.03 5.41
Manganese Oxide (MnO) 0.01 1.20
Ferrous oxide (Fe2O3) 0.02 3.77

Steel Slag (SS) oxygen furnace (BOF) or by melting of

Steel slag is bi-product obtained either scrap to make steel in the electric arc
from conversion of iron to steel in basic furnace (EAF) as shown in Fig. 2.

Figure 2: Steel slag.

Table 8: Test results of steel slag.

Specific Gravity 2.59
Color Light Grey
Fineness Modulus 3.04

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 Journal of Structural Technology
e-ISSN: 2581-950X
Volume 4 Issue 3

Table 9: Chemical properties of steel slag (source from JSW).

Constituents Composition (%)
Calcium Oxide(Cao) 40-52
Silica (Sio2) l0-l9
Iron Oxide (Feo) l0-40
Manganese Oxide (MnO) 5-8
Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 5-l0
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) l-3
Phosphorous Oxide (P2O5) 0.5 -l

Water materials like OPC43 grade cement, fine

Water is an important constituent
of6concrete as it actively participates in
the chemical reaction with cement. Since it
helps to form strength giving cement gel,
the quantity and quality of water is
required to be looked very carefully. Also
pH value of water shall not less than 6.
The water used for casting curing should
satisfy as per IS456-2000.
Experimental Program
The basic tests are conducted on various
aggregate, coarse aggregate, egg shell
powder and steel slag to check their
suitability for making concrete. Concrete
cubes were casted based on mix
proportions. Conventional method of
batching and mixing was done. The
weighing of ingredients viz., Cement,
Sand, Coarse aggregate, were made just
prior to beginning of producing concrete.
This comes under recommendation in
order to avoid any disproportioning of the
ingredients.

Table 10: Mix proportions for normal concrete (M30 Grade).

Sr. No Concrete Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Water
1 Normal 437kg 633kg 1083.76kg 197
Ratio 1 1.45 2.48 0.45

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS split tensile, shear and flexural strengths of

The experimental results of compressive 7 and 28 days have been discussed here.

Compressive Strength Test Results

Table 11(a): Compressive strength of concrete cubes for partial replacement of EGG shell
powder in cement at 7 and 28 days.
Percentage of EGG Shell Failure Compressive Average Compressive
Sr. No
Powder Replacement Load(KN) Strength (Mpa) Strength (Mpa)

485 21.55
1 Conventional 500 22.20
21.85
(0%) 490 21.77
490 21.77
2 500 22.20
5% 22.00
495 22.00
520 23.11
3 540 24.00
10% 23.85
550 24.40
430 19.12
4 450 20.00
15% 19.27
420 18.67

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 Journal of Structural Technology
e-ISSN: 2581-950X
Volume 4 Issue 3

Percentage of EGG Shell Failure Compressive Average Compressive

Sr. No
Powder Replacement Load(KN) Strength (Mpa) Strength (Mpa)
900 40.00
1 Conventional 890 39.55
40.00
(0%) 910 40.44
910 40.44
2 895 39.77
5% 40.30
915 40.66
945 42.00
3 935 41.56
10% 41.77
940 41.77
850 37.80
4 870 38.60
15% 38.26
865 38.40

Table 11(b): Compressive strength test results for 7 and 28 days.

Percentage of Steel Failure Load Compressive Strength Average Compressive
Sr. No
Slag Replacement (KN) (Mpa) Strength (Mpa)
800 35.56
1 780 34.67
20% 34.51
750 33.34
830 36.89
2 850 37.78
30% 37.03
820 36.45
700 31.11
3 680 30.22
40% 31.10
720 32.00

Percentage of Steel Failure Load Compressive Strength Average Compressive

Sr. No
SLAG Replacement (KN) (Mpa) Strength (Mpa)
900 40.00
1 920 40.80
20% 40.70
930 41.30
950 42.20
2 945 41.70
30% 42.18
960 42.66
890 39.55
3 900 40.00
40% 39.90
905 40.22

Table 11(c): Compressive strength of concrete cubes of resultant mix at 7and 28 days.
Compressive Strength Average Compressive
Sr. No % of Mix Failure Load (KN)
(Mpa) Strength (Mpa)
650 28.89
(ESP+SS)
1 640 28.4
(10%+30%) 28.88
660 29.33

Failure Load Compressive Strength Average Compressive

Sr. No % of Mix
(KN) (Mpa) Strength (Mpa)
965 42.80
(ESP+SS)
1 960 42.60
(10%+30%) 42.88
970 43.11

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 Journal of Structural Technology
e-ISSN: 2581-950X
Volume 4 Issue 3

Figure 3: Concrete cubes.

Split tensile strength test results
Table 12: Split tensile strength of concrete cylinders at 7 and 28 days.
Failure Load Split Tensile Strength Average Split Tensile
Sr. No % of Mix
(KN) (Mpa) Strength (Mpa)
150 2.12
1 Conventional 130 1.84
1.88
140 1.98
175 2.47
(ESP+SS)
2 160 2.26
(10%+30%) 2.33
160 2.26

Failure Load Split Tensile Strength Average Split Tensile

Sr. No % of Mix
(KN) (Mpa) Strength (Mpa)
190 2.68
1 200 2.82
Conventional 2.8
210 2.90
230 3.25
(ESP+SS)
2 240 3.39
(10%+30%) 3.32
235 3.32

Figure 4: Concrete cylinder.

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 Journal of Structural Technology
e-ISSN: 2581-950X
Volume 4 Issue 3

Shear strength test results

Table 13: Shear strength of concrete cubes at 7 and 28 days.
Failure Load Average Shear Strength (
Sr. No % of Mix Shear Strength (Mpa)
(KN) Mpa)
120 13.33
1 130 14.44
Conventional 14.07
130 14.44
140 15.56
(ESP+SS)
2 150 16.66
(10%+30%) 15.92
140 15.56

Failure Load Average Shear Strength

Sr. No % of Mix Shear Strength (Mpa)
(KN) (Mpa)
190 21.11
1 200 22.22
Conventional 21.85
200 22.22
230 25.55
(ESP+SS)
2 240 26.66
(10%+30%) 26.64
250 27.77

Figure 5: Shear strength of concrete cubes.

Flexure strength test results
Table 14: Flexural bending strength of concrete beam at 7 and 28 days.
Failure Load Flexure Strength Average Flexure Strength
Sr. No % of Mix
(psi) (Mpa) (Mpa)
1900 13.10
1 Conventional
1950 13.50 13.30
(ESP+SS) 2200 15.17
2 (10%+30%) 2250 15.51 15.34

Failure Load Flexure Strength Average Flexure Strength

Sr. No % of Mix
(psi) (Mpa) (Mpa)
2500 17.23
1 Conventional
2600 17.92 17.57
(ESP+SS) 2800 19.30
2
(10%+30%) 2750 18.96 19.13

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Figure 6: Flexure test.
CONCLUSIONS
Following conclusions are drawn from the
experimental study by using ESP and SS
in concrete as a cementaceous material.
The egg shell powder are added in
percentage of 5%,10% and 15% by weight
of cement and is varied with each
combination of egg shell powder and this
results are compare to the conventional
concrete.
 The compressive strength of
conventional concrete cubes is
21.85Mpa at 7 days, whereas
compressive strength of partially
replaced cement by an amount of 10%
ESP and FA by 30% of SS at 7 days
found be 28.88 MPa. Also, it is found
that the compressive strength of
partially replaced concrete cubes have
7.03% higher strength than the
conventional concrete respectively.
 The compressive strength of
conventional concrete cubes is 40 MPa
at 28 days, whereas compressive
strength of partially replaced cement by
an amount of 10% ESP and FA by 30%
of SS at 7 days found be 42.88 MPa.
Also, it is found that the compressive
9 Page 1-11 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Structural Technology
e-ISSN: 2581-950X
Volume 4 Issue 3
strength of partially replaced concrete
cubes have 6.71% higher strength than
the conventional concrete respectively.
 The split tensile strength of
conventional concrete cylinder is 1.95
MPa at 7 days, whereas split tensile
strength of partially replaced cement by
an amount of 10% ESP and FA by 30%
of SS at 7 days found is 2.33 MPa.
Also, it is found that the split tensile
strength of partially replaced concrete
have 19.31 %higher strength than the
conventional concrete respectively.
 The split tensile strength of
conventional concrete cylinder is 2.8
MPa at 28 days, whereas split tensile
strength of partially replaced cement by
an amount of 10% ESP and FA by 30%
of SS at 7days found is 3.32 MPa. Also,
it is found that the split tensile strength
of partially replaced concrete have
15.66% higher strength than the
conventional concrete respectively.
 The shear strength of conventional
concrete cube is 14.07 MPa at 7 days,
whereas shear strength of partially
replaced cement by an amount of 10%
ESP and FA by 30% of SS at 7days

found be 15.92 MPa. Also it is found
that the shear strength of partially
replaced concrete have 11.62 %higher
strength than the conventional concrete
respectively.
 The shear strength of conventional
concrete cube is 21.85 MPa at 28 days,
whereas shear strength of partially
replaced cement by an amount of 10%
ESP and FA by 30% of SS at 28 days
found be 26.64 MPa. Also, it is found
that the split tensile strength of partially
replaced concrete have 17.98% higher
strength than the conventional concrete
respectively.
 The bending flexural strength of
conventional concrete beam is 13.33
MPa at 7 days, whereas bending
flexural strength of partially replaced
cement by an amount of 10% ESP and
FA by 30% of SS at 7 days found be
15.34 MPa. Also it is found that the
bending flexural strength of partially
replaced concrete have 13.29% higher
strength than the conventional concrete
respectively.
 The flexural bending strength of
conventional concrete beam is 17.57
MPa at 28day, whereas flexural bending
strength of partially replaced cement by
an amount of 10% ESP and FA by 30%
of SS at 28 days found be 19.13 MPa.
Also it is found that the flexural
bending strength of partially replaced
concrete have 8.15% higher strength
than the conventional concrete
respectively.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank the authorities
of VTU and University B D T College of
Engineering, for giving us opportunities to
conduct the experimental work in concrete
and highway materials lab of civil
engineering department Davangere.
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2. IS: 516-1959, Methods of Tests for
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Journal of Structural Technology
e-ISSN: 2581-950X
Volume 4 Issue 3
strength of Concrete, Bureau of Indian
Standards, and New Delhi, India.
3. IS: 10262-2009, Concrete Mix
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