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TABLE 2
ELECTRIC ENERGY EXCHANGES OF ITALIAN GRID FOR THE YEAR 2001
IMPORT.
IMPORT EXPORT
BORDERS BALANCE
[GWh] [GWh]
[GWh] [%]
France 18.285 442 17.843 36,88
Switzerland 23.623 44 23.579 48,73
Austria 1.865 - 1.865 3,85
Slovenia 5.160 62 5.098 10,54
Total 48.933 548 48.385 100 %
I/O
...
I/O
Uin
13
5 [m]
Pr o c e s s b u s
A. Electronic monitoring and diagnostic Fig. 6. Arrangement of the Failure location system (Siemens AG).
The installation is completed with electronic monitoring
and diagnostic systems even if the manufacturers assure IV. STEADY STATE REGIME AND LOW ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
absence of maintenance for the whole line life.
Some systems can be mentioned: The double circuit GIL installed in a gallery can be suitably
A particle trap can be installed in the unit to render analysed as a multiconductor system composed by 13
harmless metal particles that may be created when conductors: the six phase conductors, the six enclosures and
connecting the units; the concrete reinforcing steel of the gallery.
The enclosures should be systematically bonded together From tab. 4, it may be observed that:
and with the steel reinforcement of the gallery at very short
length intervals; this ensures equipotentiality between the In spite of the high power transfers, voltage drops are very
tunnel wall and the GIL enclosures and constitutes a very low and active losses are fully satisfactory and
good distributed earthing. Moreover, touch voltages inside the noteworthy in global cost evaluation;
gallery are zeroed even during a single-phase fault: this In a wide load range GIL gives an effective power factor
ensures complete safety for operators working for GIL correction at sending-end;
inspection. Capacitive reactive power required at the sending-end
The matrix algorithms that allow investigating this system becomes considerable only at very low loadings.
are derived from a generalization of the single circuit GIL
algorithms described in previous papers [5÷10]. Magnetic field levels [µT]
10
0.1
5
TABLE 4
SAMPLE RESULTS FOR A DOUBLE CIRCUIT 400 KV GIL; 57 KM u=Zi
VR=400 kV (at receiving-end)
&S [MW] +j [Mvar] S& [MW] +j [Mvar] cosϕ VS
∆P [%] ∆V [%]
S R [kV]
where Z is the impedance matrix of subconductor system
4302 + j756 4276 + j868 0.98 406 0.60 1.5
3219+j 445 3205+j 651 0.98 404 0.45 1.1 (12m×12m).
2148+j 163 2142+j 435 0.98 402.7 0.30 0.6 Moreover, the solution is achieved by considering a matrix
1071 − j 93 1070 +j 217 0.98 401 0.15 0.2 relation, which takes into account the constraints at the
429 −j 234 428+j 87 0.98 400 0.06 0.0 sending-end [11,12].
VI. FUTURE WORKS – FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS
L=1 km
This novel transnational line requires a thorough analysis of
the various technical problems, which could arise in the
process of integrating electricity transmission and railway
system in the same corridor.
It is therefore necessary to investigate the following issues.
A. Thermal Behaviour
The thermal behaviour of the double-circuit GIL inside the
pilot gallery deserves a careful consideration.
i
u It should be noted that IEC 61640 [13] recommends that
the maximum allowable temperature for the enclosure shall
not exceed 70 °C.
Fig. 8. Phase and enclosure bundled conductors for double circuit GIL.
By means of the matrix integral algorithm, the Joule power
A comparison with FE method has been performed either losses W/m in both phases and enclosures can be precisely
for the current distribution or for the heat transfer giving a evaluated taking into account the proximity effect.
really good agreement. So by using the formulae in literature [14]-[16] the phase
and enclosure temperatures can be evaluated.
V. HIGHEST COMPATIBILITY OF GIL WITH TUNNEL Tab. 5 reports the values of total power losses Wtot and the
average values of phase and enclosure temperatures for
In the following some GIL features are highlighted in
different phase currents. It should be noted that all the
order to show the fully compatibility with gallery installation:
situations of Tab. 5 satisfy the IEC 61640 that recommends
the maximum allowable temperature for the enclosure shall
not exceed 70 °C.
The environmental impact (visual and "magnetic")
of a traditional overhead line (single or double
circuit) is already considered undesirable by
TABLE 5
Alpine regions. GIL solution zeroes the visual POWER LOSSES FOR DIFFERENT PHASE CURRENTS;
impact ENCLOSURE AND PHASE TEMPERATURES WITH θAMB = 40 °C
High safety: in case of an insulation failure, a I Wtot θen θph
cable explodes and there is a risk of fire and [A] [W/m] [°] [°]
787.5 29 40.5° 41.3°
damages, to adjacent cables, other nearby 1575 114 41.7° 44.0°
installations and persons. On the contrary, GIL 3150 451 46.2° 54.3°
manufacturers have to guarantee, for internal fault, 3940 705 49.4° 60.9°
a rated short-time withstand current according to
IEC 61640.
High reliability: the GIL technology has proven its Moreover, a deeper study must be undertaken in order to
reliability since 25 years in service without any evaluate the gallery ventilation.
failure up to now. The main reasons are: the So a future work will surely deal with a more detailed study
dielectric stress in the material is very low (GIL: 3 of the thermal behaviour.
÷ 4 kV/mm, cables: 10 ÷ 13 kV/mm), and GIL has B. The Rationalisation of the Whole Italian /Austrian
no special joints, which are critical elements in a Regional Networks
cable.
The new link feasibility will be integrated with an overall
No ageing: cables are thermally and electrically
study concerning the rationalisation of both Italian/Austrian
ageing. The higher the temperature and the
regional networks (380 kV and 132 kV).
electrical field, the higher the ageing effect. The
To this aim, planning studies on both sides of the
cable insulation becomes weaker under the
interconnection will be carried out, taking into account the
influence of electrical stress, temperature and
complete re-organisation of the Regional grids.
time, so that the possibility for failures increases
with the service time. Gases are not ageing, C. Power Flow and Short Circuit Studies
neither thermal nor electrical. The adding of a GIL line in the EHV European network
SF6/N2 gas mixtures: these mixtures are long-time constituted almost exclusively by OHL makes necessary to
experienced insulating gases and used worldwide examine deeply the GIL influence on power flows, short
in high voltage technology. circuit levels and voltage stability.
Long-term tests: GILs have passed successfully It should be noted that the interface between GIL-OHL
long duration tests. Some tests allow to simulate doesn't give any problem as regards re-closure cycles so that
50 years of service life under full load conditions. no change is needed in relay schemes.
GIL insulating medium is self-repairing i.e. it restores its dello Stato SpA and BEG Brenner Eisenbahn GmbH) in order
insulating properties after a disruptive discharge. to study and design the High Speed Railway Tunnel.
The GIL operation is like that of OHL: so GIL could be the It seems to be meaningful to conclude with this passage
ideal addition to OHL. The high transmission capability of [17]: "In my opinion not only the alpine places are peculiarly
GIL ensures that it will not be a bottleneck when inserted in an worth-noting and we have to individuate high capacity routes,
existing OH transmission network. completely under-grounded or in gallery, that must be always
used all day and night long, Sundays and Saturdays. The links
to these transits must be made only where they are useful to
single towns. This means that a project must be developed but
VII. COSTS not regarding only alpine regions, more sensible, but also the
At this preliminary stage only a very rough cost assessment whole Europe or the routes of links north-south ed east-west
can be given. along which these high capacity lines pass. Unifying these
The investment cost of a double-circuit GIL is about 4,13 elements can contribute to lessen the realization costs."
M€/km, which for a route length of 57 km gives a total
amount of 235,41 M€. Considering an estimated cost for the
galleries of 3,71 G€, the cost ratio GIL/GALLERY would be
about 6.35%.
This percentage does not seem to be a heavy adding on the
whole cost and is promising in view of a rationalisation of the X. REFERENCES
corridors. [1] Electric Research Council - Electric Power Research Institute:
Transmission Line Reference Book 345 kV and above, Palo Alto,
The use of the pilot gallery gives great money saving for California, 1975.
GIL installation since the digging cost is zeroed. [2] "Shared Transmission Corridors Aid Grid Growth", Electric Light and
A reasonable power exchange can be set to 2000 MW Power, March 1972.
[3] S. Borghi et al.: "L'interconnessione elettrica con l'estero", L'Energia
which gives rise to 17.520 GWh that is 36,2 % of the total
Elettrica, Vol. 77, N° 4/5, October 2000, pp.11 – 20.
Italian energy exchange for the year 2001. [4] GRTN – Gestore Rete Trasmissione Nazionale: Dati d'esercizio 2001.
Moreover, as shown in [7, 8], the economic convenience of [5] R. Benato, L. Fellin, A. Paolucci: "Elettrodotti e innovazione:
GIL compared to other transmission technologies is clearly prestazioni e campi esterni degli elettrodotti blindati", in Proc.
"ELETTRODOTTI e TERRITORIO", 22 November 2000, Padova, pp.
highlighted when power losses and territory constraints are 6.1-6.9.
accounted for. In fact, the resistive losses are significantly [6] R. Benato, L. Fellin, A. Paolucci: "Elettrodotti blindati: una alternativa
lower compared to cables and overhead lines, and the per la trasmissione", L’Energia Elettrica, Vol. 77, N°. 4/5, July-October
2000, pp.60-63.
dielectric losses are negligible. This reduces the transmission [7] R. Benato, L. Fellin, A. Lorenzoni, A. Paolucci: "Elettrodotti blindati nel
costs significantly. territorio: connessioni dei nuovi impianti di generazione alla RTN", AEI,
Vol. 88, N°. 3, March 2001, pp. 28-37.
[8] R. Benato, L. Fellin, A. Lorenzoni, A. Paolucci: "Sistemi di trasmissione
nel territorio", AEI, Vol. 88, N°. 11, December 2001, pp. 28 – 35.
[9] R. Benato, F. Dughiero, M. Forzan, A. Paolucci: "Proximity Effect and
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Magnetic Field Calculation in GIL and in Isolated Phase Bus Ducts",
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 38, No 2, March 2002, pp. 781–
The authors gratefully acknowledge the TEN-study 784.
Scientific Committee (prof. Lorenzo Fellin-University of [10] R. Benato, L. Fellin, A. Paolucci: "Condutture a fasi blindate: calcolo
degli effetti di prossimità e del campo magnetico esterno", Rendiconti
Padova, dr. Antonio Serrani-GRTN, dipl.ing. Franz Hairer- Riunione Annuale AEI, Padova, ottobre 2001, Vol. n° 1, pp. 345–350.
TIRAG) to have allowed the publication. [11] R. Benato, F. Dughiero: "Solution of Coupled Electromagnetic and
Moreover, the authors gratefully acknowledge BBT EEIG Thermal Problems in Gas Insulated Transmission Lines", IEEE CEFC
chiefly dott. Carlo Comin and dipl.-Ing. Hans Lindenberger to 2002, Perugia, Italy, giugno 16-19 2002, P9-14, pag. 282.
[12] R. Benato, F. Dughiero: "Solution of Coupled Electromagnetic and
support the study. Thermal Problems in Gas Insulated Transmission Lines", IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 39, No 3, May 2003, pp. – .
[13] IEC report 61640: "Rigid high-voltage, gas-insulated transmission lines
for rated voltage of 72,5 kV and above", First edition, 1998-07.
[14] D. Minaguchi, M. Ginno, K. Itaka, H. Furukawa, K. Ninomiya, T.
IX. CONCLUSION Hayashi, "Heat transfer characteristics of gas insulated transmission
lines", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-1, No. 1, January
A fruitful dialogue between all the involved partners i.e. 1986, pp. 2-9.
BBT EEIG, TRENITALIA S.p.a., GRTN (Italian TSO), [15] K. Itaka, T. Akari, T. Hara, "Heat transfer characteristics of gas spacer
TIRAG/TIWAG (Tyrol TSO/Tyrol Grid Owner) is highly cables", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97,
No. 5, September/October 1978, pp. 1579-1585.
desirable. [16] B.O. Pedersen, H.C. Doepken, P.C. Bolin, "Development of a
In fact an important contribution to the success of the compressed-gas-insulated transmission line", IEEE Trans. on Power
project will be given by the tight connection that the Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS90, No.6, November/December 1971,
pp.2631-2638.
Consortium GRTN-TIRAG-UniPD will ensure with BBT [17] Press Conference: Zukunftsweisende Übertragung von elektrischer
EEIG, the European Group of Economic Interest established Energie in umweltsensiblen Gebieten, Kristallwelten in Wattens/Tirol,
by the Italian and Austrian Railways Companies (FS Ferrovie 13/06/2001.
XI. BIOGRAPHIES Lorenzo Fellin was born in Trento, Italy, in
1940. He received the Dr.Ing. Degree in electrical
Roberto Benato was born in Venezia, Italy, in engineering from University of Padova in 1967. He
1970. He received the Dr.Ing. Degree in electrical joined the Electrical Engineering Dept. of the
engineering from the University of Padova in 1995 University of Padova in 1968 where, since 1986, he
and Ph.D. in Power Systems Analysis in 1999. In is Full Professor of Electric Power Installations. He
2002 he was appointed as Assistant Professor in the was actively involved in the design and construction
Power System Group at the Department of Electrical of a large laboratory for thermonuclear fusion
Engineering at Padova University. His main fields of research (the RFX experiment built-up in Padova
research are multiconductor analysis, EHV-HV with Euratom-ENEA-CNR support). His fields of
transmission lines and advanced matricial techniques interest also include design of industrial electric
for the static and dynamic power system analysis. installations and electric lighting design. He is a member of IEEE and of the
His fields of interest also include design of electric Italian Electrical and Electronic Association (AEI). He also is one of the
power plants and computer applications in power system engineering. He is a chairmen of the Italian association of artificial lighting (AIDI). (Department
member of AEI and CIGRÉ. (Department of Electrical Engineering, of Electrical Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/A, 35131
University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/A, 35131 Padova, Italy, Phone: Padova, Italy, Phone: +39498277511, Fax: +39498277599, E-mail:
+39498277532, Fax: +39498277599, E-mail: roberto.benato@unipd.it) lorenzo.fellin@unipd.it)
Enrico Maria Carlini was born in Rome, Italy, Antonio Paolucci was born in Padova, Italy, in
in 1968. He received the Dr. Ing. Degree in electrical 1924. He received the Dr.Ing. degree in electrical
engineering from the University of Rome in 1991. engineering from the University of Padova in 1950.
He has worked in ENEL since 1993 to 2000 in field He joined the Department of Electrical Engineering
of generation and transmission of electric energy. of the University of Padova in 1952 where he was
Since 2000 he is working in GRTN (Italian Assistant and later Associate Professor. Since 1973
Independent Transmission System Operator) - Grid he is Full Professor of Power Systems Analysis. His
Division. fields of interest also include design of industry
His field of interests includes HV equipment and electric power plants and large laboratory research
PST (Phase Shifting Transformer). He is a member power plants. He is a member of AEI.
of CEI and CIGRE’ JWG B3-C2 “Maintanance and Reliability” and JTF B3 (Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Padova, Via
“Dynamic loading of transmission equipment”. (GRTN – Viale M.llo Gradenigo 6/A, 35131 Padova, Italy, Phone: +39498277516, Fax:
Pilsudski 92, 00197 Rome, Italy, Phone:+390681654322 Fax +39498277599)
+390681654182, Email:carlini.enricomaria@grtn.it)
Claudio Di Mario was born in Rome, Italy, in Roberto Turri was born in Padova, Italy, in
1970. He received the Dr.Ing. Degree in electrical 1958. He received the Dr.Ing. degree in electrical
engineering from University of Rome “La engineering from the University of Padova in 1984
Sapienza”; in 2003 he is MBA Master candidate at and the Ph.D. (University of Wales) in 1987. He has
University of Rome “Tor Vergata”. In 1998-2000 worked in the Physics Department of the University
he has worked in Siemens AG Germany (Berlin and College of Swansea (U.K.). In 1990 he was
Erlangen) in PTD Dep. (GIS and AIS Substation). appointed as Researcher in the Power System Group
Since 2001 he is working in GRTN (Italian at the Electrical Engineering Department of Padova
Independent Transmission System Operator) – Grid University and Associate Professor from 2002. His
Division. main fields of research are high voltage engineering
His field of interest also include HV Hybrid and computer applications in power system
switchgear and PST (Phase Shifting Transformer). He is a member of CIGRE’ engineering. (Department of Electric Engineering, University of Padova, Via
WG B3-01 “Multifunctional Substation”. (GRTN – Viale M.llo Pilsudski 92, Gradenigo 6/A, 35131 Padova, Italy, Phone: +39498277565, Fax:
00197 Rome, Italy, Phone:+390681654323 Fax +390681654182, +39498277599, E-mail: roberto.turri@unipd.it)
Email:dimario.claudio@grtn.it).