SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

SUBMITTED BY :-

Sarvjeet Mor EEE (Roll No. 4350 , 7th sem)

CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
Training at BTPS 1. Introduction 2. 3. Operation Electrical Maintenance Division-I 4. HT/LT Switch Gear HT/LT Motors, Turbine & Boilers Side CHP/NCHP NTPC Badarpur Thermal Power Station

Electrical Maintenance Division-II Generator Transformer & Switchyard Lighting ESP

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With profound respect and gratitude, I take the opportunity to convey my thanks to complete the training here. I do extend my heartfelt thanks to Ms. Rachna Singh for providing me this opportunity to be a part of this esteemed organisation. I am extremely grateful to all the technical staff of BTPS / NTPC for their cooperation and guidance that has helped me a lot during the course of training. I have learnt a lot working under them and I will always be indebted of them for this value addition in me. I would also like to thank the training incharge and all the faculty members of our college, BRCM, Bahal, for their effort of constant co- operation, which have been a significant factor in the accomplishment of my industrial training.

Sarvjeet Mor
B.Tech (Electrcal&Electronics engg.) BRCMCET , Bahal Bhiwani , Haryana

TRAINING AT BTPS

I was appointed to do 6 weeks training at this esteemed organization from 21 June to 31 July, 2010. 1 was assigned to visit various division of the plant, which were. Electrical Maintenance Department -1 (EMD- 1) Electrical Maintenance Department -2 (EMD- 2) These 55 Days training was a very educational adventure for me. It was really amazing to see the plant by yourself and learn how electricity, which is one of our daily requirements of life, is produced. This report has been made by my experience at BTPS. The material in this report has been gathered from my textbook, senior student reports and trainers manuals and power journals provided by training department. The specification and principles are as learned by me from the employees of each division of BTPS.

INTRODUCTION

ABOUT NTPC
NTPC Limited today is one of the largest companies in India in terms of Market Capitalization and the single largest player in power sector catering to approximately 30% of country's power needs. Set up in 1975 by Government of India, today it is a Navratna PSU with a strong workforce of 24,447 power professionals and an annual turnover of Rs.28, 750.7 Crores. The Company has 14 coal based and 7 gas based power plants across India with a total installed capacity of 26,404 MW. Several new projects are underway as the company has ambitious plans of achieving 75,000 MW installed capacity by 2017. NTPC is providing power at the cheapest average tariff in the country. With its experience and expertise in the power sector, NTPC is extending consultancy services to various organizations in the power business. NTPC has entered into a joint venture with Alstom, Germany for renovation and modernization of power plants in India.

NTPC is committed to the environment, generating power at minimal environmental cost and preserving the ecology in the vicinity of the plants. It has undertaken massive afforestation in the vicinity of its plants. Plantations have increased forest area and reduced barren land. The massive afforestation by NTPC in and around its

Ramagundam Power station (2100 MW) have contributed reducing the temperature in the areas by about 3c. NTPC has also taken proactive steps for ash utilization. In 1991, it set up Ash Utilization Division to manage efficient use of the ash produced at its coal stations. This quality of ash produced is ideal for use in cement, concrete, cellular concrete, building material. A "Centre for Power Efficiency and Environment Protection (CENPEEP)" has been established in NTPC with the assistance of United States Agency for International Development. (USAID). Cenpeep is an efficiency oriented, Eco-friendly and Econurturing initiative - a symbol of NTPC's concern towards environmental protection and continued commitment to sustainable power development in India. As a responsible corporate citizen, NTPC is making constant efforts to improve the socio-economic status of the people affected by the its projects. Through it's Rehabilitation and Resettlement programmes, the company endeavors to improve the overall socioeconomic status of Project Affected Persons. It was among the first Public Sector Enterprises to enter into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Government in 1987-88.

POWER PLANT OPERATIONS

Recognizing its excellent performance and vast potential, Government of the India has identified NTPC as one of the jewels of Public Sector 'Navratnas'- a potential global giant. Inspired by its glorious past and vibrant present, NTPC is well on its way to realize its vision of being "one of the world's largest and best power utilities, powering Indias growth". The operating performance of NTPC has been considerably above the national average. The availability factor for coal stations has increased from 83.34 % in 1992-93 to 89.09 % in 2001-02, which compares favorably with international standards. The PLF has increased from 70% in 1992-93 to 81.1% during the year 2001-02. However, for regions other than Eastern Region, which has power evacuation constraints due to low system demand, a PLF of 86.5% was achieved during this year. Over last nine years, employee productivity has increased almost doubled as measured by the ratio of turnover to number of employees. Description Installed capacity 92-93 2001-02 % of increase 13,054 20,092 53.91 1,33,19 Generation MUs 66,113 101.46 0 No. of employees No. 21,797 23,988 7 Generation/employee MUs 3.55 6.11 72.11 Turnover/employee Rs. Lakh 24.07 89.46 371.67 It may be seen from the table above that while the installed capacity has increased by 53.91% in the last nine years, the employee strength went up by only 10.05%. The table below shows the detailed operational performance of coal based stations over the years. Unit MW

ABOUT BTPS

Badarpur thermal power station started working in 1973 with a single 95 mw unit. There were 2 more units (95 MW each) installed in next 2 consecutive years. Now it has total five units with total capacity of 720 MW. Ownership of BTPS was transferred to NTPC with effect from 01.06.2006 through GOIs Gazette Notification .Given below are the details of unit with the year they are installed. Address: Telephone: Fax: Installed Capacity Derated Capacity Location Coal Source Water Source Beneficiary States Unit Sizes Units Commissioned Badarpur, New Delhi 110 044 (STD-011) - 26949523 26949532 720 MW 705 MW New Delhi Jharia Coal Fields Agra Canal Delhi 3X95 MW 2X210 MW Unit I- 95 MW - July 1973 Unit II- 95 MW August 1974 Unit III- 95 MW March 1975 Unit IV - 210 MW December 1978 Unit V - 210 MW - December 1981

OPERATION

ELECTRICITY FROM COAL

Coal from the coal wagons is unloaded with the help of wagon tipplers in the C.H.P. this coal is taken to the raw coal bunkers with the help of conveyor belts. Coal is then transported to bowl mills by coal feeders where it is pulverized and ground in the powered form. This crushed coal is taken away to the furnace through coal pipes with the help of hot and cold mixture P.A fan. This fan takes atmospheric air, a part of which is sent to pre heaters while a part goes to the mill for temperature control. Atmospheric air from F.D fan in the air heaters and sent to the furnace as combustion air. Water from boiler feed pump passes through economizer and reaches the boiler drum . Water from the drum passes through the down comers and goes to the bottom ring header. Water from the bottom ring header is divided to all the four sides of the furnace. Due to heat density difference the water rises up in the water wall tubes. This steam and water mixture is again taken to the boiler drum where the steam is sent to super heaters for super heating. The super heaters are located inside the furnace and the steam is super heated (540 degree Celsius) and finally it goes to the turbine. Fuel gases from the furnace are extracted from the induced draft fan, which maintains balance draft in the furnace with F.D fan. These fuel gases heat energy to the various super heaters and finally through air pre heaters and goes to electrostatic precipitators where the ash particles are extracted. This ash is mixed with the water to from slurry is pumped to ash period. The steam from boiler is conveyed to turbine through the steam pipes and through stop valve and control valve that automatically regulate the supply of steam to the turbine. Stop valves and controls valves are located in steam chest and governor driven from main turbine shaft operates the control valves the amount used.

Steam from controlled valves enter high pressure cylinder of turbines, where it passes through the ring of blades fixed to the cylinder wall. These act as nozzles and direct the steam into a second ring of moving blades mounted on the disc secured in the turbine shaft. The second ring turns the shaft as a result of force of steam. The stationary and moving blades together.

MAIN GENERATOR

Maximum continuous KVA rating Maximum continuous KW Rated terminal voltage Rated Stator current Rated Power Factor Excitation current at MCR Condition Slip-ring Voltage at MCR Condition Rated Speed Rated Frequency Short circuit ratio Efficiency at MCR Condition Direction of rotation viewed Phase Connection Number of terminals brought out

24700KVA 210000KW 15750V 9050 A 0.85 lag 2600 A 310 V 3000 rpm 50 Hz 0.49 98.4% Anti Clockwise Double Star 9( 6 neutral and 3 phase)

MAIN TURBINE DATA

Rated output of Turbine Rated speed of turbine Rated pressure of steam before emergency Stop valve rated live steam temperature Rated steam temperature after reheat at inlet to

210 MW 3000 rpm 130 kg/cm^2 535 degree Celsius 535 degree Celsius

receptor valve Steam flow at valve wide open condition 670 tons/hour Rated quantity of circulating water through 27000 cm/hour condenser 1. For cooling water temperature (degree Celsius) 24,27,30,33 1.Reheated steam pressure at inlet of interceptor 23,99,24,21,24,49,24.82 valve in kg/cm^2 ABS 2.Steam flow required for 210 MW in ton/hour 68,645,652,662 3.Rated pressure at exhaust of LP turbine in mm of 19.9,55.5,65.4,67.7 Hg

THERMAL POWER PLANT

A Thermal Power Station comprises all of the equipment and a subsystem required to produce electricity by using a steam generating boiler fired with fossil fuels or befouls to drive an electrical generator. Some prefer to use the term ENERGY CENTER because such facilities convert forms of energy, like nuclear energy, gravitational potential energy or heat energy (derived from the combustion

of fuel) into electrical energy. However, POWER PLANT is the most common term in the united state; While POWER STATION prevails in many Commonwealth countries and especially in the United Kingdom. Such power stations are most usually constructed on a very large scale and designed for continuous operation. Typical diagram of a coal fired thermal power station 1. Cooling water pump 2. Three-phase transmission line 3. Step up transformer 4. Electrical Generator 5. Low pressure steam 6. Boiler feed water pump 7. Surface condenser 8. Intermediate pressure steam turbine 9. Steam control valve 10. High pressure steam turbine 11. Deaerator Feed water heater 12. Coal conveyor 13. Coal hopper 14. Coal pulverizer 15. boiler steam drum 16. Bottom ash hoper 17. Super heater 18. Forced draught(draft) fan 19. Reheater 20. Combustion air intake 21. Economizer 22. Air preheater 23. Precipitator 24. Induced draught(draft) fan 25. Fuel gas stack

EMD I
Electrical Maintenance division I

I was assigned to do training in Electrical maintenance division I for three weeks. This three week - training in this division were divided as follows.

HT/LT switchgear HT/LT Motors, Turbine &Boiler side CHP/NCHP Electrical

Electrical maintenance division 1

It is responsible for maintenance of: 1. 2. Boiler side motors Turbine side motors

3. 4.

Outside motors Switchgear

1. Boiler side motors:

For 1, units 1, 2, 3

1.1D Fans 2.F.D Fans 3.P.A.Fans 4.Mill Fans 5.Ball mill fans 6.RC feeders 7.Slag Crushers 8.DM Make up Pump 9.PC Feeders 10.Worm Conveyor 11.Furnikets

2 in no. 2 in no. 2 in no. 3 in no. 3 in no. 3 in no. 5 in no. 2 in no. 4 in no. 1 in no. 4 in no.

For stage units 1, 2, 3

1.I.D Fans 2.F.D Fans 3.P.A Fans 4.Bowl Mills 5.R.C Feeders 6.Clinker Grinder 7.Scrapper 8.Seal Air Fans

2 in no. 2 in no. 2 in no. 6 in no. 6 in no. 2 in no. 2 in no. 2 in no.

9.Hydrazine and Phosphorous Dozing

2 in no.

2/3 in no.

1. COAL HANDLING PLANT (C.H.P)

2. NEW COAL HANDLING PLANT (N.C.H.P) The old coal handling plant caters to the need of units 2,3,4,5 and 1 whereas the latter supplies coal to units 4 and V.O.C.H.P. supplies coal to second and third stages in the advent coal to usable form to (crushed) form its raw form and send it to bunkers, from where it is send to furnace.

Major Components
1. Wagon Tippler: - Wagons from the coal yard come to the tippler and are emptied here. The process is performed by a slip ring motor of rating: 55 KW, 415V, 1480 RPM. This motor turns the wagon by 135 degrees and coal falls directly on the conveyor through vibrators. Tippler has raised lower system which enables is to switch off motor when required till is wagon back to its original position. It is titled by weight balancing principle. The motor lowers the hanging balancing weights, which in turn tilts the conveyor. Estimate of the weight of the conveyor is made through hydraulic weighing machine.

2. Conveyor: - There are 14 conveyors in the plant. They are numbered so that their
function can be easily demarcated. Conveyors are made of rubber and more with a speed of 250-300m/min. Motors employed for conveyors has a capacity of 150 HP. Conveyors have

a capacity of carrying coal at the rate of 400 tons per hour. Few conveyors are double belt, this is done for imp. Conveyors so that if a belt develops any problem the process is not stalled. The conveyor belt has a switch after every 25-30 m on both sides so stop the belt in case of emergency. The conveyors are 1m wide, 3 cm thick and made of chemically treated vulcanized rubber. The max angular elevation of conveyor is designed such as never to exceed half of the angle of response and comes out to be around 20 degrees.

3. Zero Speed Switch:-It is safety device for motors, i.e., if belt is not moving and the
motor is on the motor may burn. So to protect this switch checks the speed of the belt and switches off the motor when speed is zero.

4. Metal Separators: - As the belt takes coal to the crusher, No metal pieces should
go along with coal. To achieve this objective, we use metal separators. When coal is dropped to the crusher hoots, the separator drops metal pieces ahead of coal. It has a magnet and a belt and the belt is moving, the pieces are thrown away. The capacity of this device is around 50 kg. .The CHP is supposed to transfer 600 tons of coal/hr, but practically only 300-400 tons coal is transfer

5. Crusher: - Both the plants use TATA crushers powered by BHEL. Motors. The
crusher is of ring type and motor ratings are 400 HP, 606 KV. Crusher is designed to crush the pieces to 20 mm size i.e. practically considered as the optimum size of transfer via conveyor. 6. Rotatory Breaker: - OCHP employs mesh type of filters and allows particles of 20mm size to go directly to RC bunker, larger particles are sent to crushes. This leads to frequent clogging. NCHP uses a technique that crushes the larger of harder substance like metal impurities easing the load on the magnetic separators.

MILLING SYSTEM
1. RC Bunker: - Raw coal is fed directly to these bunkers. These are 3 in no. per boiler. 4 & tons of coal are fed in 1 hr. the depth of bunkers is 10m.

2. RC Feeder: - It transports pre crust coal from raw coal bunker to mill. The quantity of raw coal fed in mill can be controlled by speed control of aviator drive controlling damper and aviator change. 3. Ball Mill: - The ball mill crushes the raw coal to a certain height and then allows it to fall down. Due to impact of ball on coal and attraction as per the particles move over each other as well as over the Armor lines, the coal gets crushed. Large particles are broken by impact and full grinding is done by attraction. The Drying and grinding option takes place simultaneously inside the mill. 4. Classifier:- It is an equipment which serves separation of fine pulverized coal particles medium from coarse medium. The pulverized coal along with the carrying medium strikes the impact plate through the lower part. Large particles are then transferred to the ball mill. 5. Cyclone Separators: - It separates the pulverized coal from carrying medium. The mixture of pulverized coal vapour caters the cyclone separators. 6. The Tturniket: - It serves to transport pulverized coal from cyclone separators to pulverized coal bunker or to worm conveyors. There are 4 turnikets per boiler. 7. Worm Conveyor: - It is equipment used to distribute the pulverized coal from bunker of one system to bunker of other system. It can be operated in both directions.

8. Mills Fans: - It is of 3 types: Six in all and are running condition all the time. (a) ID Fans: - Located between electrostatic precipitator and chimney. Type-radical Speed-1490 rpm Rating-300 KW

Voltage-6.6 KV Lubrication-by oil (b) FD Fans: - Designed to handle secondary air for boiler. 2 in number and provide ignition of coal. Type-axial Speed-990 rpm Rating-440 KW Voltage-6.6 KV (c)Primary Air Fans: - Designed for handling the atmospheric air up to 50 degrees Celsius, 2 in number And they transfer the powered coal to burners to firing. Type-Double suction radial Rating-300 KW Voltage-6.6 KV Lubrication-by oil Type of operation-continuous 9. Bowl Mill: - One of the most advanced designs of coal pulverizes presently manufactured. Motor specification squirrel cage induction motor Rating-340 KW Voltage-6600KV Curreen-41.7A Speed-980 rpm Frequency-50 Hz No-load current-15-16 A

NCHP
1. Wagon Tippler:-

Motor Specification (i) H.P (ii) Voltage (iii) Speed (iv) Frequency (v) Current rating 2. 75 HP 415, 3 phase 1480 rpm 50 Hz 102 A

Coal feed to plant:-

Feeder motor specification (i) Horse power (ii) Voltage (iii) Speed (iv) Frequency 15 HP 415V,3 phase 1480 rpm 50 Hz

3. Conveyors:10A, 10B 11A, 11B 12A, 12B 13A, 13B 14A, 14B 15A, 15B 16A, 16B

17A, 17B 18A, 18B 4. Transfer Point 6 5. Breaker House 6. Rejection House 7. Reclaim House 8. Transfer Point 7 9. Crusher House 10. Exit The coal arrives in wagons via railways and is tippled by the wagon tipplers into the hoppers. If coal is oversized (>400 mm sq) then it is broken manually so that it passes the hopper mesh. From the hopper mesh it is taken to the transfer point TP6 by conveyor 12A , 12B which takes the coal to the breaker house , which renders the coal size to be 100mm sq. the stones which are not able to pass through the 100mm sq of hammer are rejected via conveyors 18A,18B to the rejection house . Extra coal is to sent to the reclaim hopper via conveyor 16. From breaker house coal is taken to the TP7 via Conveyor 13A, 13B. Conveyor 17A, 17B also supplies coal from reclaim hopper, From TP7 coal is taken by conveyors 14A, 14B to crusher house whose function is to render the size of coal to 20mm sq. now the conveyor labors are present whose function is to recognize and remove any stones moving in the conveyors . In crusher before it enters the crusher. After being crushed, if any metal is still present it is taken care of by metal detectors employed in conveyor 10. SWITCH GEAR-

It makes or breaks an electrical circuit. 1. Isolation: - A device which breaks an electrical circuit when circuit

is switched on to no load. Isolation is normally used in various ways for purpose of isolating a certain portion when required for maintenance. 2. Switching Isolation: - It is capable of doing things like interrupting transformer magnetized current, interrupting line charging current and even perform load transfer switching. The main application of switching isolation is in connection with transformer feeders as unit makes it possible to switch out one transformer while other is still on load. 3. Circuit Breakers: - One which can make or break the circuit on load and even on faults is referred to as circuit breakers. This equipment is the most important and is heavy duty equipment mainly utilized for protection of various circuits and operations on load. Normally circuit breakers installed are accompanied by isolators 4. Load Break Switches: - These are those interrupting devices which can make or break circuits. These are normally on same circuit, which are backed by circuit breakers. 5. Earth Switches: - Devices which are used normally to earth a particular system, to avoid any accident happening due to induction on account of live adjoining circuits. These equipments do not handle any appreciable current at all. Apart from this equipment there are a number of relays etc. which are used in switchgear.

LT Switchgear
It is classified in following ways:-

1. Main Switch:- Main switch is control equipment which controls or disconnects the main supply. The main switch for 3 phase supply is available for tha range 32A, 63A, 100A, 200Q, 300A at 500V grade. 2. Fuses: - With Avery high generating capacity of the modern power stations extremely heavy carnets would flow in the fault and the fuse clearing the fault would be required to withstand extremely heavy stress in process. It is used for supplying power to auxiliaries with backup fuse protection. Rotary switch up to 25A. With fuses, quick break, quick make and double break switch fuses for 63A and 100A, switch fuses for 200A, 400A, 600A, 800A and 1000A are used.

3. Contractors: - AC Contractors are 3 poles suitable for D.O.L Starting of motors and protecting the connected motors. 4. Overload Relay: - For overload protection, thermal over relay are best suited for this purpose. They operate due to the action of heat generated by passage of current through relay element. 5. Air Circuit Breakers: - It is seen that use of oil in circuit breaker may cause a fire. So in all circuits breakers at large capacity air at high pressure is used which is maximum at the time of quick tripping of contacts. This reduces the possibility of sparking. The pressure may vary from 50-60 kg/cm^2 for high and medium capacity circuit breakers.

HT SWITCH GEAR:1. Minimum oil Circuit Breaker: - These use oil as quenching medium. It comprises of simple dead tank row pursuing projection from it. The moving contracts are carried on an iron arm lifted by a long insulating tension rod and are closed simultaneously pneumatic

operating mechanism by means of tensions but throw off spring to be provided at mouth of the control the main current within the controlled device. Type-HKH 12/1000c Rated Voltage-66 KV Normal Current-1250A Frequency-5Hz Breaking Capacity-3.4+KA Symmetrical 3.4+KA Asymmetrical 360 MVA Symmetrical Operating Coils-CC 220 V/DC FC 220V/DC Motor Voltage-220 V/DC

2. Air Circuit Breaker: - In this the compressed air pressure around 15 kg per cm^2 is used for extinction of arc caused by flow of air around the moving circuit . The breaker is closed by applying pressure at lower opening and opened by applying pressure at upper opening. When contacts operate, the cold air rushes around the movable contacts and blown the arc. It has the following advantages over OCB:i. ii. iii. iv. Fire hazard due to oil are eliminated. Operation takes place quickly. There is less burning of contacts since the duration is short and consistent. Facility for frequent operation since the cooling medium is replaced constantly.

Rated Voltage-6.6 KV Current-630 A Auxiliary current-220 V/DC

3. SF6 Circuit Breaker: - This type of circuit breaker is of construction to dead tank bulk oil to circuit breaker but the principle of current interruption is similar o that of air blast circuit breaker. It simply employs the arc extinguishing medium namely SF6. the performance of gas . When it is broken down under an electrical stress. It will quickly reconstitute itself Circuit Breakers-HPA Standard-1 EC 56 Rated Voltage-12 KV Insulation Level-28/75 KV Rated Frequency-50 Hz Breaking Current-40 KA Rated Current-1600 A Making Capacity-110 KA Rated Short Time Current 1/3s -40 A Mass Approximation-185 KG Auxiliary Voltage Closing Coil-220 V/DC Opening Coil-220 V/DC Motor-220 V/DC SF6 Pressure at 20 Degree Celsius-0.25 KG SF6 Gas Per pole-0.25 KG

4. Vacuum Circuit Breaker: - It works on the principle that vacuum is used to save the purpose of insulation and it implies that pr. Of gas at which breakdown voltage independent of pressure. It regards of insulation and strength, vacuum is superior dielectric

medium and is better that all other medium except air and sulphur which are generally used at high pressure. Rated frequency-50 Hz Rated making Current-10 Peak KA Rated Voltage-12 KV Supply Voltage Closing-220 V/DC Rated Current-1250 A Supply Voltage Tripping-220 V/DC Insulation Level-IMP 75 KVP Rated Short Time Current-40 KA (3 SEC) Weight of Breaker-8 KG

EMD II
Electrical Maintenance division II
I was assigned to do training in Electrical maintenance division II for two weeks. This two week of training in this division were divided as follows.

Generator & Transformer Switchyard

Lightning EP

G e n e r a t o r a n d A u x ilia r ie s

G e n e r a t o r F u n dFa umn e n tm ls n t a ls da a e

The transformation of mechanical energy into electrical energy is carried out by the Generator. This Chapter seeks to provide basic understanding about the working principles and development of Generator.

Working Principle
The A.C. Generator or alternator is based upon the principle of electromagnetic induction and consists generally of a stationary part called stator and a rotating part

called rotor. The stator housed the armature windings. The rotor houses the field windings. D.C. voltage is applied to the field windings through slip rings. When the rotor is rotated, the lines of magnetic flux (viz magnetic field) cut through the stator windings. This induces an electromagnetic force (e.m.f.) in the stator windings. The magnitude of this e.m.f. is given by the following expression. E 0 F N F Where P n = = = = = = = 4.44 /O FN volts Strength of magnetic field in Webers. Frequency in cycles per second or Hertz. Number of turns in a coil of stator winding Frequency = Pn/120 Number of poles revolutions per second of rotor.

Generator component
This Chapter deals with the two main components of the Generator viz. Rotor, its winding & balancing and stator, its frame, core & windings.

Rotor
The electrical rotor is the most difficult part of the generator to design. It revolves in most modern generators at a speed of 3,000 revolutions per minute. The problem of guaranteeing the dynamic strength and operating stability of such a rotor is complicated by the fact that a massive non-uniform shaft subjected to a multiplicity of differential stresses must operate in oil lubricated sleeve bearings supported by a structure mounted on foundations all of which possess complex dynamic be behavior peculiar to themselves. It is also an electromagnet and to give it the necessary magnetic strength the windings must carry a fairly high current. The passage of the current through the windings generates heat but the temperature must not be allowed to become so high, otherwise difficulties will be experienced with insulation. To keep the temperature down, the cross section of the conductor could not be increased but this would introduce another problems. In order to make room for the large conductors, body and this would cause mechanical weakness. The problem is really to get the maximum amount of copper into the windings without reducing the mechanical strength. With good design and great care in construction this can be achieved. The rotor is a cast steel ingot, and it is further forged and machined. Very often a hole is bored through the centre of the rotor axially from one end of the other for inspection. Slots are then machined for windings and ventilation. Rotor winding Silver bearing copper is used for the winding with mica as the insulation between conductors. A mechanically strong insulator such as micanite is used for lining the slots. Later designs of windings for large rotor incorporate combination of hollow

conductors with slots or holes arranged to provide for circulation of the cooling gas through the actual conductors. When rotating at high speed. Centrifugal force tries to lift the windings out of the slots and they are contained by wedges. The end rings are secured to a turned recess in the rotor body, by shrinking or screwing and supported at the other end by fittings carried by the rotor body. The two ends of windings are

connected to slip rings, usually made of forged steel, and mounted on insulated sleeves.

Rotor balancing
When completed the rotor must be tested for mechanical balance, which means that a check is made to see if it will run up to normal would have to be uniform about its central axis speed and without it is vibration. To do this it unlikely that this most

will be so to the degree necessary for perfect balance. Arrangements are therefore made in all designs to fix adjustable balance weights around the circumference at each end.

Stator

Stator frame: The stator is the heaviest load to be transported. The major part of this load is the stator core. This comprises an inner frame and outer frame. The outer frame is a rigid fabricated structure of welded steel plates, within this shell is a fixed cage of girder built circular and axial ribs. The ribs divide the yoke in the compartments through which hydrogen flows into radial ducts in the stator core and circulate through the gas coolers housed in the frame. The inner cage is usually fixed in to the yoke by an arrangement of springs to dampen the double frequency vibrations inherent in 2 pole generators. The end shields of hydrogen cooled generators must be strong enough to carry shaft seals. In large generators the frame is constructed as two separate parts. The fabricated inner cage is inserted in the outer frame after the stator core has been constructed and the winding completed. Stator core: The stator core is built up from a large

number of 'punching" or sections of thin steel plates. The use of cold rolled grain-oriented steel can contribute to reduction in the weight of stator core for two main reasons: a) There is an increase in core stacking factor with improvement in lamination cold

Rolling and in cold buildings techniques. b) grain-oriented steels of work the stator core at comparatively high magnetic saturation without fear or excessive iron loss of two heavy a demand for excitation ampere turns from the generator rotor. The advantage can be taken of the high magnetic permeance of

Stator Windings Each stator conductor must be capable of carrying the rated current without overheating. The insulation must be sufficient to prevent leakage currents flowing between the phases to earth. Windings for the stator are made up from copper strips wound with insulated tape which is impregnated with varnish, dried under vacuum and hot pressed to form a solid insulation bar. These bars are then place in the stator slots and held in with wedges to form the complete winding which is connected together at each end of the core forming the end turns. These end turns are rigidly braced and packed with blocks of insulation material to withstand the heavy forces which might result from a short circuit or other fault conditions. The generator terminals are usually arranged below the stator. On recent generators (210 MW) the windings are made up from copper tubes instead of strips through which water is circulated for cooling purposes. The water is fed to the windings through plastic tubes.

G e n e r a to r C o o lin g S y s te m

The 200/210 MW Generator is provided with an efficient cooling system to avoid excessive heating and consequent wear and tear of its main components during operation. This Chapter deals with the rotor-hydrogen cooling system and stator water cooling system along with the shaft sealing and bearing cooling systems.

Rotor Cooling System

The rotor is cooled by means of gap pick-up cooling, wherein the hydrogen gas in the air gap is sucked through the scoops on the rotor wedges and is directed to flow along the ventilating canals milled on the sides of the rotor coil, to the bottom of the slot where it takes a turn and comes out on the similar canal milled on the other side of the rotor coil to the hot zone of the rotor. Due to the rotation of the rotor, a positive suction as well as discharge is created due to which a certain quantity of gas flows and cools the rotor. This method of cooling gives uniform distribution of temperature. Also, this method has an inherent advantage of eliminating the deformation of copper due to varying temperatures.

Hydrogen Cooling System

Hydrogen is used as a cooling medium in large capacity generator in view of its high heat carrying capacity and low density. But in view of its forming an explosive mixture with oxygen, proper arrangement for filling, purging and maintaining its purity inside the generator have to be made. Also, in order to prevent escape of hydrogen from the

generator casing, shaft sealing system is used to provide oil sealing. The hydrogen cooling system mainly comprises of a gas control stand, a drier, an liquid level indicator, hydrogen control panel, gas purity measuring and indicating instruments, The system is capable of performing the following functions : times. drier Provide indication to the operator about the condition of the gas inside the Continuous circulation of gas inside the machine through a in order to remove any water vapour that may be present in it. Indication of liquid level in the generator and alarm in case of high level. machine i.e. its pressure, temperature and purity. Filling in and purging of hydrogen safely without bringing in contact with air. Maintaining the gas pressure inside the machine at the desired value at all the

Stator Cooling System

The stator winding is cooled by distillate. Which is fed from one end of the machine by Teflon tube and flows through the upper bar and returns back through the lower bar of another slot? Turbo generators require water cooling arrangement over and above the usual hydrogen cooling arrangement. The stator winding is cooled in this system by circulating demineralised water (DM water) through hollow conductors. The cooling water used for cooling stator winding calls for the use of very high quality of cooling water. For this purpose DM water of proper specific resistance is selected. Generator is to be loaded within a very short period if the specific resistance of the cooling DM water goes beyond certain preset values. The system is designed to maintain a constant rate of cooling water flow to the stator winding at a nominal inlet water temperature of 40 deg.C.

Rating of 95 MW Generator
Manufacture by Bharat heavy electrical Limited (BHEL) Capacity Voltage Speed Hydrogen Power factor Stator current Frequency Stator wdg connection - 117500 KVA - 10500V - 3000 rpm - 2.5 Kg/cm2 - 0.85 (lagging) - 6475 A - 50 Hz 3 phase

Rating of 210 MW Generator

Capacity Voltage (stator) Current (stator) Voltage (rotor) Current (rotor) Speed Power factor Frequency Hydrogen Stator wdg connection Insulation class

- 247000 KVA - 15750 V - 9050 A - 310 V - 2600 V - 3000 rpm - 0.85 - 50 Hz - 3.5 Kg/cm2 - 3 phase star connection -B

TRANFORMER

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another by magnetic coupling with out requiring relative motion between its parts. It usually comprises two or more coupled windings, and in most cases, a core to concentrate magnetic flux. An alternating voltage applied to one winding creates a time-varying magnetic flux in the core, which includes a voltage in the other windings. Varying the relative number of turns between primary and secondary windings determines the ratio of the input and output voltages, thus transforming the voltage by stepping it up or down between circuits. By transforming electrical power to a high-voltage,_low-current form and back again, the transformer greatly reduces energy losses and so enables the economic transmission of power over long distances. It has thus shape the electricity supply industry, permitting generation to be located remotely from point of demand. All but a fraction of the worlds electrical power has passed trough a series of transformer by the time it reaches the consumer.

Basic principles

The principles of the transformer are illustrated by consideration of a hypothetical ideal transformer consisting of two windings of zero resistance around a core of negligible reluctance. A voltage applied to the primary winding causes a current, which develops a magneto motive force (MMF) in the core. The current required to create the MMF is termed the magnetizing current; in the ideal transformer it is considered to be negligible, although its presence is still required to drive flux around the magnetic circuit of the core.

An electromotive force (MMF) is induced across each winding, an effect known as mutual inductance. In accordance with faradays law of induction, the EMFs are proportional to the rate of change of flux. The primary EMF, acting as it does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the back EMF.

Energy losses
An ideal transformer would have no energy losses and would have no energy losses, and would therefore be 100% efficient. Despite the transformer being amongst the most efficient of electrical machines with ex the most efficient of electrical machines with experimental models using superconducting windings achieving efficiency of 99.85%, energy is dissipated in the windings, core, and surrounding structures. Larger transformers are generally more efficient, and those rated for electricity distribution usually perform better than 95%. A small transformer such as plug-in power brick used for low-power consumer electronics may be less than 85% efficient.

Transformer losses are attributable to several causes and may be differentiated between those originated in the windings, some times termed copper loss, and those arising from the magnetic circuit, sometimes termed iron loss. The losses vary with load current, and may furthermore be expressed as no load or full load loss, or at an intermediate loading. Winding resistance dominates load losses contribute to over 99% of the no-load loss can be significant, meaning that even an idle transformer constitutes a drain on an electrical supply, and lending impetus to development of low-loss transformers. Losses in the transformer arise from:

Winding resistance
Current flowing trough the windings causes resistive heating of the conductors. At higher frequencies, skin effect and proximity effect create additional winding resistance and losses.

Hysteresis losses
Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost due to hysteresis within the core. For a given core material, the loss is proportional to the frequency, and is a function of the peak flux density to which it is subjected.

Eddy current
Ferromagnetic materials are also good conductors, and a solid core made from such a material also constitutes a single short-circuited turn trough out its entire length. Eddy currents therefore circulate with in a core in a plane normal to the flux, and are responsible for resistive heating of the core material. The eddy current loss is a complex function of the square of supply frequency and inverse square of the material thickness.

Magnetostriction
Magnetic flux in a ferromagnetic material, such as the core, causes it to physically expand and contract slightly with each cycle of the magnetic field, an effect known as magnetostriction. This produces the buzzing sound commonly associated with transformers, and in turn causes losses due to frictional heating in susceptible cores.

Mechanical losses

In addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating electromagnetic field between primary and secondary windings. These incite vibration with in near by metal work, adding to the buzzing noise, and consuming a small amount of power.

Stray losses
Leakage inductance is by itself loss less, since energy supplied to its magnetic fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any leakage flux that intercepts nearby conductive material such as the transformers support structure will give rise to eddy currents and be converted to heat.

Cooling system
Large power transformers may be equipped with cooling fans, oil pumps or watercooler heat exchangers design to remove heat. Power used to operate the cooling system is typically considered part of the losses of the transformer

Rating of transformer
Manufactured by Bharat heavy electrical limited No load voltage (hv) No load Voltage (lv) Line current (hv) Line current (lv) Temp rise Oil quantity Weight of oil Total weight Core & winding - 229 KV -10.5 KV - 315.2 A - 873.2 A - 45 Celsius -40180 lit -34985 Kg - 147725 Kg - 84325 Kg

Phase Frequency

-3 - 50 Hz

220 kV switchyard
BUS BARS: The arrangement in the 220kV switchyard comprises of a 220kV double bus bar system, with a bus coupler and a by pass bus. With this arrangement it is possible to take out any one breaker for maintenance without interruption of supply. In the eventuality of a bus bar or a circuit breaker fault the period for which supply is interrupted is the time taken to transfer the feeders from the faulty bus to the healthy one or replacing the faulty circuit breaker by the by-pass breaker. It is only in the case of a line fault that supply cannot be restored to the feeder until the fault is rectified. For maintenance of a particular bus all feeders connected to the bus requiring the maintenance shall be transferred to the other bus by closing one bus isolator and opening the other. The bus coupler shall be tripped and the earthing switch closed. After the maintenance work is over, the earthing switch must be opened before the respective bus bar is energized. For maintenance of the by-pass bus, it should be ensured that by-pass breaker is open and all the by pass isolators of various bays are open. 220KV CIRCUIT BREAKERS: There are two types of 220kV breakers being used in BTPS switchyard: Air blast ciruit breaker SF6 circuit breaker These breakers operate with sequential isolators and suitable for three-phase autoreclosing facility. These breakers can be operated from the switch yard control board. In case of failure, emergency manual handles are provided in the control kiosk. Feeder breaker: When it is required to maintain either a line or a generator or a transformer breaker, the feeder is transferred to the by-pass breaker. The earthing switches on isolators must be earthed before maintaining the breaker.

By-pass breaker: the main purpose of the by pass breaker is to facilitate maintenance/repair of other 220 kV breakers without the necessity of tripping out the associated circuit. Bus coupler breaker: The two bus bars can be kept coupled through bus couplers. The by pass breaker cannot act as a substitute for bus coupler breaker when the bus coupler breaker is being maintained. If buses I and II are paralleled by means of bus coupler and by pass breaker then in order to maintain the bus coupler breaker all feeders must be transferred to one bus depending upon the prevalent load. RATINGS OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS: 1. AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER (BHEL) Volts: 220 kV Amperes: 1200A Breaking capacity: symmetrical 26.31 kA Equivalent 10000 MVA Asymmetrical 32.1 kA Making capacity: peak 67.1 kA Short circuit time: 3 sec. 26.3 kA Closing coil voltage: 220V DC Tripping coil voltage: 220V DC Working pressure: max. 28.1 kg/cm2-g Min. 26.0 kg/cm2-g Lockout pressure: 21.1 kg/cm2-g 2. AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER (ABB) Volts: 245 kV Amperes: 1200A Breaking capacity: symmetrical 31.5 kA Asymmetrical 38.4 kA Short circuit time: 3 sec. 31.5 kA Closing coil voltage: 220V DC Tripping coil voltage: 220V DC RIL at 50 Hz: 480 kV VI impulse: 1.2/50 s 1050 kV per sec. U switching impulse: first pole to clear 1.3 Mass: 1830 Kg Working pressure: max. 27.31 kg/cm2-g

The diagram on the next page shows the line diagram of the all the feeders connected to the 220kv bus bars of BTPS

3. AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER (BHEL) Volts: 245 kV Amperes: 2000A Short circuit time: 3 sec. 26.3 kA Closing coil voltage: 220V DC Tripping coil voltage: 220V DC Working gas pressure: 6.1 kg/cm2-g at 200c Rated frequency and voltage for auxiliary: 415AC 50Hz Total weight of gas: 3900 Kg Rated operating scheme: O-0.3sec-CO-3 min.-CO Rated lightening impulse withstands voltage: 1050 kVp Rated short circuit breaking current: 40 kA Rated operating pressure: 15 kg/cm2-g First pole to clear factor: 1.3 Rated duration of short circuit current: 40 kA for 3 sec Rated line charging breaking current: 125 A Gas weight: 21 kg ISOLATORS: These are single break, single pole isolators supplied by M/s. Hvelm limited, Madras. These are pneumatically operated at a pressure of 15 kg/cm2. These isolators and earthing switches are interlocked with each other and with the circuit breakers to prevent mal-operation. No interlocking arrangements are provided for the bus earthing switches. Main bus isolators: to maintain the main bus isolators the corresponding bus has to be shut down by transferring loads to other bus, bus earthed and circuit breaker and isolator opened, after transferring the requisite feeder on to the by pass breaker and the earthing switches are closed. By pass isolator: to maintain the by-pass isolators the by-pass bus has to be shut down, isolators opened and the earthing switches are closed.

Feeder isolators: when the feeder is working on bus I or bus II, the earthing switches on both sides of the isolator are closed after opening the breaker and isolators and shutting down the feeder. PT isolators: The corresponding bus must be shut down and earthing switches on the isolator closed for maintenance. PNEUMATIC SYSTEM: This system consists of seven compressors with one spare air compressor. All the seven compressors are connected to two wet air cylinders, which are coupled to each other. This wet air is dried through an air drier and fed into six dry cylinders divided into a two groups each having three dry cylinders. The dry air through these two groups is passed through two separate air drier for further dryness of air up to a dew point of -70C. The dried air from these two dryers is fed into two separate dry cylinders which feed dry air into pressure reducers. From these pressure reducers the pressurized dry air is supplied to air blast circuit breakers. High pressure and lowpressure alarms are arranged on the pressure gauges and any mal-operation noticed must be rectified immediately. POWER LINE COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT: To maintain the power line carrier communication equipment like wave trap or coupling capacitor the conditions would be same as those of maintaining the concerned feeder isolator. Depending upon whether inter-circuit coupling or phase to ground coupling is used either both the circuits or the single circuit must be shut down along with the feeder isolator. 220KV CURRENT TRANSFORMERS: The 220kV single phase 4 core current transformers supplied by Hindustan Brown Broveri Ltd. (Baroda). The transformation ratio 1200-600/1/1/1/1 amps are used in Tie in transformer, generator and transmission line bays and bus coupler bay. The secondary windings of these CTs are connected to protection and measurement circuits. 220KV POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS: These single phase potential transformers supplied by HE(I) Ltd., Bhopal are connected to 220kV buses. These are required for measurement and protection purposes. The main PTs are of ratio 22000/53/110/53 volts and the auxiliary PTs are of ratio 62.5/63.5 volts. The auxiliary PTs will operate in conjunction with the main PT to provide one more secondary winding. Consequent by the combined set of main and auxiliary PTs will provide to secondary winding each of 110/53 voltage ratings.

LIGHTING ARRESTORS: These have been supplied by M/s. W.S. insulators of India Ltd. (Madras). These are installed for protection of transformers and other electrical equipments against voltage surges. One set of lighting arrestors have been provided on each power transformers, tie in transformers and to the bus PTs. The 195kV, 10000 amps single pole heavy duty station class SVS type self supporting L.A. comprises of one metal top and metal base, having mobile arc, pressure relief and a transfer device. The mobile arc gap assembly consists of a permanent ceramic ring magnet, radially magnetized, m series with air gap. Thus it provides a constant magnetic field in the air gap which is always preset at full strength regardless of the current of the discharge, when lighting wave discharges through it, the spark discharge takes place in the annular space, causing an arc at right angles to the magnetic field. This field forces the arc to spin around the gap electrode surfaces. Pressure relief device is provided to take care of the gas formed at the time of short circuit when the arrestor is damaged. When the diaphragm bursts due to a gas pressure, the ionized gases come out and are vented through the exhaust ports. The gas from the top of the unit is deflected downward and that from the bottom is deflected upward. The gas steams meet and transfer the fault current is from inside the arrestor to the outside in less than half cycle of fault current. 220KV LINES: all the feeders from the 220 kV bus bars are shown in the diagram on the previous page. All the metering and protection should normally be connected only to the bus VT supplies. However when necessary CVTs can be used for metering and protection. Bus-1 1. Gen-Tr-1 2. Gen-Tr-3 3. Gen-Tr-5 4. IP line I 5. Mehrauli line I 6. Ballabgarh line I 7. Alwar line 8. Okhla line-1 9. Stn Tr-1 10.Stn Tr-3 Bus-2 1. Gen-Tr-2 2. Gen-Tr-4 3. IP line I 4. Mehrauli line II 5. Ballabgarh line II 6. Noida line 7. Okhla line-1I 8. Stn Tr-2 9. Bus coupler 10. By pass bay

SYNCHRONISING: synchronizing facility with check feature has been provided for all 220KV breakers. Whenever a breaker is proposed to be closed, its synchronizing switch should be unlocked and synchronizing check relay by pass switch is in circuit position. It is ensured that voltage and frequency of the incoming and running supplies are nearly same, and the red out of synchronism lamp is not continuously on. After the breaker has been closed, its synchronizing switch should be returned to off position and locked. Synchronizing check relay SKE prevents closing of a breaker when incoming and running supplies are out of synchronism. This relay has to be bypassed when closing a breaker one side of, which is dead. ANNUNCIATION SYSTEM: all breaker tripped alarms have been classed as emergency alarms. Whenever a breaker trips, the breaker tripped facia/flashes and a separate buzzer sounds to draw immediate attention of operator to tripping of a breaker. Whenever an alarm initiating contact closes, the corresponding facia of that alarm starts flashing. Simultaneously, the bell /buzzer starts ringing. Ringing of buzzer stops automatically after a preset time. Flashing continues unit accepts push button pressed, whereupon facia becomes steadily lighted if the initiating contact is still closed. Facial lamps should be tested for operation regularly by pressing lamp test button, provided separately for each control panel

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Dust extraction from industrial gases has become necessity for environmental reasons or for improving production. Most of the plants in India use coal as fuel for generating steam. The exhaust gases contain large amount of smoke and dust, which are being

emitted into the atmosphere. This has posed a real threat to the mankind as a devastating health hazard. Hence it becomes necessary to free the exhaust from smoke and dust. There are various ways of extracting dust. Electrostatic dust precipitation method is most widely used as its efficiency is excellent and it is easier to maintain. Its other advantages are: Ability to treat large volumes of gases at high temperature Ability to cope up corrosive atmosphere Offer low resistance path for gas flow. An electrostatic precipitator is equipment, which utilizes an intense electric force to separate suspended particles from the flue gases. The process involves: Electrical charging of suspended particles Collection of charged particles from collecting electrode. Removal of particles from collecting electrode. The flue gases pass between electrodes and are subjected to an intense electric field. The emissive electrodes are connected to the negative polarity of HV power supply while collecting electrodes are connected to positive polarity and grounded. The HV power supply equipment is supplied in two parts: The high voltage transformer rectifier (HVR) The electronic controller (EC) The EC-HVR equipment provides high voltage DC across the precipitator electrodes. The EC provides controlled AC voltage through thyristors (SCR) and associated controls to the primary of step up transformer. The EC has been designed to supply 0 to 415V to the primary of step up transformer through AC reactor. The equipment operates as constant current controller.

Three electrostatic precipitators are provided for UNITS 1,2,3(Stage1) and two of them for UNITS 4 and 5(stages II). Heaters: Heaters are provided to raise the temperature of flue gases, as they become conductive when heated. 24 heaters are provided for stage I electrostatic precipitators. Rating: 550W heaters

Zones: The flue gases from the boiler section reaches electrostatic precipitator section through ducts. The flue gases are allowed to pass through various zones each having its own heaters, collecting and emissive electrodes and DC supply. These zones are provided to lessen the burden on a single zone and to take the load of other zone in case of maintenance or damage of a particular zone. Stage I have 16 zones eight belonging to PASS A and rest to PASS B. Stage II has 20 Zones five belonging to each PASS A, PASS B, PASS C and PASS D. Diodes: These are provided to rectify the AC voltage to the required DC voltage for electrostatic precipitators to work. The required DC voltage is 70 kV, 1000 mA. Type: BY 127 Motors: Rapping motors are provided along with each zone. A hammer is coupled to each of the motors shaft. Due to rotary motion of motor these hammers hit the collecting electrodes after a certain time delay and the ash is allowed to flow down through outlet in form of slurry. There are 26 motors for each of electrostatic precipitator of UNITS 1, 2, 3 and 40 motors for UNITS 4, 5. Rating: .5A motors A GD screen (gas diverting) motor is also provided in UNIT 1 electrostatic precipitator to provide a zigzag motion of flue gas so as to allow the heavy dust particles to settle down and removed.
DESCRIPTION OF EC-HVR

The complete equipment is designed to provide a continuously adjustable DC output voltage upto 70kV peak across the precipitator electrodes. The controls are arranged such that the unit operates as constant current source adjustable upto an average current of 1000mA max.

Occurrence of spark at the electrode is sensed and made to block the output voltage for a specific period and the voltage is build up again in a specified manner to provide optimum operational frequency of the precipitator. A simplified block diagram scheme is shown below:

Controlling the voltage on primary of the transformer controls the output voltage and current at high voltage DC terminals. The voltage controls are achieved by two thyristors connected in anti-parallel configuration. In normal operation, the gas pulse circuit controls the output of thyristor, which in turn gets its control signal from the current regulator output. The output of current regulator adjusts itself such that the actual current is maintained equal to set reference value. Incase of occurrence of a spark the same is detected by spark detection unit. The detection unit produces a blocking pulse for specific period and voltage builds up after the blocking period.

FEATURES: Spark regulation: Flashovers of extremely low intensity are difficult to detect using the comparator technique. Non detection results in sustained arcing which may damage the collecting electrode. For such digital detection system is adopted.

Fast ramp control: in case of fast changes in operating conditions of precipitator many sparks may occur within a short time reducing current to a low value, when the disturbance disappears, it may take a relatively long time before the current can assume its normal value. This is the case particularly if selected rate of rise is low. MODES OF OPERATION Back corona mode: In this mode the precipitator voltage decreases with increase in precipitator current. This reduces the efficiency of precipitator and consumes unnecessary power. Charge ratio mode: In a high resistive dust a potential gradient is created within the dust layers which causes occurrence of local sparks in dust layer. This spurious discharges or BACK CORONA occurs as soon as potential gradient is high. This has negative impact on efficiency. Charge ratio: This mode supplies current in pulses and provides a dense corona for a short circuit time and at same time give a low current to avoid back corona.