Design Principles of Culverts and Bridges

Dr.V.Bhikshma
Professor & Former Head
Department of Civil Engineering
University College of Engineering (A)
Osmania University, Hyderabad,T.S.
 Bridge Structure
• Bridge is a structure providing passage over an
obstacle without closing the way beneath.
The required passage may be for a
• Road
• Railway
• Pedestrians
• Canal
• Pipe line
• River
• Valley etc.,
 Main Components of a Bridge

• Deck consisting of a deck slab, girders, trusses

• Bearings of decking
• Abutments and piers
• Foundations for abutments and piers
• River training works , like revetment for slopes, for
embankment at abutments and aprons at river bed
levels.
• Approaches to the bridge to connect the bridge
proper to the roads
• hand rails, parapets and guard stones
 Loading Standards
• Road decks have to be designed to withstand the live
loads specified by IRC :6.
• They are grouped in to the following groups:
IRC: Class AA loading
• This loading comprises either a tracked vehicle(
simulating an army tank) of 700kN or a wheeled
vehicle Heavy duty truck) 400kN
• All the bridges located on National High ways and
state high ways have to be designed for this heavy
loading. These loadings are also adopted for bridges
located within certain specified municipal localities
and along specified high ways.
 Class 70R Loading
• Class 70R Loading consists of a
• Tracked vehicle of 700kN
• Wheel vehicle of 1000kN
• Tracked vehicle is some what similar to that of class AA loading.
• Contact length of the track is 4.87m.
• Nose to tail length of the vehicle is 7.92m
• the specified minimum spacing between the successive vehcles
is 30m
• The wheeled vehicle is 15.22m long and has seven axles with
the loads totaling to 1000kN.
• A Bogie loading of 400 kN is also specified with wheeled loads
of 100kN each.
 IRC Class A Loading

• This consists of a wheel load train comprising a truck

with trailers of specified axle spacing and loads
• This type of loading is adopted on all roads
• For permanent bridges and culverts are constructed.
 Class B Loading

• Class B Loading comprises a truck and similar to

that of class A loading
• Type of HA loading comprising uniformly
distributed loading.
• Together with a knife edge load of 120kN uniformly
distributed across the width of the traffic lane.
• Two wheel loads each of 112kN in line transversely
to the direction of traffic flow spaced at 0.90m.
 IRC Class AA or 70R Loading

For the spans less than 9 meters

• For tracked vehicle -25% for spans up to 5m linearly
reduced to 10% for spans of 9m.
• For wheeled vehicle -25%.
• For spans 9m and more
• Tracked vehicle – for RC Bridges 10% up to a span
of 40m
• For wheeled vehicle – for RC Bridges 25% up to 12m
 AASHTO Loading

• U S A,Canada,Australia
• HS 20-44 TRACK
• HS 20-44 LANE
 General loads considered for the Bridges

• Dead load and live loads

• Dynamic effects
• Centrifugal force due to curvature of track
• Temperature and frictional effects
• Racking force
• Wind and earth quake forces
 Important IRC Codes
• IRC- 73- Geometric Design Standards for Rural
Roads
• IRC -SP-13 - small bridges and culverts
• IRC -SP-19 – Investigation and preparation of Road
projects
• IRC -SP-20 manual route location and maintenance
of rural roads
• IRC -SP-33 Guidelines on supplemental measures
for design, detailing and durability of important
bridge structures.
 Prestressed Concrete Bridges
• Prestressed concrete bridges
• Pretensioning
• Post tensioning
• Materials
• Grades of concrete, grades of steel
• Super plasticizers
• End blocks
• Anchorages
 Rural Road works

• According to IRC-5 -1998

• General features of the design
• Bridge is a structure having a total length of bridge
above 6 meters between the inner surface of the dirt
walls for carrying traffic or other moving loads over
a depression or obstruction such as canal, road or
railway.
 Bridge Categories

Types of bridges
• Minor bridges
• Major bridges
Minor bridges
• Minor bridge is a bridge having a total length of up to
60mtrs
• Major bridge is a bridge having the total length of
above 60 meters
 Culvert

• Culvert is a cross drainage structure having a total

length of 6mtrs or less between the inner faces of the
dirt walls or extreme vent way boundaries measured
at right angels thereto.
 Foot bridge

• A foot bridge is abridge exclusively used for

carrying pedestrians, cycles and animals
 High level bridge

• A high level bridge is a bridge which carries the

road way above the highest flood level of the canal
Practice for Road Bridges.
101.1. Bridge
Bridge is a structure having a total length of above 6 metres
between the inner faces of the dirt walls for carrying traffic
orothermoving
loads over a depression or obstruction such as channel, road or railway.
These bridges are classified as minor and major bridges as per
classification
given below:
(a) Minor Bridge A minor bridge is a bridge having a total length of
upto6Om.
(b) Major Bridge A major bridge is a bridge having a total length of
above 60m.
Bridges shall be graded as important essentially on the basis ofthe
seriousness of the consequences of their distress/failure and the extent
of
remedial measures involved,
101.1.1. Culvert
Culvert is a cross-drainage structure having a total length of 6
metres or less between the inner faces of the dirt walls or extreme
ventway
boundaries measured at right angles thereto.
101,1.2. Footbridge
A foot bridge is a bridge exclusively used for canying pedestrians,
cycles and animals.
101.1.3, High level bridge
A high level bridge is a bridge which carries the roadway above
the highest flood level of the channel.

IRC:5- 1998
 Design Philosophies

• Loads, Dead, live, Earth quake loads, wind loads

• Dispersion lengths
• Moment coefficients
• Effective width method
• Slab designs
• Box girder designs
• Pier designs
• Cap designs
• Pre stressed concrete girder designs etc.,
 Importance of the Hydraulic factors in the
bridge design
• Maximum flood flow
• Design flood flow
• Maximum flood level
• Navigational requirements
• Bed and bank characteristics
• Approach velocity and direction
• Flood plain width
• River meandering characteristics
NOTE ON DESIGN FEATURES OF DOUBLE LANE ROAD BRIDGE AT Km. 52.57 ON
SAMRLAKOTA CANAL, PACKAGE NO 1, Near V.K. PURAMGRAM VILLAGE UNDER
MODERNISATION OF GODAVARI DELTA SYSTEM.
INTRODUCTION: - As per the approved hydraulic particulars a double lane road bridge is crossing the
samaralakota main canal at Km. at km 52.57 near V.K. PURAM village. Accordingly a DLRB is proposed
with a clear carriage way width of 7.5m.
Hydraulic particulars of the canal at crossing: -

S.N Description Value

o
1 Discharge (required) 12.740 cumecs
2 Discharge (designed) 13.261 cumecs
3 Bed width 11.1 m
4 Full supply depth 1.98 m
5 Free board 0.75 m
6 Value of ‘n’ 0.025
7 Velocity 0.476 m/sec
8 Side slopes 1.5:1
9 Surface fall 1 in 12396
10 CBL +0.745
11 FSL +2.725
12 TBL +3.475
13 Proposed road level +7.735
• Village Roads –Roads other than District Roads 2-
lane IRC- Class A Loading
• NH,SH,MDR-70R Loading or 2-lanes of class A
Whichever is worst
NH and SH- 12m
MDR – 8.4M
 NOTES:-

1. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETRES, LEVELS ARE IN METRES AND CHAINAGES ARE IN KILOMETRES
12mm THICK CL
UNLESS OTHERWISE MENTIONED. ONLY WRITTEN DIMENSIONS ARE TO BE FOLLOWED.
12mm THICK
EXPANSION JOINT
EXPANSION JOINT
4830 13900 C/C OF EXPANSION JOINT 2. EACH UNIT OF PROPOSED 2-LANE BRIDGE IS DESIGNED FOR SINGLE LANE OF IRC CLASS 70 R
3500 11900 C/C OF BEARING LOADING OR 2-LANES OF IRC CLASS A - LOADING WHICHEVER GOVERNS.
HAND RAILS 3500
A1 APPROACH SLAB A2 3. CONCRETE SHALL BE DESIGN MIX AND SHALL HAVE MINIUMUM 28 DAYS CHARACTERISTIC CUBE
STRENGTH AS FOLLOWS. -
G.L. +7.796 R.L. +7.796 75 R.L. +7.796 R.L. +7.796 G.L. +7.796
3.1.1.RCC CAST IN-SITU GIRDER - M35 .
560 215 +7.721 3.1.2.RCC CRASH BARRIER - M35 .
1275
250 5700 250 +7.506 3.1.3.APPROACH SLAB - M35 .
3.1.4.PEDESTAL - M35 .
+6.241 +6.446 +6.241
600 600 3.1.5.SUBSTRUCTURE - M35 .
750 750
3.1.6.PILE - M35 .
750 150 150 750 3.1.7.PILECAP - M35 .
3660
900 800 800 900 4. CLEAR COVER TO OUTERMOST STEEL SHALL BE 40mm FOR ALL COMPONENTS EXCEPT THE
5750 5750 STRUCTURAL FACE IN CONTACT WITH SOIL WHERE IT SHALL BE 75mm.
1.50 1.50
5. ALL UNTENSIONED REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE TMT BARS WITH GRADE DESIGNATION Fe-415
1.0 FSL+2.786 1.0
CONFORMING TO IS:1786 STANDARD.

1920 6. CAPACITY OF 1.2m Ø PILE: AT 21.45m DEPTH, VERTICAL - 129.690 t AT 7.80 m DEPTH, LATERAL - 39.417t .

CBL+0.866 7. INITIAL LOAD TEST SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT BEFORE STARTING THE PILING WORK AND VERTICAL
+0.566 +0.566 CAPACITY OF PILE CONSIDERED IN DESIGN SHOULD BE CONFIRMED, IF ANY DISCREPANCY FOUND DESIGN
CONSULTANT SHOULD BE INFORMED IMMEDIATELY.
1500 1500
8. PILE TO BE CAST MINIMUM 600mm ABOVE THE CUT-OFF LEVEL (AS SHOWN IN DRAWING)
-0.934 -0.934
9. THE BAD/WEAK CONCRETE AT TOP OF THE PILES SHOULD BE REMOVED ABOVE THE CUT-OFF LEVEL.

10. THIS DRAWING IS APPLICABLE FOR BOTH PRECAST/CAST IN SITU OPTION FOR SUPER STRUCTURE
GIRDERS.

REFERENCE DRAWINGS :-

-22.384 (TERM. LEVEL) -22.384 (TERM. LEVEL) 1. IVRCL/DRG. NO. 1 - GENERAL PLAN, ELEVATION & NOTES.
1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 2. IVRCL/DRG. NO. 2 - G.A. DETAILS OF ABUTMENT, PILE & PILECAP
3. IVRCL/DRG. NO. 3 - REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF ABUTMENT, ABUTMENT CAP & RETURN WALL.
3600 3600 3600 3600
4. IVRCL/DRG. NO. 4 - REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF PILECAP & PILES.

MOST DRAWINGS :-
1. BD / 10 - 76 - R.C.C. - DETAILS OF SLAB.

SECTIONAL ELEVATION ALONG "A - A"

2. BD / 11 - 76A - R.C.C. - DETAILS OF GIRDERS & BEARINGS.
3. BD / 12 - 76A - R.C.C. - SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT..
4. BD / 4 - 75 B - R.C.C. - ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS FOR GIRDER BRIDGES.

HYDRAULIC PARTICULARS OF CANAL:

SL.NO. DESCRIPTION VALUES

1. DISCHARGE (REQ) 12.740 Cumecs

2. DISCHARGE (DES) 13.261 Cumecs

3. BED WIDTH 11.10 m

CBL+0.866 4. FULL SUPPLY DEPTH 1.920 m
1.5:1 CANAL FLOW 1.5:1
5. FREE BOARD 0.750 m
B

1920
11100
6. VELOCITY 0.476 m/sec
13900 C/C OF EXPANSION JOINTS
7. SIDE SLOPES 1.50:1
11900 C/C OF BEARINGS
8. "n" VALUE 0.025

9. BED FALL 1 IN 22750.820

A A 10.

11.
C.B.L.

F.S.L.
+0.866

+2.786

LONGITUDINAL 12. T.B.L. +3.536

GIRDERS CROSS GIRDERS
R.L. +7.796 R.L. +7.796 13. G.L. +7.796

14. PROPOSED R.L. +7.796

CROSS GIRDERS
APPROACH SLAB
LONGITUDINAL APPROACH SLAB
GIRDERS

PROJECT: SAMALKOT CANAL PACKAGE 1

DLRB AT Km. 55.570 OF SAMALKOT CANAL

UNDER MODERNIZATION OF GODAVARI DELTA SYSTEM
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN, ELEVATION AND NOTES

CBL+0.866
CANAL FLOW
B BUILDS A BETTER WORLD

IVRCL INFRASTRUCTURES
& PROJECTS LTD,
IVRCL,SEW & PRASAD (JV) HYDERABAD
M-22/3RT,VIJAYANAGAR COLONY, AE / AEE DY. EX. ENGINEER

HALF PLAN AT TOP & HALF PLAN AT BOTTOM EXECUTIVE ENGINEER

GODAVARI EASTERN DIVISION
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER
DOWLAISWARAM CIRCLE CHIEF ENGINEER
DOWLAISWARAM
 NOTES:
1. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETRES AND LEVELS ARE IN METRES
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED.
CL OF EXP. JOINT CL OF
BRIDGE AXIS
4830 200
75 CL OF 3500 7500 2. DO NOT SCALE THE DRAWING, WRITTEN DIMENSIONS SHALL ONLY
215 BRG. (APPROACH SLAB) 225
300 75 R.L+7.796 BE CONSIDERED.
GIRDER 560 LEVELING COURSE 215 1275 GIRDER
SOFFIT LVL PCC M 15 150 THK 300 SOFFIT LVL
CL OF EXP. JOINT 3. GRADE OF CONCRETE M 35 FOR SUBSTRUCTURE & FOUNDTATION
655
'D' CL AND M 15 FOR PCC LEVELING COURSE .
600 550 1020 750 600 1725 2500 2500 1725 750 ABUTMENT
ABUTMENT 1.5
CAP LVL CAP LVL
150 750 1 750 4. GRADE OF STEEL Fe 415 AS PER IS : 1786 OR TMT OF MINIMUM
800
1725 RC RETURN WALL
YEILD STRENGTH 415 N / mm².
520
CL
930
5675
600 THK.
5675 5. PILE TO BE CAST MINIMUM 600 mm ABOVE THE CUT- OFF LEVEL
FILTER MEDIA (AS SHOWN IN DRAWING).
2500 PEDESTAL
520 X 930 X 150 THK.
220
300 300
100 Ø WEEP HOLES
CL 6. THE BAD / WEAK CONCRETE AT TOP OF THE PILES SHOULD BE
BED LEL 300 BED LEL BED LVL 300 BED LVL 8450 630 ROMOVED ABOVE THE CUT OF LEVEL.
TOP OF 2150 800 2150 3600 125 8450 125 TOP OF ELASTOMETRIC BEARING
RCC PILE CAP 2500 7. THIS DRAWING SHALL BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH SHEET 1 OF 3
PILE CAP LVL 1500 1500 PILE CAP LVL 220 X 630 X 61 THK. (keying 6 mm in to pedastal)
8700
AND 3 OF 3 OF THIS DRAWING.
CL DIRT WALL 300 THK
PILE CUT OFF LVL PILE CUT OFF LVL 300
100 MM THK . LEVELING
100 MM THK . LEVELING
COURSE PCC ( M 15) 1725
COURSE PCC ( M 15) 800 400
BORED
COST IN SITU
TRM LVL 750 3600 3600 750 750 3600 3600 750 TRM LVL 550 1000 4830
1200 mm Ø @ PILE BORED
(TYP.) 1870
COST IN SITU
1200 mm Ø @ PILE
(TYP.)
ELEVATION OF ABUTMENT PIER PLAN AT TOP OF ABUTMENT CAP
SECTION AT X-X

CLOFABUTMENT 400 THICK RC RETURN WALL

475
5750 275
200
CL OF EXP. JOINT 400
750 750
1500
900 750 75 CL OF (APPROACH SLAB)
215 BRG.
300
3600 800 GIRDER 560 100 THK.
BORED SOFFIT LVL 150 300 PCC(M15)
5100 SCHEDULE OF LEVELS
CL OF 8700 CAST IN SITU
1200 Ø PILE
ABUTMENT 600 550 1000
DIRT WALL
PEDESTAL
CAP LVL 150 520 X 920 X 150 THK. LOCATION FSL ABUTMENT CAP BED PILE CAP PILE TERM
(TYP) 5750 150
TOP LVL LVL TOP LVL CUT OF LVL LVL
BRIDGE AXIS 8450 900 ELASTOMETRIC BEARING
220 X 630 X 61 THK. A1 + 2.786 +6.241 +0.866 +0.566 -0.934 -22.384
(KEYING 6 mm IN TO PEDASTAL)
3600 1800 1800 800 A2 + 2.786 +6.241 +0.866 +0.566 -0.934 -22.384
400 200 900
400 400

6550 750
900 1500
750 750

750 3600
200
3600 750
DETAIL - D
8700
6550
5750
SECTION AT Y-Y
PLAN OF PILE CAP

PROJECT: SAMALKOT CANAL PACKAGE 1

DLRB AT Km. 55.570 OF SAMALKOT CANAL

UNDER MODERNIZATION OF GODAVARI DELTA SYSTEM
GA DETAILS OF ABUTMENT, PILE & PILECAP FOR A1 & A2
REFERENCE DRAWINGS (MOST DRAWINGS) LEGEND:-
1. FRL FINISHED ROAD LEVEL
MOST DRG .NO BD / 10-76 DETAILS OF SLAB 2. TRM LVL TERMINATION LEVEL

MOST DRG .NO BD / 11-76A DETAILS OF GIRDERS & BEARINGS 3. LVL LEVEL BUILDS A BETTER WORLD

IVRCL INFRASTRUCTURES
4. TYP. TYPICAL & PROJECTS LTD,
MOST DRG .NO BD / 12-76A SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT IVRCL,SEW & PRASAD (JV) HYDERABAD
5. THK. THICK M-22/3RT,VIJAYANAGAR COLONY, AE / AEE DY. EX. ENGINEER
MOST DRG .NO BD / 4 - 75 B ELASOMETRIC BEARINGS FOR GRIRDER BRIDGES 6. BRG. BEARING

EXECUTIVE ENGINEER
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER
GODAVARI EASTERN DIVISION CHIEF ENGINEER
DOWLAISWARAM DOWLAISWARAM CIRCLE
 SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

SECTION A-A SECTION B-B SECTION C-C

QTY. FOR SINGLE ABUTMENT PILE CAP

X X

D
C

B B

D
SECTION D-D

DETAIL OF PILE

A A

QTY. OF ALL PILES

SECTION X-X

REINF. DETAILS OF PILECAP

 DISCUSSIONS

• Preliminary design for a particular type of bridge

• Several alternatives for analysis and design of
bridges
• Loading standards for the suitable sections
• Bridge is a concrete bridge? or steel bridge?
• Technical designs
• Creative designs
• Latest techniques for road bridges
• Alter natives
• Light loadings
• Heavy loadings
• Final design – Aspects for the Road bridges
• Planning and layout of the bridge
• Application of the MOST Drawings
• Detailing for super structure
• Understanding of the substructure
• Effect of soil characteristics
• Different types of foundations
 Superstructure

• Detailing for the super structure

• Different detailing for the slab, main girders, cross
girders required to be done.
• MOST detailing need to be followed
 Conclusion
• Understanding the type of the bridge – design
• For a selected bridge loading - should be correctly
categorized for clear understanding
• Categorization of the bridges – single lane and
double lane – understanding of the detailing
• Concrete, steel,prestressing – technology for
efficiency and durability- needs to be adopted
• Method of design – for bridges
• Methods of analysis.
• Methods of techniques adopted.
THANK YOU