Ion channels are transmembrane proteins that allow ions to flow across the cell membrane.

They are characterized by selectivity. Selectivity refers to the ability of an ion channel to allow the
rapid flux of a specific ion such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), or chloride (Cl-)
while, preventing the permeation of others. They play roles not only in physiological processes but also
in pathological diseases. Physiological processes include excitation-contraction coupling, synaptic
transmission, hormone secretion, and sensory transduction.