CITRUS FRUITS CULTIVATION & PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY

The Book Citrus Fruits Cultivation & Processing Technology covers almost all the basic and
advanced details to setup own Unit.The Book Covers Citrus Industry in India, Background,
Cultivation of Citrus Fruits, Technique of Hybridization, Influence of Climatic Factors, Soils
Requirment of Different Citrus Species, Establishing an orchard, Seed Propagation, Citrus
Rootstocks in India, Nutrition, Irrigation Requirement of Citrus Trees, Weed control in
nurseries, Harvesting, Quality of Furit, Post-harvest Technology, Problems in Citriculture,
The Extraction of Orange Oil with Volatile Solvents, Pineapple and Orange Products, Kagzi
Lime Carbonated Beverage, Citric Acid from Citrus Processing Wastes, Utilization of Kinnow
Waste in Value Added Products, Rangupur Lime (Citrus Limonia Osbeck) Preparation and
Storage of Beverages, Citrus and Fortunella, Lists the Products which can be Obtained from
Citrus Fruits, Citrus and Other Fruit Juices, Spray Drying Technology for Fruit Juice Drying,
Processing of Citrus. The book has been written for the benefit and to prove an asset and a
handy reference guide in the hands of new entrepreneurs & well established industrialists.

Citrus Industry in India

• Global Production and Indian Scenario
• Citrus Cultivation and Production
• Problems in India
Background
• Botany
• Poncirus
• Fortunella (Kumquats)
• Citrus
• Different Classifications
• Brief Notes on Important Citrus Fruits
• Acid Group
• Orange Group
• Pumelo grapefruit Group
Cultivation of Citrus Fruits
• Sweet Oranges
• Batavian
• Hamlin
• Jaffa
• Jaffa
• Malta Blood Red
• Malta Blood Red
• Pineapple
• Sathgudi
• Shamouti
• Valencia Late
• Washington Navel Oranges
• Mandarin Oranges
• Citrus Reticulata BCoorg orange
• Dancy Tangerine
• Desi Mandarin (Pathankot)
• Khasi orange
• King Mandarin
• Eureka Lemon
• Lisbon Lemon
• Lucknow Seedless
• Hill Lemon (Galgal) C pseudolimon Tanaka
• Malta Lemon
• Meyer Lemon
• Napali Oblong
• Villafranca
• Lime
• Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)
• Tahiti (Persian) Lime (C latifolla Tanaka)
• Rangpur Lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck)
• Sweet lime (Citrus limettioides Tanaka)
• Pummelo (C.grandis Osbeck)
• Nagpur (Chakotra) (10)
• Grapefruit (C.parodist Macf)
• Duncan
• Foster
• Marsh Seedless
• Ruby
• Shaharanpur Special
• Thormpson (Pink Marsh)
• Citrus Hybrids
• Inter Generic hybrids
 • Hybrids of Poncirus
• Citranges
• Citrangequats (Citrus Orange)
• Kum(quats)
• Citrangedins (cit)rus
• O(range)x Calomon(din)
• Citrangors
• Cicitranges
• Citrumelos
• Citrandarine (Poncirus trifoliata x C.reticulata)
• Citremons (P.trifoliata x C limon)
• Citradias (P.trifoliata x C aurantium)
• Citrumquats (P.trifoliata x F. Japonica or F.margaritd)
• Hybrids of Fortunelia
• Hyhbrids of genus Eremocitrus
Technique of Hybridization
• Structure of the Citrus Flower
• Selection of Parents
• Achievements in Citrus Breeding
• Work Done in India
Influence of Climatic Factors
• Temperature
• Relative Humidity
• Rainfall
• Winds
• Altitude
• Climatic Requirements of Different Citrus Species
• Sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
• Mandarin oranges (Citrus reticulata Blanco)
• Acid time (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)
• Sweet Lime (Citrus limettioldes Tanaka)
• Lemon (Citrus limon B)
• Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf)
• Pummelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck)
Soils Requirement of Different Citrus Species
 • Citrus Soils of India
• Citrus Soils of Fisewhere

Establishing an orchard
•
• Selection of site
• Preparation of the Site
• Layout
• Spacing
• Selection of Varieties
• Digging and Filling of Pits
• Planting Season
• Planting

Seed Propagation
• Seed storage
• Seed bed
• Sowing Time
• Sowing
• Germination
• Shade
• Nursery bed
• Care of the Young Seedlings

Citrus Rootstocks in India

•
• Citrus Rootstocks of the World
• Rootstock Trials in India
• Punjab
• Uttar Pradesh
• Assam
• Andhra Pradesh
• Maharashtra
• Karnataka
• Tamil nadu
Nutrition
• Mineral Nutrition
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus
• Potassium
• Calcium
• Magnesium
• Sulphur
• Zinc
• Iron
• Copper
• Mangnese
• Boron
• Molybdenum
• combined Nuitritional Sprays
• Factors Governing the Nutrition

Irrigation Requirement of Citrus Trees

• Time and Frequency of Irrigation
• Quality of Irrigation Water
• Systems of Irrigation
• Irrigation to bearing trees
Weed control in nurseries

Weed Control in the main field

Harvesting
• Picking time
• Methods of Picking
• Handling
• Grading
• Packing

Quality of Fruit
• limatic Factors
• Nutritional Factors
• Rootstock Effects
Post harvest Technology
• Degreening
• Pre harvest Treatment
• Post harvest application
• Storage
• Waxing
• Polyethylene covers
• Growth Regulators
• Cold Storage
• Controlling moulds in Storage
Problems in Citriculture
• Factors affecting Alternate Bearing
• Resting Treatment
• Choice of Bahar
• Granulation
• Control Measures
The Extraction of Orange Oil with Volatile Solvents
• Purpose of Investigation
• Previous Work
• Experimental Work
Pineapple and Orange Products
• Introduction
• Products
• Applications
• Availability of know how and compliances
• Market Potential
 • Summary and Future Outlook
Utilization of Kinnow Waste in Value Added Products
• Preparation of Kinnow Peel Candy
• Citrus Oils
• Seed Oil
Rangupur Lime (Citrus Limonia Osbeck) Preparation and Storage of Beverages
• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
• Preparation of Beverages
• Sensory Evaluation
• Storage Studies
• Analysis
• Statistical Analysis
• Results and Discussion
Citrus and Fortunella
• IntroductionDistribution
• Native Range
• Current Distribution
• Botancial Description
• Genus
• Family
• Subfamily
• Subgenera
• Species Origins and Pacific Island Introductions
• Preferred and Non-preferred Scientific Names
• Size
• Form
• Common Names
• Flowering
• Leaves and Branches
• Fruit
• Seeds
• Rooting Habit
• Look a like Species
• Genetics
• Variability of Species
• Known Varieties
• Associated Plant Species
• Species Commonly Associated as Aboriginal Introduction in Pacific Islands
• Environmental Preferences and Tolerances
• climate
• Elevation
• Mean Annual Rainfall
• Rainfall pattern
• Dry season Duration
• Consecutive months with 40 mm (1.6 in) rainfall)
• Mean Maximum Temperature of Hottest Month
• Mean Minimum Temperature of Coldest Month
• Minimum Temperature Tolerated
• Soils
• Soil Texture
• Soil Drainage
• Soil Acidity
• Special Soil Tolerances
• Tolerances
• Drought
• Full Sun
• Shade
• Fire
• Frost
• Waterlogging
• Salt
• Wind
• Growth and Development
• Growth rate
• Flowering
• Reaction to Competition
• Propagation
• Vegetative Propagation Known as "T-budding"Budwood Collection
• Bud Preparation
• Budwood Storage
• Pro grafting Treatments
• Propagation Area
• Early Growth
• Rootstock Propagation
• Time to Outplanting
• Approximate Size at Outplanting
• Guidelines for Outplanting
• Other Comments on Propagation
• Disadvantages
• Potential for Invasiveness
• Pests
• Insects and Mites
• Mites
• Scales, Mealybugs, and Whiteflies
• Aphids, Psyllids, and Sharpshooters
• Fruit Flies
• Other Insect Pests
• Diseases and Disorders
• Fruit Splitting
• Root Rot
• Nutrient Deficiencies
• Diseases Caused by Pathogens
• Root Rot and Phytophthora gummosis
• Melanose
• Greasy Spot
• Scab
• Black Spot
• Citrus Canker
• Greening
• Tristeza
• Psorosis ringspot
• Nematodes
• Postharvest Diseases
• Agroforestry/Environmental Practices
• Homegardens
• Living Fences
• Bee Forage
• Ornamental
• Uses and Products
• Fruit
• Nut/seed
• Beverage/Drink/Tea
• Medicinal
• Flavoring/Spice
• Honey
• Animal Fodder
• Beautiful/Fragrant Flowers
• Timbers
• Fuelwood
• Craft Wood/Tools
• Body Ornamentation/Garlands
• Toxin/Insecticide/Fish Poison
• Cosmetic/Soap/Perfume
• Oil/Lubricant
• Other
• Urban and Community Forestry
• Rate of Growth in a Landscape
• Roots
• Products Commonly used in a Household
• Light Requirements
• Water/Soil Requirements
• Life Span
• Varieties Favoured for use in a Homegardens or for Street Trees
• Seasonality of Leaf Flush, Flowering, Fruiting
• Use as Living Fence, Hedge, or Visusal/Noise Barrier
• Bird/bee/Wildlife
• Maintenance Requirements
• Special Considerations Regarding Leaf, Branch and Fruit Drop.Nuisance Issues:
• Poisonous Parts, Thorns/Spines, Foul Smell
 • Commercial Products
• Spacing for Commercial Production
• Management Objectives
• Design Considerations
• Estimated Yields
• On farm Processing
• Citrus Exports from the Pacific Islands
• Interplanting/Farm Applications
• example System
• Yields/Benefits
• crop/tree Interactions
• Spacing
• Distribution
• Native Range
• Current Distribution
• Botancial Description
• Preferred Scientific Names/Varietal Names
• Description
• Climate
• Propagation
• Rootstock
• Culture
• Harvesting
• pests and Diseases
• Food Uses
• Urban and Community Forestry
• Fruit
• Leaf
• Appendix B
• Appendix C. Kumpat
• Varieties and Hybrids
• Fortunella x (Kumquat hybrids)
Lists the Products which can be Obtained from Citrus Fruits
• Process Lines for the Production and Recovery of Citrus Fruit Products
• Method-1