FUNGI

– consists of molds, yeasts, and mushrooms, which obtain their nutrients by secreting digestion enzymes into food and then predigested
nutrients.

Characteristics of Fungi:
1. Eukaryotes

2. Vary in shape and size

3. Chitin

4. Lack chlorophyll& chloroplasts

5. Heterotrophs Decomposers &other parasites

6. Grow best in moist habitats

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Yeast
— single celled fungi that can be found in a variety of environment
from soil and plants to animal and aquatic environments.
— Composed if glucan.
— Reproduce asexually is through budding and by fission.

Molds
— are a type of fungi that often grow well in
favorable environments with warmth and moisture. Consist of long,
branched threads of cells called hyphae – tissuelike aggregation
known as a mycellium.
• Some hyphae are coenocytic other are septa.

Aerial mycelium - Aerial mycelium are the hyphae that are located
above the food substance. When viewed closely under the microscope,
aerial mycelium contain a spherical structure at the top of the hyphae.

Vegetative mycelium - Vegetative mycelium include the hyphae

that penetrates into the substrate and absorbs nutrients for the
continued growth and development of the organisms. These hyphae
therefore act like plant roots.
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FUNGI REPRODUCE BY SPORES

- Fungi reproduce by microscopic spores nonmotile reproductive cells dispersed by wind or by animals.
- Spores usually produce on aerial hyphae – form large reproductive structures, called fruit bodies.

FIVE Sexually : MAIN PHYLA:

Asexually :
Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
1. Chytridiomycota

2. Zygomycota -

3. Glomeromycota
Hyphae that contain Hyphae that
two genetically
4. Ascomycota contain only one
distinct nuclei nucleus per cell are
DIKARYOTIC
5. Basidiomycota MONOKARYOTIC

Chytrid- a fungus characterized by the

production of flagellated cells at some stage in
its life history.
- have flagellated spores

Thallus- composed of a few cells that form a simple body.

Rhizoids- the slender extension whitin thallus.

Zycomycete - a fungus characterized by the production of nonmotile, asexual spores and sexual zygospore.
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*Bread becomes moldy when a spore falls on it and then germinates and grows into a tangled mass of hyphae, known as a mycelium. Eventually,
certain hyphae grow upward and develop "sporangia”
Sporangia – clusters of black asexual spores that develop within each sporangium ruptures. Black spores that give black bread mold its
characteristic color

Sexual reproduction in the black bread mold

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Microsporidia – are small, unicellular parasites that infect eukaryotic cells. Molecular data suggest as zygomycetes

Two Developmental Stages

Feeding stage Reproductive stage

- the spore, which have

thick protective walls,
- the spores, the only
pass from cell to cell
s t a g e wi t h d i n t i n c t
inside the host or are
characters, are uses to
excreted in urine or
identify groups
through the skin.

Glomeromycetes - are symbionts with plant roots. A fungus that forms a distinctive branching form (arbuscular mycorrizae) of endomycorrhizae.

B l a s t o s p o r e s - multinucleate spore Mycorrhizae - ( from the Greek word meaning "fungus roots") symbiotic relationships between fungi
and the roots of plants.

Endomycorrhizal fungi - fungi that form mycorrhizae that extend into plant roots.

Arbuscular mycorrhizae - most widespread endomycorrhizal fungi. Hyphae inside inside the root cells form branched, tree- shaped structures.

Ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming ascospores

— Characterized by the production of nonmotile, asexual conidia and sexual ascospore

— The ascomycetes are sometimes referred to as sac fungi because of their spores are produced in little sacs called asci
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Conidia asexual reproduction involves the production of spores

Conidiophore which are pinched off at the tips of certain specialized hyphae

*Ascocarp the n + n hyphae form a fruiting body and in where the asci develop

 A fungus characterized

by the production of

sexual basidiospores

 Has about 22,300

nemed species

Basidiomycetes – fungus characterized by the production of sexual basidiospores

Basidiomycetes or club fungi

Ecological Importance of Fungi

 Decomposers  Form symbiotic relationship with

 Absorb Nutrients  some animals
 Minerals are recycled
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Mycorrhizae - are symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots

Lichen - are symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism

Contribute to
Destructive
the quality of life
Damage Economic Gains
Food &
Disease
Chemicals

EX.
1. Agaricus bisporus (“destroying angel”)
2. Morels
3. A.virosa 4. A.Phalloides
(“death cap”)