PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS

PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION

DIAGRAMS
 CONTROL LOOP
Disturbances
DV
Manipulated Variable Controlled Variable CV
PROCESS
MV

Final control Sensor &

element Transducer

PV Process Variable

Error
OP e
ALGORITAM Comparator
Controller output

CONTROLLER
SP Set point
© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS (PFDs
(PFDs))
• Used mainly
y in chemical and p
process engineering;
g g;
• Show the flow of chemicals and the equipment in the process;
• PFD shows only the major equipment without details.

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS (PFDs
(PFDs))

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DRAWING
PROCESS & INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM
• Graphical description of the process and process equipment
using standard symbols (ANSI/ISA-S5.1 Instrumentation
Symbols and Identification)
• The P&ID is used by field technicians, engineers and
operators to better understand the process and how the
instrumentation is interconnected.

F– fl
flow
L– level
T– temperature
P– pressure
A– analyzer
C– control

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 P&I DIAGRAM

• Includes more details than a PFD;;

• Major and minor flows, control loops and instrumentation;
• It shows the process flow, measuring sensors, transducers
and final control elements and devices.

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 P&I DIAGRAMS
• On P & I diagrams we can find pipes, pneumatic/hydraulic
elements, electrical elements, instruments and process
equipmemnt
• Examples of symbols:

pipe
35 kW heater
valve

check valve vessel/ reactor

solenoid valve ((on/off))

control valve
Heat exchanger
pump, or
© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 TEMPERATURE PROCESS – Building P&ID

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 BUILDING THE P&ID

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 TAG NUMBERS
• Tag “numbers” are letters and numbers placed within or near
the instrument to identify the type and function of the device.

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 TAG DESCRIPTORS

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
ISA S5
S5.1
1 IDENTIFICATION LETTERS
 TAG DESCRIPTORS

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 INSTRUMENT LOCATION
• The presence or absence of a line determines the location of
the physical device;
• For example no line means the instrument is installed in the
field near the process.

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 SHARED DISPLAYS / SHARED CONTROL
• Some instruments are part of a Distributed Control System
(DCS) where a specific controller or indicator can be selected
from many others but shown in one location (like a terminal
screen).
)

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 INSTRUMENT TYPE AND LOCATION

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 PIPING AND CONNECTION SYMBOLS
• Used to identify how the instruments in the process connect to
each other and hat type of signal is being used.

Process connection

Pneumatic signal

Electrical signal

Capillary tubing for filled system

Hydraulic signal line

Guided electromagnetic ili
sonic signal
Internal system connection
((data link))

Source: Control Engineering, ISA S5.1 standard

 P&ID EXCERCISE

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 P&ID EXCERCISE

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
EXAMPLE OF THE P&I DIAGRAM
EXAMPLE OF THE P&I DIAGRAM
 Electrical signal
“bypass” valve

Block valve
Pneumatic signal

Instrumentation air

Block valve

FV
001
I/P
FY
001

ispusni valve

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
 CONTROL VALVE CONFIGURATION

© Laboratory for Automatics and Measurement, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb