FOR TRANSMISSION
GUIDELINES LINEMODELING
M. C. Tavares ' J. Pissolato
IEEE Member IEEE Member
Slo Carlos Engineering School - UNlCAMP - State University of
USP Campinas
cristina@sel.eesc.sc.usp.br pisso@dt.fee.unicamp.br
BRAZIL
' - Rua Paul0 Fragoso Coimbra, 392; Sb Carlos - SP; Zip code : 13562-340;phone : +16 2739363; fax :+16 2739372 (author contact)
Abstract - This paper presents some guidelines for verifying the
accuracy of a frequency dependent transmission line model in a
time domain simulation program, such as EMTP.
The guidelines are described for our quasi-mode
transmission line model, which is applied to an actual 440 kV
single three-phase transmission line model, using ATP.
Keywords : Transmission line model; mode domain;
electromagnetic transients, EMTP.
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the main difficulties when dealing with transient
simulation studies in a time domain digital simulator
program, such as EMTP [l], is the correct representation of
transmission lines. The EMTP works in the time domain
and the network elements are generally represented by their
phase quantities. Nevertheless, the transmission line
parameters, namely the longitudinal parameters, are function
of the line length and the per unit parameters vary with
fiequency .
The former can be well represented through the hyperbolic
function in the distributed parameter model or through n-
circuits. To model the fiequency dependence it is more
complex, because the impedance matrix varies with
frequency. As a program like EMTP works in time domain,
the fiequency dependence of an element is not a straight
model.
Some currently applied line models, which intend to
represent the fiequency dependence of line parameters, have
shown some inaccuracies. According to foreseen
0 1999 IEEE
0-7803-5569-5/99/$10.00
C. M. Portela
IEEE Senior Member
COPPE - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
portela@coep.ufij.br
applications, such inaccuracies may be important. There is a
need for simple and robust guidelines and test methods to
validate line models for transient studies.
The main purpose of the paper is to present basic
conditions which a generic line model must attend and a
simple procedure to veri@ such compliance.
An application of proposed guidelines and validation
procedure is presented, considering our quasi-mode
transmission line model [2-51, for an actual single three-
phase 440 kV transmission line.
11. LONGITUDINAL
PARAMETEM
A preliminary aspect to look at is the per unit length line
parameters. The most delicate point is the fiequency
dependence of line parameters, for which a simple
verification procedure for eventual important mistakes or
errors is presented below. If propagation characteristics of
line are considered through modules corresponding to
propagation modes or similar concepts, the per unit length
line parameters of each "mode" must be compared with the
"exact" (apart errors of per unit parameters of line) mode
parameters obtained through trivial manipulation of
eigenvalues and eigenvectors, in frequency domain.
In Fig. 1 the data of the single three-phase transmission
line used in our tests are presented.
Figure 1 - Schematic representation of the 440 kV three-phase
line
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 These tests should be realized supposing the line ideally
transposed, with transposition sections short when compared
to a quarter wave length, and non-transposed line, because
the line parameters should have coherent performance. The
longitudinal parameters calculated with the line model to be
verified, in the present paper the quasi-modes model, are
compared with the parameters calculated with the exact
eigenvectordeigenvalues,in frequency domain, as shown in
Figs. 1-2, for non-transposed lines.
Non-tranrposed line
eventual anomalous behavior of the line model. For an
ideally transposed line there are only two distinct modes, a
equal p, and zero. For the non-transposed line there should
be three different modes, the homopolar mode, something
similar to the alpha mode (from Clarke transformation [6])
and the beta mode (also similar to Clarke transformation)
PI.
In Fig. 4 it is shown a three-phase transmission line with
the ground wire already reduced.
0 0 0
1 / I

///

Figure 4 - Schematic representation of a single three-phase line

In phase domain
--= aU 2.i (1) and - - =aiy . u (2)
ax ax
The impedance matrix, in phase components, is :

10' 10'
frequency [Hz]
10'

Figure 2 - Per unit resistance - Non-transposed line - Exact X

Quasi-mode model
10'
A D D
Z = D B F
[. .i
Due to the vertical symmetry axis, Clarke's
transformation can be applied and the currents in the
( 3)

conductors are divided as shown in Fig. 5, for each

component :
O
I..*."
4/42 0 +U42 -U46 Z46 -IN6 lhl3 lhl3 lhl3
.......9YMd.z.n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.-...__.
-.-_ 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
...

- 7 7 1 1 -
-parmts -poncnta component0

Figure 5 - Current in the conductors, for Clarke's components, in

rationalized form
The transformation matrix is
2/& -l/& -l/&
Tcl=[ 0 l / f i -1/&] (4)
Figure 3 - Per unit inductance - Non-transposed line - Exact X l/& 1/& l/&
Quasi-mode model
Applying this matrix to current in phase it becomes:
It can be verified that the analyzed model parameters were
properly calculated and represent correctly the frequency
dependence, once they agree with the parameters calculated
with the exact eigenvector/eigenvalues.The results were also
good for the transposed line.
Another point to attain is to analyze the longitudinal
and
E] = Tcl.

iabc = T ~ . i up0
~ - ~
[] IC
(5)

( 6)
parameters of the line, supposing it transposed and non- Using these equations in (1)
transposed. This is a process to verify the coherence of the
line model using the same per unit parameters, and detecting

787

and the same for the admittance matrix results in :
Yogo = TcI .Y . Tc1-l
Applying (9)in (3) it becomes :
The homopolar mode for transposed and non-
transposed lines are similar.
In Figs 6 and 7 it is shown the resistance and inductance
per unit length for the transposed and non-transposed lines,
in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 1 MHz, for the quasi-
modes model. For the homopolar mode the similitude is very
( 10) high. For the others modes the transposed line result is an
average value, when compared with the non-transposed
result. As explained before, the two modes are equal for
transposed lines, as presented in the figures.
-
Single three-phase line 440 kV
transposedX non-transposed
101

.-’,./
where
1
lo, .,/’

Z, = -(2A+B-40+F)
- E A +B ) ( 4 0 -F )
- ---
3 3
z~=B-F
J2
zao = z o , = - ( A - B + D - F )
3
1
zo = -(A+2B+40+2F) . . .
( 15) 101 ID, 1W lo. 10’ 1W

- -?A + 2 B ) ( 4 0 + 2 F )
- +
frequency [Hz]
3 3 Figure 6 - Per unit resistance - Transposed X Non-transposed
The similitude of the components impedance alpha and line
beta, for the non-transposed line can be verified from
equations (12)and (13). From eq. (12) it can be seen that the -
Single three-phase line 440 kV
transposed X non-transposed
alpha term is a median of the self term minus the median of
the coupling term. The beta term is composed of the
difference between the self and the coupling term, which are
similar to the median terms of the alpha component.
Therefore, although for non-transposed lines these values are .-_____.
-.
not equal, they are similar, and these can be used to evaluate
the line parameters obtained from the program. .
._._
For the transposed line, the alpha and beta modes are
equal and correspond to a median value when compared to
......
the non-transposed line parameters.
From eq. (15) it can also be verified that the homopolar .......
mode impedance of the transposed line is similar to that of .
...
...
I
1W lo. 10s 10s
the non-transposed line. Again the terms composing the
frequency [Hz]
non-transposed term can be divided into parcels of median of
self terms and coupling terms, which are similar to the Figure 7 - Per unit inductance - Transposed X Non-transposed
transposed line impedance. line
Therefore it should be verified if:
As pointed out above, a point to look at very carehlly is if
e For the transposed line the alpha and beta modes are the formulae for the frequency dependence of the
equal; longitudinal parameters have been properly implemented in
For non-transposed lines the alpha and beta modes the line program. Even though the transposed and non-
are not equal, but similar; transposed per unit parameter may be coherent, they both are
e The modes alpha and beta of the transposed line are a calculated with the same formulae, which can be incorrect.
median compared with the non-transposed line To verify the formulae the per unit longitudinal parameters
modes; can be compared with the ones obtained with the line

788
parameters calculated using an approximated formula, Dlon = 2h'k
which include the earth effect in longitudinal impedance as Dlan = rk
equivalent to having an ideal ground surface at a depth D' and
(complex) below physical ground surface [7]. The latter is an z,t = Rult + i x,,
approximation, which can result in a 10% error for the where
higher frequencies. Rult - internal conductor resistance
The transmission line longitudinal parameters can be Xk, - internal conductor reactance
represented by : In Figs. 9-10 the per unit longitudinal parameters for the
Z k m = ztm, k,m = 1,2, ..., n ( 16) non-transposed line using both formulae are presented.
where :
ZI, - longitudinal impedance matrix element, per unit -
Single three-phase line 440 kV
length; Non transposed line

n -total number of conductors

and
zo= Zh, + z,, ( 17)
where
Z i t - conductor internal impedance
, - conductor external impedance
,Z
and
,2 q 0
= i-ln-,k,m Dkm
=1,2 ,...,n
2n dkm 1o i I I I I
10' IO' 10' IO' 100 10'
where frequency [Hz]
4, e d h are defined schematically in Fig. 8, being
1 Figure 9 - Per unit resistance - Carson X Complex distance
D'= -d formulae

-
Single threephase line 440 kV
Non tansmsedline

-
///

D'= 1
JM
-
//,
1ideal ground
t
1 1 zz:::
I

10' 10' 10' 10' IO' 10'

frequency [Hz]

Figure 10 - Per unit inductance - Carson X Complex distance

h'k
Figure 8 - Conductors k and
complex depth D'
For the self terms (k = m)
h'm formulae
It can be observed in the graphics the small difference
between the -curves, pointing to an accuracy in the
implementation of Carson formulae in the quasi-mode
program.
111. TRANSIENT
BEHAVIOR
position supposing the earth at a After applying the tests presented in the previous section,
which analyzed the correct calculation of the per unit
longitudinal parameters, considering its fiequency

7 89
 0 the response for alpha input was similar for both lines,

the same happening with the beta input;

0 the response for modes alpha and beta had very similar

results for transposed and non-transposed lines;

0 the homopolar (zero) mode had equal results due to

model simplification [3].

Comparingmodes a acdp
Quasi-modes
Non transposed line

-1.51 ' . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' *
0 20 40 60 BO 100

time (ms)

Figure 13 - Step response for mode 01 and p - Quasi-mode model

- Non-transposed line - Reception end
mode phase voltage (V)
alpha a - 0.5
b (central) 1.0
C - 0.5
beta a 1.o
b 0
C - 1.0
zero a 1.0
b 1.o 2 5 4 5

time (ms)
C 1.0

The mode behavior should be coherent with the analysis -

Figure 14 Step response for zero mode - Reception end
performed before.
In Figs. 12 to 14 some results of the mode analysis are -
5.2 Frequency Analysis
presented. A frequency scan analysis is also an important test to be
r I
carried out. An exact calculation, concerning the aspects
compared in the paper, was also realized so the models could
NT modesA
as shown in Fig. 15.
model

-1,2L) . 10
' . 20 30 , 40 50 60
time [ms]
-
Figure 12 Step response for mode p for Quasi-mode model - Figure 15 - Zero sequence - Transposed line
Transposed x non-transposed line - Reception end
Analyzing the results it can be seen that the proposed This so called exact calculation was performed by
model had a very coherent result, as detailed below : computing the line quadripole for each frequency in mode

790
domain and obtaining the exact eigenvectors to transform
the mode quantities into phase, for both models where the
sending terminal had a 1 V source and the receiving end was
opened. The relations between the line ends were analyzed
in the range of 10 Hz to 10 kHz.
The results for both lines were similar, and the main
characteristics can be summarized :
0 the positive sequence response was very similar for
quasi-mode model and the exact case.
0 the zero sequence response for quasi-mode model was
almost equal to the exact response.
IV. CONCLUSION
Some currently applied transmission line models, which
intend to represent the fiequency dependence of line
parameters in time domain simulation program, like EMTP,
have shown some inaccuracies. According to predicted
application, such inaccuracies may be important. There is
the need for simple and robust guidelines and test methods
to validate line models for transient studies.
The main purpose of the paper is to present basic
conditions line models must comply with, and a simple
procedure to verify such compliance.
An application of proposed guidelines and validation
procedure is presented, considering our quasi-mode
transmission line model, and a concrete 440 kV transmission
line.
The main aspects of such guidelines are :
- To analyze the per unit longitudinal parameters,
comparing its results with a simplified complex
distance formula;
- To compare the longitudinal parameters obtained with
the program under examination with the exact
eigenvector/eigenvalues,in the fiequency domain.
- To apply alpha, beta and zero steps in one line and
verify the behavior, according to the model under
examination and exact mode theory.
- To do a fiequency scan of line response, for positive
and zero sequence voltage applied to a line terminal.
The proposed methodology has been applied to our model
and to some established models, allowing us to identify some
inaccuracies very promptly.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank the support received fiom FAPESP -
FundaGBo de Amparo A Pesquisa do Estado de SBo Paulo.
VI. REFERENCES
[ 13 H.W. Dommel, “Electromagnetic Transients
Program - Rule Book”, Oregon, 1984.
[2] M.C. Tavares, J. Pissolato and C.M. Portela, “Mode
Domain Multiphase Transmission Line - Use in
79 1
Transient Studies”, paper PE-430-PWRD-0-04-
1998, IEEE Summer Meeting, San Diego, USA,
July, 1998.
M.C. Tavares, J. Pissolato and C.M. Portela, “Quasi-
Modes Multiphase Transmission Line Model”, 2nd -
International Conference on Power Systems
Transients (IPST), pp. 61-66, Seattle, USA, 1997.
M.C. Tavares, J. Pissolato and C.M. Portela, “New
Mode-Domain Representation of Transmission Line
for Power Systems Studies”, 1998 IEEE
International Symposium on Circuits and Systems
(ISCAS’98), vol. 111, pp. 501-504, Monterey,
California, USA, 1998.
M.C. Tavares, J. Pissolato and C.M. Portela, “New
Mode-Domain Multiphase Transmission Line
-
Model Clarke Transformation Evaluation”, 1998
International Conference on Power Systems
Technology (Powercon’98), pp. 860-864, Beijing,
China, 1998.
E. Clarke, “Circuit Analysis of AC Power Systems”,
Volume I, Wiley, New York, 1950.
A. Deri, G. Tevan, A. Semlyen e A. Castanheira,
“The Complex Ground Return Plane, a Simplified
Model for Homogeneous and Multi-layer Earth
Return”, IEEE Trans. PAS, vol. 100, no 8, pp. 3686-
3693, 1981.
A. Semlyen, “Stability Analysis and Stabilizing
Procedure for a Frequency Dependent Line Model”,
IEEE Transactions on PAS, Vol PAS-103, No 12, pp
3579-3586, December 1984.
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Maria C. Tavares Electrical engineering (1984) at UFRJ -Federal
University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, MSc. (1991) at COPPE/UFRJ and D.Sc.
(1998) at Campinas State University, Silo Paulo, Brazil. Worked as consulting
engineering in consulting firms,with power systems analysis, HVDC studies
(developed at ABB Power Systems, Sweden), models development at EMTP
and electrical transmission planning. She developed DESTRO, a graphical
preprocessor for ATP. At present is working as a research professor at S%o
Paulo University. Her main research interests are power system analysis, long
distance transmission and computer application to analysis of power systems
transients.
Jose Pissolato Filho was born in Campinas,SZLo Paulo, Brazil, in 195 I . He
received the PhD. degree in electrical engineering fkom Universitk Paul
Sabatier, France, 1986. Since 1979 he has been with Department of Energy and
Control of Campinas State University, Brazil. His main research interests are in
high voltage engineering, electromagnetic transients and electromagnetic
compatibility.
Carlos M. Portela. Electrical engineering (1958) at IST, UTL Lisbon -
Technical University, Portugal, D.Sc (1963) at IST-UTL. Cathedratic
Professor (fkom 1972) at IST-UTL. Was responsible for Portuguese electrical
network studies and planning and for Portuguese electrical network operation,
and for several other studies and projects in Portugal. Was responsible for some
major studies and projects in Brazil, and some projects in other countries, in
electric power and industry sectors. Presently titular professor of COPPEAJFRJ
(Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), working on research projects in
transmission systems and equipment.