Report on Refrigeration system in Plant

By : Prem RANJAN
CM16239

(CHEMICAL WITH M.B.A 4TH YR)

OBJECTIVE:-

• Local stability analysis of an irreversible refrigerator working at

the maximum thermo- ecological functions: a comparison

• Advanced exergetic analysis of a refrigeration system for

liquefaction of natural gas

For Research Paper 1:-

ABSTRACT :
This paper compares the local stability of an irreversible compression
refrigerator working in the maximum ecological function (E) and in the
maximum ecological coefficient of performance (ECOP). The goal was to
analyze the dynamic of the steady-state of the refrigerator when it undergoes a
small perturbation. By using the linearization technique and the stability analysis,
the expressions of the relaxation times of the irreversible refrigerator are derived
at two optimal steady-states of the maximum E and ECOP functions. It is found
that the re- laxation times are function of the heat capacity, overall heat transfer
surface area, heat reservoirs temperature ratio, degree of internal irreversibility,
heat transfer coefficients, and heat leakage rate. The influences of heat leakage
rate, internal irreversibilities and heat resistances on the relaxation times are
discussed. The phase portraits for the trajectories are presented. Finally, a
comparative study was done on these two thermo-ecological functions and it has
been found that the local stability of the optimal steady-state of the maximum
ECOP function is better than that of the maximum E function.

Introduction :
Cold production by compression is by far the most common method used in the
world. In this context, many optimization studies for vapor compression
refrigerators based on irreversible and endoreversible models have been
performed by considering the COP, the cooling load, the work input and the
thermo-economic function which take into consideration only the first law of
thermodynamics as objective functions. For an ecological design, proposed an
ecological optimization function E = P−TLσ for heat engines, where P is the
power output, TL the cold reservoir tem- perature and σ the entropy generation
rate. discussed the results of Angulo-Brown and suggested that it may be more
reasonable to use E = P−T0σ if the cold reservoir temperature is

Discussion:-
Thermo-ecological performance of a generalized irreversible refrigerator

The model of the cycle adopted in our work is shown sche- matically in Fig. 1.
Its working conditions are as follows:

(1) The working fluid flows through the system in a steady- state manner. The
cycle consists of two isothermal and two adiabatic processes which are
irreversible in general. The working fluid’s temperatures (x and y) are different
from the reservoir temperatures (TH and TL) owing to their thermal
conductances and the temperatures are in the order: x>TH >TL >y.

(2) The heat transfer surface areas (F1 and F2) of the hot and cold heat
exchangers are finite. The overall heat trans- fer surface area (F) of the two
heat exchangers is assumed to be a constant:
Conclusion :
The local stability analysis of an irreversible compression re- frigerator
working in a maximum ecological coefficient of performance and a maximum
ecological function is pre- sented in this paper. The general expressions of
relaxation times for two optimal steady-states are derived. The phase space rep-
resentations clearly show that after any perturbation on the working fluid
temperatures, the refrigerator tends to come back to its steady-state no matter
the time it takes. However, the time that the system takes to return to its steady-
state is in- fluenced by the internal and external irreversibilities and the heat
leakage. It has been also found that the relaxation time at the maximum
ecological coefficient of performance is less than the relaxation time at the
maximum ecological func- tion, and then a refrigerator working under
ECOPmax conditions has an advantage over a refrigerator working under
Emax conditions in terms of stability. The results obtained here are general and
can be used for determination of optimal operating conditions and design of
real refrigerators.

For Research Paper 2:-

ABSTRACT :
During the last years the total cost of LNG technology has decreased
significantly due to improvements of the liquefaction process. However, many
liquefaction plants that are still in operation use a three-cascade refrigeration
system. In this paper, an advanced exergetic analysis is applied to better
understand the operation of a three-cascade refrigeration system for
liquefaction of natural gas. In an advanced exergetic analysis, the exergy
destruction within a plant component is split into its endogenous/exogenous
and unavoidable/avoidable parts. With the aid of this analysis, the potential for
improving the thermodynamic efficiency of components and the overall system
as well as the interactions among components and their effect on the exergy
destruction within each component are estimated. This paper demonstrates
some capabilities associated with an advanced exergetic analysis.

Introduction:
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is expected to contribute more in future than in
the past to the overall energy supply in the world. The advantages of using
LNG as well as problems related to all stages of LNG technology (liquefaction
process, transport and regasification process) are discussed frequently in the
literature; some new and important data are summarized in Worldwide, there
are 26 existing liquefaction (export) terminals, located on or off shore, in 15
countries (the start up date of the earliest liquefaction terminal is given in
parenthesis) During the last years the total cost of LNG technology has
decreased significantly due to improvements of the liquefaction process.Instead
of the classical three-cascade refrigeration system used in the first liquefaction
terminals, new schematics with different mixtures as working fluids are
developed. Examples include, (a) the single flow mixed refrigerant process,
where the mixed refrigerant, made up of nitrogen, methane, ethane, propane
and isopentane, is compressed using a single compression train.

Discussion :
The schematic of the three-cascade refrigeration system used for liquefaction
of natural gas is shown in Figure 1. The operating conditions for the
liquefaction plant as well as the environmental conditions are based on
generalized data obtained from the existing export terminals . Some initial data
and assumptions made for the simulation are given in Table 1. The simulation
of a three-cascade refrigeration system is relatively difficult because many
factors should be taken into account simultaneously. More details and the
assumptions used for the analysis are given in.
Thermodynamic data for the material streams are given in Table 2. The
following simplifications, which do not significantly affect the results obtained
from the energetic and exergetic analyses, were used:
Conclusion:
We conclude that a conventional exergetic analysis provides useful
information, but an advanced exergetic analysis makes this information more
precise and useful and supplies additional information that cannot be provided
by any other analysis.
The avoidable exergy destruction identifies the potential for improving each
system component. The values of the sum of the avoidable exergy destruction
is a new and very important variable in the advanced exergetic analysis
because this value summarizes all information obtained from the advanced
exergetic analysis and shows the relative importance of improving single
components and the structure of the overall system.