Q5 (a) Describe the step-by-step formation of a standing wave on a mismatched

transmission line. Your explanation must be supported by a suitable diagram.

(4 marks)

(b) From the knowledge acquired in Q5(a), propose the condition of the characteristic
impedance, Z0 and load impedance, ZL in order to completely eliminate the standing
wave on a transmission line. Based on your understanding, justify your answer.
(2 marks)

(c) A transmitter delivers 50 W into a 600 Ω lossless line that is terminated with an
antenna that has an impedance of 275 Ω, calculate:

(i) the coefficient of reflection, Γ; and (2 marks)

(ii) the standing wave ratio, S. (2 marks)

Q10 (a) Based on your understanding of an isotropic antenna (radiator), discuss briefly by
stating the important points. Your discussion should include a suitable diagram, the
power gain, Gp and directivity of the isotropic antenna, D.
(5 marks)

(b) A field strength of 15 mV/m is measured from an antenna with a gain of 1.5. Calculate
the field strength if an isotropic antenna is used.
(3 marks)

(c) The Ministry of Education Malaysia has awarded a contract to your company to
set up a direct line-of-sight communication link between a school in Batu Pahat
and the Ministry’s regional office in Johor Bahru. The line-of-sight distance
between the two sites is approximately 150 km. Your plan is to use an antenna with
a gain of 16 dB for both stations and you have been given the permission by the
Malaysian Comission for Communication and Multimedia (MCMC) to operate at
a frequency of 1.2 GHz. The transmitter produces 10 W of power which is fed to
the transmiting antenna via a transmission cable that is 50 meters long with the
following characteristics:

Characteristic Impedance = 50 Ω
Attenuation at 1.2 GHz / 100 m = 10 dB

Solve the followings:

(i) Power at the input of the antenna by assuming a matched load in Watt and
dBW.
(3 marks)

(ii) Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of the transmitter in dBW.

(2 marks)
 (iii) Free space loss in dB. (2 marks)

(iv) Power density at the received antenna. (2 marks)

(v) Power received at the receiving antenna in Watt and dBW. Assume no other
losses.
(3 marks)

Answer:
Q5 (a) Describe the step-by-step formation of a standing wave on a mismatched
transmission line. Your explanation should be supported by a suitable diagram.

- When Zo ≠ ZL, some of the incident power is absorbed by the load, and some
is reflected back to the source. This is called unmatched transmission line. (1
mark)
- In a mismatched line, there are 2 EM waves travelling in the opposite
directions. (1 mark)
- The 2 waves set up an interference pattern known as a standing wave. The
standing appear to remain fixed in position on the line, varying only in the
amplitude.
(1 mark)
- Figure of a standing wave:

(1 mark)

Total: 4
marks

(b) From the knowledge acquired in Q5(a), propose the condition of the characteristic
impedance, Z0 and load impedance, ZL in order to completely eliminate the standing
wave on a transmission line. Based on your understanding, justify your answer.

- The standing wave is completely eliminated when Zo = ZL. (1 mark)

 - In this condition, all the incident power is absorbed by the load. Thus, the
standing wave is completely eliminated. (1 mark)
Total: 2 marks

(c) A transmitter delivers 50 W into a 600 Ω lossless line that is terminated with an
antenna that has an impedance of 275 Ω, calculate:

(iii) the coefficient of reflection, Γ; and

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑜
Γ=
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑜

275 − 600 (1 mark)

=
275 + 600

= −𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟏 (1 mark)

(iv) the standing wave ratio, S.

1 + |Γ|
𝑆=
1 − |Γ|

1 + 0.371 (1 mark)
=
1 − 0.371

= 𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟗 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟏𝟖 (1 mark)

Total: 4 marks

Q10 (a) Based on your understanding of an isotropic antenna (radiator), discuss briefly by stating
the important points. Your discussion should include the power gain, Gp and directivity of
the isotropic antenna, D. (Each point will carry 1 mark)

- An isotropic radiator is a point source that radiates electromagnetic energy at a

constant rate in all directions. (1 mark)
- All points at distance R from the source lie on the surface of the sphere and
have equal power densities. (1 mark)
- This is a standard to which real antennas are compared. (1 mark)
 - An isotropic antenna has a unity power gain, Gp = 1 (0.5 mark) and
directivity, D = 1. (0.5 mark)
- Figure of an isotropic radiator:

(1 mark)

Total: 5
marks

(b) A field strength of 15 mV/m is measured from an antenna with a gain of 1.5. Calculate
the field strength if an isotropic antenna is used.

(1 mark)

(0.5 mark)

(0.5 mark)

(0.5 mark)

(0.5 mark)

Total: 3 marks
(c) The Ministry of Education Malaysia has awarded a contract to your company to set up a
direct line-of-sight communication link between a school in Batu Pahat and the Ministry’s
regional office in Johor Bahru. The line-of-sight distance between the two sites is
approximately 150 km. Your plan is to use an antenna with a gain of 16 dB for both
stations and you have been given the permission by the Malaysian Comission for
Communication and Multimedia (MCMC) to operate at a frequency of 1.2 GHz. The
transmitter produces 10 W of power which is fed to the transmiting antenna via a
transmission cable that is 50 meters long with the following characteristics:

Characteristic Impedance = 50 Ω

Attenuation at 1.2 GHz/100m = 10 dB

Solve the followings:

(i) Power at the input of the antenna assuming a matched load in Watt and
dBW.

Pt = 10 W = 10 dBW (0.5 mark)

Attenuation in 50 meters line = 5 dB (0.5 mark)

Therefore, Pin = 10 – 5 dB = 5 dBW (1 mark)

= 3.16 W (1 mark)

Total: 3 marks

(ii) Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of the transmitter in dBW.

EIRP = Pin + Gt (1 mark)

= 5 dBW + 16 dB

= 21 dBW (1 mark)

Total: 2 marks

(iii) Free space loss in dB.

 3 × 108 (0.5 mark)
= = 0.25 𝑚
1.2 𝐺𝐻𝑧
4𝜋𝑟
𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )

4 × 𝜋 × 150000 (0.5 mark)
= 20 log
0.25
= 𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝒅𝑩 (1 mark)

Total: 2 marks

(iv) Power density at the received antenna.

𝑃𝑖𝑛 ∙ 𝐺𝑝 (0.5 mark)

𝑃𝑑,𝑅1 =
4𝜋𝑅12

3.16 × 39.8 (0.5 mark)

=
4 × 𝜋 × 1500002

= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 𝒏𝑾/𝒎𝟐 (1 mark)

Total: 2 marks

(v) Power received at the receiving antenna in Watt and dBW. Assume no other
losses.

𝑃𝑅 = 𝑃𝑇 + 𝐺𝑇 + 𝐺𝑅 − 𝐹𝑆𝐿 − 𝐿𝑡 (0.5 mark)

− 𝐿𝑟
= 5 + 16 + 16 − 137.5 − 5 (0.5 mark)
= −100.5 𝑑𝐵𝑊 (1 mark)
= 𝟖𝟗. 𝟏 𝒑𝑾 (1 mark)

Total: 3 marks
Q4 (a) At high frequency, a transmission line appears as a distributed low-pass filter to
any driving generator.

(i) Draw a lumped element model of a distributed line.

(2 marks)

(ii) Produce a simplified equivalent circuit from the lumped element model.
(2 marks)

(iii) Express the relation of the characteristic impedance, Zo of the line in terms
of the lumped components in the simplified equivalent circuit.
(1 mark)

(b) The three basic path that a radio signal can take through space are the ground wave,
sky wave and space wave.

(i) Discuss the nature of ground wave that enables the radio signal to be
transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver with the help of a simple
diagram.
(3 marks)

(ii) Ground wave propagation is insignificant above 3 MHz as the earth begins
to attenuate the radio signals. Based on your understanding, explain this
limitation of ground wave.
(2 marks)

(a) At high frequencies, a transmission line appears as a distributed low-pass filter to any
driving generator.

(i) Draw a lumped element model of a distributed line.

(2 marks)

(ii) Produce a simplified equivalent circuit from the lumped element model.
 (2 marks)

(iii) Express the relation of the characteristic impedance, Zo of the line in terms
of the lumped components in the simplified equivalent circuit.

L
 Zo   because at high frequencies, the inductance and
C
capacitance dominate.

(1 mark)

(b) The three basic path that a radio signal can take through space are the ground wave,
sky wave and space wave

(i) Discuss the nature of ground wave that enables the radio signal to be
transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver.

 Ground or surface waves leave an antenna and remain close to

the earth, following the curvature of the earth and therefore can
travel at distances beyond the horizon.
 Ground waves must have vertical polarization to be propagated
from an antenna as horizontally polarized waves are absorbed
or shorted to the earth.
 (3 marks)

(ii) Ground wave propagation is insignificant above 3 MHz as the earth begins
to attenuate the radio signals. Based on your understanding, explain this
limitation of ground wave.

 At frequencies beyond 3 MHz, objects on the earth and features

of the terrain become THE SAME ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
IN SIZE AS THE WAVELENGTH OF THE SIGNAL and thus,
absorb or adversely affect the signal.
(2 marks)

Q9 (a) A transmitting antenna has a radiation resistance of 72 Ω, an effective resistance

of 8 Ω, a directive gain of 25 and an input power of 100 W. Calculate:

Re = 8
Rrad = 72

Gd = 25

Pin = 100 W
Rrad

(i) Antenna efficiency

𝑅𝑟
𝜂= × 100%
𝑅𝑟 + 𝑅𝑒
72
= × 100% = 𝟗𝟎%
72 + 8
(2 marks)
(ii) Absolute antenna gain

𝐺𝑃 = 𝜂𝐷 = 0.9 × 25 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓
(2 marks)
(iii) Radiated power in Watt

𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜂𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 0.9 × 100 = 𝟗𝟎 𝑾

(2 marks)