REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

ENGR. KEVIN PAOLO V. ROBLES, MSCE

Professor
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to

support a load. Important examples related to civil
engineering include buildings, bridges, and towers;

When designing a structure to serve a specified function

for public use, the engineer must account for its safety,
esthetics, and serviceability, while taking into
consideration economic and environmental
constraints. Often this requires several independent
studies of different solutions before final judgment can be
made as to which structural form is most appropriate. This
design process is both creative and technical and requires
a fundamental knowledge of material properties and the
laws of mechanics which govern material response. Once
a preliminary design of a structure is proposed, the
structure must then be analyzed to ensure that it has its
required stiffness and strength.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : SLABS
Slabs are flat horizontal panels that
support the floor. It can be supported by
beams/girders on edges or directly by
columns. They carry gravity loads and
transfer them to the vertical components
(columns and/or walls), and also act as
horizontal diaphragms by transferring the
lateral load to the vertical components of
a structure.

TYPES
1. One – way Floor System
2. Two – way Floor System
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : SLABS

One-way floor system is a slab or deck that is

supported such that it delivers its load to the
supporting members by one-way action. It is often
referred to as a one-way slab. s/l < 0.50

* ”s” is for shorter span and “l” is for longer span

One-way slab bends in only one direction along

the short span
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : SLABS
If the support ratio is s / l >= 0.50 , the load is assumed to be delivered to the supporting beams and
girders in two directions. When this is the case the slab is referred to as a two-way slab.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : BEAMS and GIRDERS

Beams. Beams are usually straight horizontal

members used primarily to carry vertical loads.
Quite often they are classified according to the
way they are supported, as indicated the figure.

Beams are primarily designed to resist bending

moment; however, if they are short and carry
large loads, the internal shear force may become
quite large and this force may govern their
design.
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : BEAMS and GIRDERS
ifficult to establish, it8.1
is suggested
DEFLECTIONthat
DIAGRAMS AND THE ELASTIC CURVE 301
!M !M
eam or frame be drawn first. By our sign
lished in
For Chapter
bending and4,deflections,
a positive if themoment
deformations
positive moment,
ifficult disappear
to establish,
and theitstructure
is suggested
regains itsthat
original
ontal member
shape when concave upward,
the actions causing the Fig. 8–1.
deformations ! M concave upward ! M
eam or frame be drawn first. By our sign
nds to bend the beam or member concave
are removed, the deformations are termed elastic
lished in Chapter 4, a positive moment
deformations. Fig.moment,
positive 8–1
if the shape of the moment diagram is
ontal member concave upward, Fig. 8–1. concave upward
ruct theThe
elastic curvedeformations
permanent and vice ofversa. For are
structures
nds to bend the beam asor member
inelastic, concave
n Fig. 8–3 with
referred to
its associated moment
or plastic,
Fig. 8–1
if the deformations.
shape of the moment diagram is
ler support, the displacement at A and D
ruct the elastic curve and vice versa. For
of negative moment, the elastic curve is or "M "M
n Fig. 8–3 with its associated moment
A positive moment tends to bend a beam
the region of positive
horizontal moment,
member concave the elastic
upward.
ler support, the displacement at A and D negative moment,
rticular,Likewise,
there must be an inflection point
of negative moment, the elastic curve
a negative moment tends to bendis the " Mconcave downward" M
anges from
beam concave down to
or member concave concave up,
downward.
the region of positive moment, the elastic
ment. Using these same principles, note Fig.moment,
negative 8–2
rticular, there must be an inflection point
eam in Fig. 8–4 was drawn based on its concave downward
anges from concave down to concave up,
realize that the positive moment reaction
ment. Using these same principles, note Fig. 8–2
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS :
BEAMS and GIRDERS
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : BEAMS and GIRDERS
Development Length Stirrups Web Bars Top Bars Bottom Bars
(40db -100db) *Take note of Concrete Covers. Assume column dimension of 400 x 400 mm

Clear Span, L = 4.5 m Hooks for Stirrups(6db)

Hooks (12db)
BEAM CROSS-SECTION
L/3 L/3 L/3
Splice Zone

L/7 Splice Zone Lap Splicing

Splice Zone
(40 - 50db)
L/4 or 2D L/4 or 2D
B
BEAM DIMENSION (mm) STEEL REINFORCEMENTS
BEAM STIRRUPS (10 mm diameter, unless
Diameter of LEFT MID SPAN RIGHT
MARK B D specified)
Bar (mm) TOP BOT TOP BOT TOP BOT
B-1 200 450 12 3 3 2 3 3 3 1 @50mm, 8 @100mm, rest @200mm

TYPICAL BEAM DETAIL : VERIFY SPECIFICATIONS ON NSCP 2015

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : BEAMS and GIRDERS

FLEXURE CRACKS
Originates in maximum moment region
because the flexural capacity of the
beam is inadequate

SHEAR CRACKS
Originates near supports because the
shear capacity of the beam is
inadequate
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : COLUMNS

Members that are generally vertical and resist axial

compressive loads are referred to as columns.

Ties – confinement to prevent buckling. It helps

maintain the vertical positions of the bars.

BUCKLING EFFECT – due to

moment and instability because
of the applied compressive
force.