ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC II

TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT CENTER

Surallah National Agricultural School
Surallah, South Cotabato
RESULTS OF CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF

VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
 PREVALENCE OF PESTS DUE TO:

• Monocropping
• Misuse of pesticides
• Unadapted crops and varieties (semi-temperate)
• Soil degradation and loss of ecological balance
• Over fertilization
WHY PRODUCE ORGANIC VEGETABLES?

Organically grown vegetables are

tastier and healthier for man and the
environment
ORGANIC VEGETABLE FARMING
PRODUCES “LIVING SOIL”
• Full of life with soil organisms
(macroorganisms and microorganisms)
• Very rich in macro and micro elements,
trace elements, and vital energy
• Very rich in organic matter
CHEMICAL VEGETABLE FARMING
CREATES “DEAD SOIL”
• Acidic soils with few microorganisms
• Lacking in micro elements, trace elements,
poor vitality
• Almost ZERO organic matter
UC2. PRODUCING ORGANIC VEGETABLES
ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Establish nursery • Seeds are selected in accordance with the PNS,
and NSQCS/BPI.
• Seedbeds are prepared in accordance with planting
requirements based on Vegetable Production
manual (VPM).
• Care and maintenance of seedlings are done in
accordance with enterprise practice.
• Potting media are prepared in accordance with
enterprise procedure.
Plant seedlings • Land preparation is carried out in accordance
with enterprise practice
• Beneficial micro-organisms are introduced prior
to planting in accordance with enterprise
procedure
• Seedlings are transplanted/planted based on
VPM recommendations
• Seedlings are watered based on VPM
recommendations
UC2. PRODUCING ORGANIC VEGETABLES
Perform plant care • Water management is implemented according
and to plan.
management
• Effective control measures are determined
on specific pest and diseases as described
under the “pest, disease and weed
management” of the PNS
• All missing hills are replanted to maintain the
desired plant population of the area
• Plant rejuvenation/ratooning are maintained
according to PNS.
• Organic fertilizers are applied in accordance
with fertilization policy of the PNS
UC2. PRODUCING ORGANIC VEGETABLES
Perform harvest and • Products are checked using maturity indices
post-harvest according to to PNS, PNS-organic agriculture and
activities
enterprise practice.
• Marketable products are harvested according to
PNS, PNS-organic agriculture and enterprise
practice.
• Harvested vegetables are classified according to
PNS, PNS-organic agriculture and enterprise
practice.
• Appropriate harvesting tools and materials are
used according to PNS.
• Post harvest practices are applied according to
PNS and GAP recommendations
• Production record is accomplished according to
enterprise procedures.
Establishing Organic Nursery
Ideal Characteristics of Organic Nursery

• Clean, free from contaminants and establish buffer zone, if

necessary
• Put up shade or transparent plastic to protect heavy rains and
avoid entry point for insect pest
• Availability of clean and unchlorinated water
• Availability of concoctions
• Secured area from stray animals
• Provide clean garden tools
• Strictly maintain proper record keeping
Establishing Organic Nursery
Selecting Good seeds

• No to GMO seeds
• Source of seeds and planting materials shall be
from certified organic producers, when available
• Use untreated and planting materials which are
available, in case, chemically untreated
conventional materials maybe used provided that
they have not been treated with pesticides
Establishing Organic Nursery
Preparing growth media

• Use the ratio of 1:1:1

• One (1) part of ordinary garden soil, one (1) part of
vermicompost and one (1) part of coco coir dust or
carbonized rice hull
• Introduce beneficial microorganisms
Establishing Organic Nursery
Preparing the seedbed

• Clear the area and prepare growth media

• Sterilize plots through sun drying or hot water treatment
• Introduce beneficial microorganisms
• Provide access to clean and unchlorinated water
• Prepare the seedbeds using indigenous materials
• Seedling trays maybe used or “arorong”
• Strictly record the activities
Planting Seedlings
Preparing the land

• Thorough land preparation by pulverizing soil and make it

free from weeds
• Construct canals and waterways for proper drainage
• One meter of width of plot (distance depends upon the
crop to be planted)
• Sterilize plots
• Introduce beneficial microorganisms
• Strictly record the activities
Planting Seedlings
Procedures of Planting and Transplanting

• Staking
• Establishing distance
• Holing
• Sterilizing
• Basal application
• Spraying concoctions
• Planting
Performing plant care activities
General procedures in plant care
• Visit the plants everyday and observe presence of pests and diseases
• Water the plants every other day preferably in the morning
• Weed the plants when needed by hand weeding
• Spray concoction to make the soil healthy (feed the soil, not the plant)
• For faster growth, spray IMO & FPJ
• Spray FFJ to make fruits healthy and good taste
• Spray OHN and LABS when there are insect pests and diseases
observed
• Plant insect repellants around the garden
• Practice crop rotation
Performing plant care activities
Organic Control Methods

• Introduction of beneficial microorganisms

• Increase population of natural enemies by planting
alternative host plant for natural enemies
• Use parasitoid
• Maintain sanitation in the field
• Plant sacrificial plant
Performing plant care activities
Improving soil fertility

• Use of organic fertilizer

• Loosen the soil and spray IMO to increase the growth of
beneficial microorganism
• Practice intercropping
• Application of green manure
• Practice crop rotation
• Prevent soil erosion through cover cropping
• Practice fallow period
Performing plant care activities
Applying basal and foliar fertilizer

• Basal fertilizer is applied in the soil by digging holes

or mixing basal fertilizer into the soil of preferred
bed before planting the seedling.

• Foliar fertilizer is applied by spraying into the plant

leaves and body during ambient temperature while
the stomata is open.
Performing harvest and postharvest
operations
Maturity indices

• Solonaceous (eggplant, pepper, tomatoes)

-color of fruit, shiny, perfect size
• Cucurbits (pipino, squash, upo)
-size, age from transplanting, convex appearance,
color
• Leafy (pechay, lettuce, mustard)
-at least 8 leaves from the base
Performing harvest and postharvest
operations
Harvesting and Handling Vegetables

• Harvest vegetables early in the morning or late in the

afternoon using pruning knife
• Segregate the different sizes of vegetable and remove
those that have defects
• Place it in bamboo baskets lined with banana leaves or
used newspapers to prevent rashes and other damages
• Transport vegetables at cool temperature or early in the
morning
Performing harvest and postharvest
operations
Observing harvesting protocol

• Must have clearly defined collection area

• Harvester must be identified and familiar with the
harvesting area
• The harvest area shall be at an appropriate
distance from conventional farms and other
sources of pollution and contamination
PESTS AND THEIR REPELLANTS
• Ants – mint
• Aphids – garlic, coriander/anise
• Beetle – tomato, radish, marigold
• Borers – onion, garlic
• Mites – onion, garlic, chives
• Nematode – marigold, dahlia, calendula,
asparagus
• Whitefly - marigold
 3. USE OF TRAP PLANTS
• Crops more preferred by pests – plant them
as borders
Crops more preferred by pests
• Okra – for leaf hoppers in eggplant
• Soybean on crucifers, carrot, eggplant for
beetles
• Zinnia, marigold – for beetles
Companion crops (Source: CETDEM organic
farming project, Malaysia)

• Chili – with okra, eggplant,radish

• Cabbage – with onion and tomato
• Tomato – with carrot, cucumber, onion, garlic
• Cucumber – with radish, corn, lettuce
• Peanut –with corn, okra
• Radish – with cucumber, tomato.chili
Advantages of Crop Rotation
• Helps disrupt the life cycle, habitat and food
supply of many pests and diseases
• Helps in soil conservation, improve soil
fertility and reduce weeds
• Rotation systems:
• Leaf-root-legume-fruit; root-leaf-fruit-legume;
legume-fruit-root-leaf; fruit-legume-leaf-root
Corn is a good component of the rotation
system also for the control of nematodes
 7. PHYSICAL CONTROL METHODS
• Tiriscide
• Durugiscide
• Balothion (fruit bagging)
• Inside de kulambo (use of nets)
 Pest Repellant Plants

•grown for their

seeds

Sunflower
PEST REPELLANT PLANTS (SPICES)

•Grown for its bulbs

•repels cabbage moths,

aphids, weevil and some
nematodes

Onion
 •A perennial tufted
grass with long sharp-
edged blades

Lemongrass
Rice straw mulch in eggplant
 •Grown for its bulb
made up of cloves

•Repels aphids,
mites , borers and
white flies

Garlic
PEST REPELLANT PLANTS (SPICES)

•Grown for its rhizome

•,repels aphid,
thrips, white fly

Ginger
 •grows to a height of
about 3 to 5 feet and
has deep orange roots
or tubers

•Rhizomes or root
tubers are powdered to
obtain turmeric
powder.

Turmeric
Tumeric Curcum domstica (Fam. Zigiberaceoe)
Plant parts with insect controlling propertie: rhizome
Mode of action: repellent, insecticidal and
antifungal.
Target pests: aphids, caterpillars, mites and rice leaf
hoppers.
Preparation: 500g of turmeric rhizomes chopped
and soaked overnight, dilute into 2 litres of water
and again dilute into another 10-15ml of water.
 8. USE MULCH
• Mulch – a protective covering, usually of organic
matter such as leaves, straw, placed around plants
to prevent the evaporation of moisture and the
growth of weeds.
• For wet and dry season
• For weed control
• As soil protection
• To protect the fruits
• Reduces pests and diseases
• Saves on watering and labor
• Better quality of crops and yields
PEST REPELLANT CROPS
(HERBS)

•Repels fruit fly, leaf

miners, and mites.

Basil
Basil Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilium), Holy Basil
(Ocimum Sanctum)
Plant parts with insect controlling properties:
leaves and stem
Mode of action: repellent, insecticidal, fungitoxic
and molluscicide.
Target pests: fruit fly, leaf miners, red spider and
mites.
Preparation: 100g basil leaves dipped in to 1 litre
of water. This should be soaked overnight in water.
Filter the mixture and add 1ml of liquid soap, stir
properly. Dilute into 10-15 litres of water.
 •annual herb with
several branches and
lacy leaves with
jagged edges

•plant near all

vegetables to repel
aphids and will draw
bees
Coriander
PEST REPELLANT PLANTS
(HERBS)

Tarragon Calendula
 •mint has a
wonderful smell, and
it will naturally keep
insects away from
plants.

•will improve flavor

and growth if planted
near tomatoes

Mint
 •will repel aphids as well
plays host to predatory
wasps.

Anise
PESTS AND THEIR REPELLANTS
• Ants – mint
• Aphids – garlic, coriander/anise
• Beetle – tomato, radish, marigold
• Borers – onion, garlic
• Mites – onion, garlic, chives
• Nematode – marigold, dahlia, calendula,
asparagus
• Whitefly - marigold
 3. USE OF TRAP PLANTS
• Crops more preferred by pests – plant them
as borders
Crops more preferred by pests
• Okra – for leaf hoppers in eggplant
• Soybean on crucifers, carrot, eggplant for
beetles
• Zinnia, marigold – for beetles
 4. INTERCROPPING AND CROP
ROTATION
Intercropping - a form of multiple cropping in which
two or more crops simultaneously occupy the same
field
Crop rotation - the successive planting of different
crops on the same land to improve soil fertility and
help control insects and diseases.
•Avoid monocropping
•Plant different crops depending
on use, location and market
• Intercrop within the row and
within blocks
•Use different varieties even in
the same crop as much as
possible
Companion crops (Source: CETDEM organic
farming project, Malaysia)

• Chili – with okra, eggplant,radish

• Cabbage – with onion and tomato
• Tomato – with carrot, cucumber, onion, garlic
• Cucumber – with radish, corn, lettuce
• Peanut –with corn, okra
• Radish – with cucumber, tomato.chili
Advantages of Crop Rotation
• Helps disrupt the life cycle, habitat and food
supply of many pests and diseases
• Helps in soil conservation, improve soil
fertility and reduce weeds
• Rotation systems:
• Leaf-root-legume-fruit; root-leaf-fruit-legume;
legume-fruit-root-leaf; fruit-legume-leaf-root
Corn is a good component of the rotation
system also for the control of nematodes
 5. RESISTANT VARIETIES
• Selections from DA-BAR Project “Varietal
Evaluation under Organic conditions”
• Eggplant – A-300, Mara, Concepcion, Arayat
• Tomato – Pinusyo, Tinagbak, BRCl
• Pole sitao – sandigan, CSL 19, Acc 228
• Ampalaya – SR#3
 6. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
- use of natural enemies(predators, parasites
and pathogens to control insect pests and
diseases
- The ancient Chinese distributed nests of
predatory ants among citrus trees to control
caterpillars and borers.
- today, biological control is an increasingly
important component of integrated pest
management (IPM) programs for agriculture
 ENCOURAGE NATURAL ENEMIES
• Do not spray chemical pesticides
• Plant attractants of natural enemies- basil,
amaranth, sunflower, cosmos, zinnia
• Have an area for them
 7. PHYSICAL CONTROL METHODS
• Tiriscide
• Durugiscide
• Balothion (fruit bagging)
• Inside de kulambo (use of nets)
 8. USE MULCH
• Mulch – a protective covering, usually of organic
matter such as leaves, straw, placed around plants
to prevent the evaporation of moisture and the
growth of weeds.
• For wet and dry season
• For weed control
• As soil protection
• To protect the fruits
• Reduces pests and diseases
• Saves on watering and labor
• Better quality of crops and yields
Rice straw mulch in eggplant
 10. USE OF BOTANICAL PESTICIDES
• Spray silicidin (hot pepper extract) for aphids
and larva (100 gm hot pepper, extract juice,
good for one sprayer, add soap)
• Spray Perlathion (natural soap solution) for
whitefly, mealy bugs
• Spray nucleo polyhedrosis virus (NPV) for
lepideptorous insects
• Spray Metarrhizum, a fungus effective against leaf
hoppers, beetles and other hard bodied insect
• Spray onion extract, fermented plant juice (FPJ) or
compost tea for mildews
• Use other botanical pesticides such Neem
Derris , etc.
 LAND PREPARATION

1.Thorough land preparation by alternate

plowing and harrowing two to three
times depending on the soil type
2.Pulverize the soil
Plowing the field
Harrowing the field
 Crop Recommend
ed Varieties
AMPALAYA Jade Star, Sta Rita,
native
POLE SITAO Sandigan
TOMATO Improved Pope
EGGPLANT Dumaguete Long
purple
PECHAY Black Behi
2. Direct seeding
Pole sitao - plant two to three seeds/hill.
Cover with 2-2.5 cm with pulverized soil. At
10 days after emergence (DAE), thin out
seedling to one plant per hill.

Ampalaya – Break the seed coat lightly and

soak the seeds in water for 24 hours, then
wash. Incubate for 24 – 48 hours until the
radicle appear. Plant the seeds with uniform
germination to have uniform stand of plant
in the field
 Planting distance
AMPALAYA 50CM X 40 CM

EGGPLANT 50 CM X 40 CM

TOMATO 50 CM X 40 CM

PECHAY 15 CM X 15 CM

POLE SITAO 5O CM X 40 CM
 SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT
Vigorous seedlings are the foundation of
vigorous plants
- can tolerate certain level of pest
infestation and disease infection
Production of Seedlings
1. Soil medium preparation
- Prepare the soil medium by thoroughly
mixing a 1:1:1 ratio garden soil,
compost, and one of the three:
carbonated rice hull/rice hull/coir
dust/saw dust
2. Sowing of seeds
a.Use of seedling tray
•multi cell plastic trays are available in
different sizes (50 to 140 cells per tray)
•The soil media is filled into the plastic tray
•Depending on the crop, one to two seeds
are placed into each cell
•Depth of sowing depends on the size of the
seed. As a rule of thumb, it should be only
twice the size of the seed

Some Notes on Seeding and
Planting Distances
 Pechay, sown in seed box, pricked and planted in
seedling trays after 7 to 10 days and transplanted
after another 7 days. Distance between hills is 15
cm & between rows is 15 cm, 5 rows in the plot

Eggplant and tomato direclty seeded in a

seedling tray (2 seeds per hole). But transplanted
at 1 plant per hill. Distance between hills is 50 cm

Pole sitao & Ampalaya are directly seeded on the

plot
3. Care of seedlings
•Water the sown seeds once a day
during the first 3 darickingys
•For seedlings sown in seedbox,
prick the seedlings 3-5 days after
germination and transplant to
seedling trays (1 seedling per cell)
Pricking is not done for seeds sown
directly in plastic seedling tray
•Regulate watering as soon as the seeds
have germinated
•Water the seedlings morning and
afternoon for the first week then regulate
watering for the succeeding days. Avoid too
much water and late afternoon watering
for these may cause damping-off
•Harden the seedlings 7-10 days before
transplanting by exposing the seedlings
under full sunlight and gradually
withdrawing water until the seedling reach
temporary wilting.
Hardened seedlings can easily recover from
stress during transplanting
•Seedlings 3-4 week old are ready for
transplanting
 CROP DAYS TO
TRANSPLANTING
AFTER SOWING
EGGPLANT 21-30
TOMATO 18-21
PECHAY 10-14
4. Transplanting
•Transplant the seedling during cloudy
days, cool weather or in the afternoon
when the sun is not too hot to avoid
seedling shock.
•Minimize root injuries/disturbance.
•Remove the seedlings from the
seedling tray with the soil medium as
compact as possible.
 Lay Out

Planting distance: 0.40 m x 0.50m distance between hills, 2

rows in a plot for eggplant and ampalaya
 Lay Out

Planting distance: 0.40 m x 0.50m distance between

hills, 2 rows in a plot for ampalaya
Lay Out

Planting distance of
0.40 m distance
between hills, 2
rows in a plot
 Lay Out

Planting Distance: 0.15m x 0.15m between

hills, 5 rows in a plot
 CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF THE PLANTS
1. Fertilization
- to provide plants that are lacking in the soil by using
organic fertilizer
- Organic fertilizers include composts and
microbial based fertilizers
- Fertilizers are applied basal (applied before
planting or transplanting)
Characteristics of organic fertilizers
1.Low nutrient content
2.Slow effect
3.Can be dried and stored for a long time
4.Promote good condition of the soil
 CROP TIME OF APPLICATION TYPE OF AMOUNT
FERTILIZER (g/m2)
AMPALAYA -Planting time (basal) Compost 3000
-30 days after planting (side
dressing)
EGGPLANT -4-5 days after planting (basal) Compost or 3000 or as
-20-25 days after planting (side commercially recommende
dressing) (repeat every 30 available organic d
days) fertilizers

PECHAY -Before planting (basal) Organic Fertilizer 1000

- 2-3 days after planting
TOMATO -Planting time (basal) Compost or 3000 or as
-7 days after planting commercially recommende
(sidedressing) available organic d
-25 days after 1st (sidedressing) fertilizers
 CROP SPECIAL
CULTURAL
PRACTICES
TOMATO Single staking
(wet season)
POLE SITAO Trellising
(inverted v
type)
• Trellising – providing support to
climbing plants
1.Ampalaya
• Before the vines creep, construct
vertical, overhead or fence type
trellises.
• Lay-out 2.5 m long and 2 – 2.5 cm wide
ipil-ipil, bamboo or kakawate poles 2 m
apart within rows
• Connect the poles horizontally by wire
(# 16) at the top, middle and bottom
portions in every row
• Tie the top wire to the stakes at the end
of the rows to make the poles stable.
• Cut abaca twine or synthetic straw, and
tie them vertically from top to bottom
wires, and crisscrossing overhead.
• Allow 1 plant to grow around a vertical
string.
2. Pole sitao
• Provide wood or bamboo trellis
measuring two meters for climbing
vines.
• Provide vertical single support trellis
made from either bamboo or wood,
with a height of 2 m.
Fence type trellis (ampalaya)
• VINE TRAINING( ampalaya, pole sitao)
-train the vines by spreading them evenly
across the trellis until they reach the top

PRUNING (ampalaya)
• Remove the lower lateral or branches to
facilitate vine growth at the top of the
trellis
Weed Control
1.Remove weeds around the plants
2.Cut-off the weeds in between rows
using a scythe.

MULCHING
-Mulch with rice straw to control weeds
and conserve soil moisture
 INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT
• Combines 2 or more strategies to manage insect
pest population to non destructive levels
1. Use of resistant varieties
2. Removal of weeds that serve as secondary hosts to
pests
3. Crop rotation – to break the cycle of development
and build up of pests of the crop
Trichogramma, a parasitoid
Predators- are the lions and wolves of
the insect world. During their life cycles
they eat many insect pests. Predators
usually feed on a greater variety of
insect species than do parasites.

-ex. earwigs, lady beetles and lacewing

larvae
Ear wigs
•Pathogens
•Insects are subject to diseases caused by
viruses, bacteria, nematodes and fungal
pathogens.
•. Disease outbreaks can rapidly reduce
the populations of pest species when
conditions favor infection and
transmission.
• Some pathogens are commercially
cultured and sold, and can be used much
like an insecticide for pest control
•Spray Metarrhizum, a fungus effective
against leaf hoppers, beetles and other
hard bodied insects
•Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacterium
against corn borer, diamond backmoth
of crucifers
 DISEASE MANAGEMENT
1. Use resistant varieties
2. Use of disease-free seeds
3. Select disease-free areas
4.Removal of weeds that serve as
secondary hosts to pathogens
5.Crop rotation – to break the life
cycle of pathogens
6. Proper Irrigation Management

-over watering – favors most soil-borne

pathogens
For foliar diseases – overhead sprinkler
irrigation enhances pathogen survival
and dispersal and disease development
7. Field Sanitation

-removal or destruction of diseased plant

residues, includes plowing down old plants
Crop Pest Pest/Damage Control
Description

Fruitfly Lay eggs on the young Bag the fruits with used
fruits. The eggs later paper or plastic bags
hatch into a maggot when they are the size
that starts feeding of a pencil
A inside the fruits
M
P
L
A
Y
A

Caterpillars Light green in color that Collect the larvae and

feeds on the shoot tips, kill them
Cr Pest Pest/Damage Control
op Description
Fruit Lay eggs on the Collect all fruits
and young and flower with borer holes
shoot buds/shoots. during
E
borer Eggs develop into harvesting. Burn
G larvae that feed on or bury them
G the affected parts
P Aphids Small black Spraying at
L colored insects night with
A detergent soap
N mixed with water
is recommended
T
Thrips Very small insects Spray soap
Cro Pest Pest/Damage Control
p Description
Bacterial Plants start to wilt Use resistant
E wilt and dry. Bacterial variety and
ooze on the cut grafting to
G
area of the infected resistant
G stem rootstock.
P Practice crop
L rotation
A Phytopt Decaying areas of Collect and burn
N hora the fruit have the infected
T Fruit Rot fungus on the plants
outer surface of the
skin
Phomop Fruits have watery Use resistant
Cr Pest Pest/Damage Control
op Description
Aphids Small insects Spraying at
P underneath the night with
leaves that suck detergent soap
E
the sap of the mixed with
C plants water is
H recommended
A Flea These are small Collect adults
Y Beetles black insects by using
that make small, sweep nets or
round holes on trapping them
the leaves with
Cr Pest Pest/Damage Control
op Description
Bacter Resembles light Use of quality
ial green spotting seeds
spot of leaves and
(Leaf fruits; leaves
and drop off
T fruit)
O Mosai Light and dark Regulate
M c green mottling watering
A of the leaves, Avoid dense
T slight curling, planting
malformation of
Cr Pest Pest/Damage Control
op Description
Tomat Attack leaves, Pick the insects
o Fruit flowers and and kill.
worm fruits. Tomato Remove all
fruit worm infected fruits
larvae bore during priming
T into the fruit,
O typically at the
M calyx, resulting
to fruit fall.
A
T Cutwo Larvae feeds Pick up the
 Insect Pests of Ampalaya
•Eggs are small, white,
and slender. These are
laid, or inserted into
fruit
•Larvae are
cylindrical, elongate,
live and tunnel
through the fruit, feed
on the pulp, and
continue feeding
Fruit fly inside the fruit
•Adult fruit flies are very small insects
which lay their eggs in various plant
tissues. Wide heads, black or steely green
or blue bodies, bright greenish to bluish
eyes, and wings that are usually mottled
brown or black,
Parasites- are insects that require only one
host to complete their development. The
adult typically lays her egg in or on the
host. The parasite larva feeds on the host,
eventually killing it. The adult parasite then
emerges from the dead host's body.
Parasites often attack only one or a few
related pest species. Many important
parasites are small wasps and flies.
-ex. Trichogramma
 •The egg is very tiny
(0.25 mm long and 0.1
mm wide),. white when
freshly laid

•The adult has a

slender small body,
yellowish to dark-
brown in color, and is
cigar-shaped. It is 1-2
thrips mm long with a well-
pronounced 5-8
segmented antennae
 Insect Pests of Ampalaya
•Adults are small, 3-4
mm long, soft-bodied
insects with two
projections on the rear
end and two long
antennae. Their body
color varies from yellow,
green, brown, to purple.
Females can give birth to
live nymphs as well as
can lay eggs

aphids
INSECT PESTS OF EGGPLANT

Green leaf hopper

INSECT PESTS OF TOMATO

Tomato cutworm
INSECT PESTS OF TOMATO

Tomato fruit worm

INSECT PEST OF PECHAY

Flea beetles
DISEASES OF EGGPLANT

Phomopsis fruit rot

DISEASES OF TOMATO

Blossom end rot

Powdery mildew
 WATER MANAGEMENT

• Avoid subjecting plants to water stress (drought or

water logging)
• Preferably, water the plants early in the morning or
mid afternoon (3 pm)
• Amount and frequency of watering is most critical
during the reproductive stage of plants, from
flowering, fruit setting to fruit development
 Watering

• Water early in the morning or mid

afternoon at around 4pm

• Watering late in the afternoon

enhance disease development

• Watering in the middle of the day

may injure the plants

Regular watering must be observed.

HARVESTING
 Crop Harvesting
Pechay Harvest starts 20-25 days after
transplanting. Pechay easily wilts so it
is necessary to harvest early in the
morning
Eggplant First harvest is about 50-60 days from
planting. Fruits that are shiny and
soft are ready for harvest. More
frequent harvesting can reduce
damage from fruit borers. Harvest all
fruits including deformed and
damaged ones to prevent spread of
pests. Harvesting can last for 3-6
months
 What are the harmful effects of chemical
fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides,
rodenticides, suicide?
• In August 2000, a research team in
Holland published findings which showed
that men whose jobs gave them a high
exposure to pesticides had significantly
lower sperm counts.
• Couple of years earlier, a Danish study found
that a sample of organic farmers had sperm
counts 50% higher than the national average.
• The Economic and Social Research Council,
USDA, published a report in April 2000
saying that a combination of high tech crops,
pollution and soil erosion are affecting the
intelligence of millions of people.
• High yielding rice and wheat, the so called “green
revolution crops” developed in Los Baños, the
Philippines, are now named as one of the causes of
brain damage especially impaired intellect in poor or
third world countries.
• These crops, produced under modern agriculture
techniques using large doses of pesticides, herbicides,
and fertilizers are being blamed for intelligence problems
because they do not contain essential brain nutrients
such as iodine, iron and vitamin A.
• A decrease in brain size has been reported
among poor communities in Brazil over 30 years.
• “We evolved bigger brains at the cost of a
smaller digestive system requiring high quality
food” says the report.
• “If food supplies become poor quality or
contaminated. This might favor humans with a
bigger gut or larger digestive system but with a
resultantly smaller brain.”
• This phenomenon has forced the
Philippine government to make laws, RA
8976, the “Food Fortification Law”
requiring all rice, sugar, cooking oil and
flour sold in the market to be fortified with
iron in the form of ferrous sulfate – a
synthetic micronutrient derived from scrap
iron.
• According to Hawley’s Condensed
Chemical Dictionary, one hazard of
ingesting large amount of ferrous sulfate is
that it causes “stomach disorders.”
• A Stanford University study of 496 patients
newly diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease
suggests that in-home use of pesticides
increases the rich of the neurological
disorder by 70%.
• A study at Emory University in Atlanta,
confirmed a connection between
Parkinson’s disease and pesticides after
laboratory rats developed Parkinson’s like
symptoms upon prolonged exposure to the
organic pesticide rotenone. (Neurology
Reviews, August 2000; Nature
Neuroscience, December 2000.)
• For many years, pesticides were studied
mainly to determine their potential to
cause cancer. Recently, researchers at
Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New
York has found that the most widely used
class of indoor insecticides is a probable
hormone disrupter that may interfered with
reproductive functions and possibly
contribute to cancer.
• Thousands of people in Florida have
reported suffering health problems
following aerial spraying of the insecticide
Malathion against Mediterranean fruit flies
attacking food crops. The victims have
filed a class-action have sent against
Cheminova Inc. the manufacturer of
Malathion, which is related to the nerve
gases used in World War II.
• Without microorganisms, the soil, will be
lacking in other micronutrients needed by
the body such as calcium, magnesium,
iron, zinc, cooper, selinium, manganese,
vit. C, vit. A, vit. B6, Folecin, vit. E,
potassium, etc.
• There are 23 elements needed for human
health that come from the soil.
• Dr. Albrecht and Dr. Allison of Missouri
University with the funding by the
International Harvester Company
conducted experiments on animals using
plants grown in soil deficient in the 23
elements especially the trace elements.
• The food produced on this soil was also
deficient in the trace elements or nutrients.
• The cattle fed with plants grown in poor soil
developed certain deficiency diseases. The
blood of these sick cattle was analyzed and
was found deficient in trace elements.
• The missing trace elements was supplied or
added to the soil and then the animals were
fed with food grown on such enriched soil.
The cattle recovered from their fever and
disease.
• Dr. Albert and Dr. Allison of Missouri
University with the funding by the
International Harvester Company
conducted experiments on animals using
plants grown in soil deficient in the 23
elements especially the trace elements.
• The food produced on this soil was also
deficient in the trace elements or nutrients.
• The cattle fed with plants grown in poor soil
developed certain deficiency diseases. The
blood of these sick cattle was analyzed and
was found deficient in trace elements.
• The missing trace elements was supplied or
added to the soil and then the animals were
fed with food grown on such enriched soil.
The cattle recovered from their fever and
disease.
• Dr. George H. Earp-Thomas wrote in 1950
his discoveries on the relationship
between poor soil and human and animal
diseases.
• He concluded that “There is only one
disease, and that is MALNUTRITION.”
• Drs. Albrecht-Allison conducted
experiments and with organic farming
produced an organic food that would meet
the needs of the medical profession, that
would have all of or more than the 32
factors and 23 elements well proportioned
for their use.

131
• The body cells will die, “atrophy away” if not
supplied with constant nourishments. Many
soils can no longer produce foods adequately
supplied with all the essential factors. The more
you eat of deficient food, regardless of your
health, the more you hasten your decline – if the
trace elements are lacking.
• Such symptoms fill medical books with fancy
names, but here is one name which covers
practically all of them: MALNUTRITION.
• Drs. Albrecht-Allison conducted
experiments and with organic farming
produced an organic food that would meet
the needs of the medical profession, that
would have all of or more than the 32
factors and 23 elements well proportioned
for their use.
 The organic food produced from
organic crops was richer in protein
than meat, carried all the needed
amino acids, a full and liberal
supply of vitamins A, C, K, the B
complex, some E, F, G and P.
The trace minerals iron, copper,
zinc, calcium, phosphorus, cobalt,
the factors Inositol, folic aid, 134
• With the discovery of the health benefits
derived from rich sail coming from organic
farming, the nature doctor, or now called
naturopathic doctors, are able to supply
proper nutrition to sick persons and are
able to heal their diseases, by giving
organically grown foods.
• Organic Agriculture do not use pesticides. Because of
this, the food produced are now called “Power Charged”
foods. Organic foods contain more phyto-chemicals that
are called “Medicinal Foods.”

• Scientists from the Department of Food Science and

Technology of the University of California-Davis
discovered that fruits and vegetables grown organically
can reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer and other
diseases. (Journal of Food Chem. 57(5), 2003).
• According to these scientists, crops grown
organically contain more polyphenolics than
conventional crops possibly because they are
not sprayed with any pesticides.
• These results showed that berries and corn
grown organically contained up to 58 percent
more polyphenolics, strawberries, 19% more,
blackberries, 58% more and all of them have
higher content of ascorbic acid (Vit C) and other
antioxidants, flavonoids and bioflavonoids.
• Livestock like chicken, pigs and cattle, grown in
chemical-industrial animal farming systems are
also sources of chemicals harmful to health.
• The animals grown like sardines in unhealthy
animal farms are fed and injected with synthetic
chemicals to force them to grow fast and
survive the pathogenic microorganisms that
abounds. These are antibiotics, growth
hormones, steroids, synthetic vitamins and
minerals.
• When humans eat these animals, they also
ingest these synthetic chemicals and whatever
disease these animals have.
• Because meat produced in animal farms are too
unhealthy, the Harvard Medical School in its
newly constructed Food Pyramid or Dietary
Guide warned that meat should be taken in
small quantities, and that Red Meat should be
taken only occasionally. (Paminsan-minsasn
lang)
 Today, Oncologists from the Harvard Medical
School recommend to cancer patients to:

• Change lifestyle
• Become vegetarians or avoid
red meat
• Eat lots of organic food
• Avoid eating at FAST
FOOD Restaurant like McDonalds
• Because the foods we eat today lack
nutritional content, children and adults, no
matter how they eat are “starved” and tend
to eat more then necessary, resulting into:
obesity, diabetes, cardio-vascular and
heart diseases, and chronic and
degenerative diseases including
Parkinson’s.
The best way to Good Health is by
eating only Organic Food.
End of Presentation