DPS MODERN INDIAN SCHOOL, DOHA, QATAR

Class 9 – CHAPTER 2 - Is Matter around Us Pure

Q1: On the basis of composition, how matter is classified?

Answer: Pure Substance, Mixture
Q2: What is meant by a pure substance?
Answer: A sample of matter containing only one substance is called a pure
substance.
Q3: What are the characteristics exhibited by a pure substance?
Answer: A pure substance contains only one kind of atoms or molecules.
It is perfectly homogenous
It has definite composition which does not vary with time.
It has definite melting point, boiling point, density etc.
Q4: What are different categories of pure substance?
Answer: Elements and Compounds
Q5: Name two properties of a substance to check its purity?
Answer: A pure substance has a fixed melting point or boiling point at
constant pressure. The purity of a substance can be tested by checking its
melting point or boiling point. If a substance is impure i.e. it contains traces
of another substance, the melting and boiling point of that substance will
change.
Q6: Define mixture.
Answer: If two or more substances (elements or compounds) are mixed
together in any proportion, do not undergo any chemical change but retain
their properties, the resulting substance is called mixture.
Q7: What are the kinds of mixture?
Answer:
Homogenous mixture
Heterogeneous mixture
Q8: What are the characteristics of mixture?
Answer:
1. Variable composition: The constituents of a mixture are present in any
ratio. Example: A mixture of sand and salt can be in a ratio of 1:2 or 1:3 by
weight.
2. Only Physical change: The mixture is a result of physical change. The
constituents of a mixture do not bind each other by chemical bonds.
Example: In air the main constituents, i.e., oxygen, nitrogen and carbon
dioxide, do not bind each other with chemical bonds.
3. No specific properties: The properties of a mixture are the average of the
properties of its constituents. Example: The properties of air are average
common properties of nitrogen and oxygen.
4. Separation Methods: In general, the constituents of mixture can be
separated by applying suitable physical methods. E.g. Iron can be
separated from the mixture of iron and sulphur with the help of a magnet.
Q 9: List the points of differences between homogeneous and
heterogeneous mixtures.

Answer:
Homogenous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture

1. Constituents have uniform composition 1. Constituents have non-uniform

throughout the mixture. composition throughout mixture.

2. Air, blood, saturated sugar, water

2. Rock, oil and water, Mixture of
solution, alloys are examples of
Iron filling and Sulphur.
homogenous mixture.

3. Particles may be visible to

3. Particles Not visible to naked eye.
naked eye.

4. All suspensions are

4. All solutions are homogenous mixture.
heterogeneous mixture.

Q10: Identify which of the following is homogenous mixture or

heterogeneous one. Also identify the type of constituents in mixture (e.g.
gas in gas, gas in liquid, gas in solid etc.)
a. Air
b. Water and Oil
c. Aerated Water (CO2 + H2O)
d. Chalk in water
e. Ethyl Alcohol in Water
f. Alloys e.g. brass
g. Dust (e.g. fine sand) in water
h. Sand + iron fillings
i. Sand + ammonium chloride
j. milk

Answer:

Type of Homogenous
Heterogeneous Mixture
Mixture Mixture

1. Gas in gas Air

2. Gas in liquid Aerated water

3. Liquid in Ethyl alcohol +

Water + Oil, Milk
liquid Water

4. Solid in
Sugar in water Chalk in water, Dust in water
liquid

Sand + Iron Fillings, Sand +

5. Solid in solid Alloys e.g. brass
ammonium chloride
Q11: What are the constituents of brass?
Answer: Brass is an alloy and is a mixture of Zinc (30%) and Copper (70%).

Q12: Alloys cannot be separated by physical means, though it is considered

mixture, why?
Answer: Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of metals and cannot be
separated into their components by physical methods. But still, an alloy is
considered as a mixture because it shows the properties of its constituents
and can have variable composition.

Q13: What are elements?

Answer: Elements are substances that cannot be chemically broken down
into simpler substances. For example, silver is an element which is made
up of only silver atoms.

Q14: How elements are further classified?

Answer: Metals, Non-metals, metalloids.

Q15: What is a compound? Give an example.

Answer: A Compound is a substance made up of two or more elements

chemically combined in a fixed ratio by weight. They are homogeneous
and exhibit definite physical and chemical properties E.g. water is a
compound. It is made up of two elements hydrogen and oxygen, which
combine chemically in a fixed ratio of 1:8 by weight. It possesses properties
entirely different from the properties of hydrogen and oxygen.

Q16: State the differences between compounds and mixtures.

Answer:
Sno. Compounds Mixtures

It is made up of two or more

It is made up of two or more pure
1. elements that are chemically
substances that are mixed physically.
combined.
Sno. Compounds Mixtures

A compound has definite

A mixture has no definite melting or
2. melting and boiling points
boiling points and density.
and density.

The properties of a
compound are entirely A mixture retains the properties of the
3.
different from those of its components.
constituents.

A compound is always A mixture is heterogeneous, and some are

4.
homogeneous. homogeneous.

The constituents of a The components of a mixture can be

compound cannot be separated by simple physical means,
5.
separated by physical (dissolving, magnetic separation, heating,
means. and filtration)

Q17: What is a solution? What are the properties of a solution?

Answer: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called a

solution.
Properties of a solution:

 A solution is a homogeneous mixture i.e. the solute and solvent

molecules cannot be distinguished even under a microscope.

 The particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm in diameter. So, they

cannot be seen by naked eyes.

 A true solution is clear and transparent

 Because of very small particle size, they do not scatter a beam of light
passing through the solution. So, the path of light is not visible in a
solution.
  The solute particles cannot be separated from the mixture by the
process of filtration.
 The solute particles do not settle down when left undisturbed, that is,
a solution is stable.

Q18: What is meant by solute and solvent?

Answer: A solution is obtained when a substance is dissolved in another
substance. The substance which is dissolved to obtain a solution is called
solute, whereas the substance in which the solute is dissolved is called
solvent.
For example when sugar is dissolved in water to obtain sugar solution,
sugar is the solute and water is solvent.

Q19: Identify solute and solvent in the following solutions. Also mention
the physical state of solute and solvent.
(a) Sugar in water
(b) Urea in water
(c) Ammonium chloride in water
(d) Ethyl alcohol in water
(e) Carbon Di-Oxide in water (soda water)

Answer:

Solvent Solute
Solution Physical Physical
Name Name
state state

Sugar in water Water Liquid Sugar Solid

Urea in water Water Liquid Urea Solid

Ammonium Chloride in Ammonium

Water Liquid Solid
water Chloride
 Solvent Solute
Solution Physical Physical
Name Name
state state

Ethyl Alcohol in water Water Liquid Ethyl Alcohol Liquid

Carbon Di-Oxide in
Water Liquid Carbon Di-Oxide Gas
water

Q20: What is meant by Solubility?

Answer: The maximum amount of the solid that can be dissolved in a

given amount of the solvent (water) is termed its solubility at that
temperature.
Numerically, it is the number of grams of a solute that dissolves in 100g of
a solvent to form a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure.

Q21: What factors affect the solubility of solvent and solute?

Answer:
Temperature: For majority of solutions of solid-in-liquid and liquid-in-
liquid types, solubility increases with temperature. However for solutions
of gases-in-water type, solubility decreases with increase in temperature.
Mechanical Stirring: Mechanical stirring increases solubility. For example,
sugar dissolves faster on stirring with a spoon.

Size of Solute Particles: Smaller the particle size of solute, greater is the
solubility. For example, it is easier to dissolve powdered sugar than
granules of sugar.

Q22: Why do fish go in deep waters during day light?

Answer: During day time, the shallow water is warmer and hence it has
less dissolved oxygen. Therefore fish tend to go in deep water during day
time.
Q23: Based on the type of solvent, how solutions are classified?
Answer: Aqueous solution
 Non-aqueous solution
Q24: Based on the amount of solute in the given solution, how solutions are
classified?
Answer:
Unsaturated solution
Saturated solution
Super saturated solution

Q25: What are aqueous solutions?

Answer: Solutions in which water is the solvent are called aqueous
solutions. E.g. sugar solution i.e. sugar dissolved in water.

Q26: What are non-aqueous solutions?

Answer: The solution obtained by dissolving solute in any liquid other
than water is called non-aqueous solution. (Non-aqueous solution mean
solvent other than water).
e.g. if solute is dissolved in solvent like benzene, alcohol, ether, carbon
disulphide, acetone etc. forms a non-aqueous solution.

Q27: Why air is a mixture not a compound? Give reasons.

Answer:
 Air is a mixture for of the following reasons:
 Air does not have a fixed composition. Its composition varies from
place to place.
 The components of air can be separated by a physical method such as
fractional distillation of liquid air.
 Liquid air does not have a definite boiling point.

Q28: What is an unsaturated solution?

Answer: A solution in which some more solute can be dissolved at any
fixed temperature is called an unsaturated solution.

Q29. What is saturated solution? Explain with an example.

Answer: A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at any fixed
temperature is called a saturated solution. In saturated solution, dissolved
and undissolved solutes are in equilibrium with each other. Any more
solute added will settle down at the bottom of the container as a
precipitate.

. Q30: What is supersaturated solution?

Answer: Any solution containing more solute than required to prepare a
saturated solution at any fixed temperature is called supersaturated
solution.

Q31. What are suspensions? Explain with an example.

Answer: A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which very fine
particles (about 10-5 m size) of solid are dispersed in any medium (liquid or
gas). In suspension, the solute particles are visible to the naked eye, and
remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium. The Tyndall effect
is observed in this mixture.
Muddy pond water, smoke coming out of a chimney, chalk-water mixture,
coarse lime particles in water are examples of suspension.

Q32: What are the properties of suspensions?

Answer: Following are the properties or important features of suspensions:

Heterogeneous nature: Suspension is a cloudy heterogeneous mixture.

Particle Size: solute particles are of size of order 10-5 m .

Visibility: The particles can be seen with unaided eye or under simple
microscope. Particles scatter a beam of light passing through it so path is
visible.

Sedimentation: The larger particles have tendency to settle down while the
very fine particles remain suspended in the medium.

Separation by filtration: Larger particles of suspension can be filtered out

from fluid medium.
Q33. Explain with an example what is a colloid?
Answer: A colloid is intermediate between suspension and solution. A
homogenous-looking heterogeneous mixture in which particles have size
between 1 nm to 100nm (1 nano-m = 10-9 m) and are dispersed in a
continuous medium is called a colloid.

A Colloidal solution is also called a sol. The continuous medium in a sol is

called the dispersion medium and the particles form the dispersed phase or
colloidal particles.

Examples of colloids are: milk, blood, toothpaste, jelly, fog, cloud etc.

Q34: What are the physical states of dispersed phase and dispersion
medium of a cloud?
Answer:
Dispersed phase: Liquid
Dispersion medium: Gas

Q35: What are the physical states of dispersed phase and dispersion
medium of a fog?

Answer:
Dispersed phase: Liquid (water droplets)
Dispersion medium: Gas (air)

Q36: What are the properties of a colloid?

Aswer: Properties of a colloid are:
Heterogeneous nature: Colloid or Sol is heterogeneous in nature i.e. it can
be seen only with a powerful microscope.
Particle Size: Colloid particle size lies between 1nm (10-9 m) to 100 nm (10-7
m)

Separation of colloidal particles by filtration: Colloidal particles cannot be

separated from the
mixture by the process of filtration. But a special technique of separation
known as centrifugation is used.
Stability: They do not settle down when left undisturbed, that is, a colloid
is quite stable.

Tyndall effect: Colloid exhibit Tyndall effect. When a light is passed

through sol kept in dark room, the path of light beam is visible. It is due to
scattering of light by colloidal particles and this effect is called Tyndall
effect.

Q37. How are sol, solution and suspension different from each other?

Answer:

Property Solution Sol(Colloid) Suspension

1. Particle Size More than 100

less than 1 nm 1 nm to 100 nm
(1 nano-m = 10-9 m) nm

2. Appearance Transparent Translucent Opaque

Not visible even Visible under

Visible to the
3. Particles Visibility under powerful powerful
naked eye
microscope microscope

4. Nature Homogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous

diffusion does
5. Diffusion of
diffuses rapidly diffuses slowly not
particles
occur

Does not scatter

6. Scattering of Light It scatters light It scatters light
light

Q38.(a) What is meant by Tyndall effect? Does a true solution show

Tyndall effect?
(b)‘‘Tyndall effect can be observed when sunlight passes through the
canopy of dense forest or we see a rich red sunset.’’ "Explain how this
occurs.
Answer: (a) The phenomenon by which colloidal particles scatter light is
called Tyndall effect. The particles of colloids scatter a beam of light
passing through it and make its path visible. True solutions DO NOT show
Tyndall effect. Scattering of light or Tyndall Effect is exhibited by Colloidal
and Suspension particles.

(b) When sunlight passes through a canopy of forest, the colloidal misty air
particles scatter the sunlight. Similarly, the scattering of light by smoke or
dust particles (colloid) produce a rich red sunset.

Q39: What do you mean by strength of the solution?

Answer: The amount of solute dissolved in a unit quantity (mass or
volume) of a solution is called the concentration or strength of the solution.

i.e. Concentration of solution = Amount of solute/Amount of solution

Q40: What are the various methods to express concentration of a solution?

Answer: There are many ways to express strength of a solution. A few are:
Percentage by mass

Percentage by volume

1. Percentage by mass: It is defined as number of parts by mass of the

solute dissolved per hundred parts by mass of the solution. i.e.
2. Percentage by volume: It is defined as the number of parts by volume of
the solute dissolved in hundred parts by volume of the solution.

Q41: To make a saturated solution, 36 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in

100 g of water at 293K. Find its concentration at this temperature.

Answer: Concentration of a solution (mass %) = mass of solute × 100 /

mass of solution.
mass of solute (NaCl) = 36g
mass of solvent (Water) = 100g
mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent = 100 + 36 = 136g
mass by % concentration = 36 × 100 / 136 = 26.47%

Q42: Calculate the mass of glucose and mass of water required to make
200g of 25% solution of glucose.

Answer: Given mass of solution (M) = 200g

Concentration of solution = 25%
since, Mass by Mass percentage of solution = mass of solute (m) × 100 /
mass of solution (M).
⇒ 25 = m × 100/200g
⇒ m = 25 × 200/100 = 50g

∴ mass of solute = 50g

mass of solvent (water) = M - m = 200g - 50g = 150g

Q43: A solution contains 40 mL of ethyl alcohol mixed with 100mL of

water. What is the concentration of the solution in terms of volume by
volume percentage?
Answer: Volume of solute (ethyl alcohol) = 40mL
Volume of solvent (water) = 100 mL
Total volume of the solution = 40 + 100 = 140 mL

Volume by Vol. Percentage = Volume of solute × 100 / volume of solution

⇒ v/v % = 40 × 100 /140 = 28.57%

Q44: What are different ways to separate solid mixtures?

Answers:
Hand Picking
Sieving
Magnetic Separation Method
Sublimation

Q45: (a) When it is useful to apply sedimentation and decantation?

(b) Give an example where these methods are used?
(c) Explain the process.

Answer: (a) Sedimentation and Decantation are used to separate coarse

particles of a solid which is insoluble in the liquid. Sedimentation works on
the property that heavy particles settle down due to gravity.
(b) e.g. sand in muddy water can be separated using sedimentation and
decantation technique.

Another example is to remove dust from rice. When water is added, rice
grains being heavy settle down while the dust remains floating on the
water.

(c) The particles of sand particles settle down to the bottom of the beaker.
The settling down of heavier particles is called sedimentation. We can
transfer the clear water in the upper layer (supernatant) carefully to
another beaker without disturbing the solid particles. This is called
decantation.
Q 46: What principle is applied in centrifugation? Give examples where
this method is applied to separate mixtures.
Answer: Centrifugation works on the principle that the denser particles are
forced to the bottom and the lighter particles stay at the top when spun
rapidly.

Separating cream from milk (cream comes as top layer)

 Used in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine tests.

 Used in washing machines to squeeze out water from wet clothes.

 Used in preparing lactic cultures to prepare cheese (paneer) from

milk in dairies.

Q47: How crystallization is better than evaporation?

Answer: The process of evaporation gives residue which may contain

impurities. When there is requirement to obtain solid without impurity,
crystallization method is preferred.

In general practice, impure solids are obtained by evaporation and are

further purified by crystallization. e.g. salt obtained from sea is further
purified by this method.

In some cases e.g. sugar crystal cannot be obtained by simple evaporation

technique because sugar gets charred on heating to dryness. In such cases,
crystallization technique is applied.

Q48. Name the technique to separate

(i) butter from curd
(ii) salt from sea-water
(iii) camphor from salt

Answer:
(i) butter from curd : centrifugation
(ii) salt from sea-water: evaporation followed by crystallization.
(iii) Camphor from salt: sublimation

Q49: What is Chromatography?

Answer: Chromatography is a technique used to separate those solutes of a

mixture which are soluble in the same solvent. It works on the principle of
adsorption. It is used to separate the coloured components (dyes) in black
ink.

Q50: A good method to separate alum (phitkari) from impure samples is

(a) Filtration
(b) Sedimentation
(c) Crystallization
(d) Sublimation

Answer: (c) Crystallization

Q51: A boy buys common salt from the market which is contaminated with
Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) and sand. The procedure he should adopt to
obtain pure NaCl is the following :

(a) to mix the sample in water and evaporate the solution

(b) to mix the sample in water and evaporate the decanted solution
(c) to mix the sample in acetone and evaporate the decanted solution
(d) to heat the sample, then mix in water and evaporate the decanted
solution

Answer: (d) to heat the sample, then mix in water and evaporate the
decanted solution
Ammonium chloride sublimes, it can be separated from the mixture of salt
and sand by sublimation method. Sand can be separated from the mixture
of sand and salt by dissolving salt in water and then by filtration. Salt can
be separated through the process of evaporation.

Q52. Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation of the
following? (a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.
(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium chloride and
ammonium chloride.
(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.
(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals.
(e) Butter from curd.
(f) Oil from water.
(g) Tea leaves from tea.
(h) Iron pins from sand.
(i) Wheat grains from husk.
(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water.

Answer:
(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water. (Evaporation)
(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium chloride and
ammonium chloride. (Sublimation)
(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.(Filtration)
(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals. (Chromatography)
(e) Butter from curd. (Centrifugation)
(f) Oil from water. (Separating Funnel)
(g) Tea leaves from tea. (Filtration)
(h) Iron pins from sand. (Magnetic Separation)
(i) Wheat grains from husk. (Winnowing)
(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water.(Sedimentation →Loading
→Filtration)
(Note: for item 'j' Fine mud particles suspended in water., Refer to diagram
'Water purification system in water works' in NCERT book).

Q53(CBSE 2010): Name the following :

(a) a lustrous liquid metal.
(b) a liquid non-metal
(c) a metal which can be cut with a knife
(d) a non-metal which is good conductor of electricity.
(e) an element which melts when kept on the palm.
(f) the best conductor of heat.

Answer: (a) Mercury

(b) Bromine
(c) Sodium
(d) Graphite
(e) Gallium and Cesium
(f) Metals are the best conductors of heat.

Q54: How many elements are there which are in gaseous state at room
temperature?

Answer: Eleven (Hydrogen, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon,

Radon, Fluorine, Chlorine, nitrogen and oxygen.)

Q55: Name the elements are in liquid state at room temperature.

Answer: Mercury and bromine.

Q56: Identify the following as mixture or compound.
(i) blood
(ii) common salt
(iii) sugar
(iv) brass

Answer:
(i) blood - colloid
(ii) common salt - compound
(iii) sugar - compound
(iv) brass - alloy mixture
Q57: Sasha heats a container carrying Nitrogen and Oxygen. After heating
at very high temperature, it gives Nitric oxide. Identify what are mixtures
and/or compounds before and after the reaction.

Answer: Before heating, the container has mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen.
After heating, a new compound is formed i.e. nitric oxide.

Q58: In beaker A, sugar cubes are dissolved into water while in beaker B,
crushed cubes are taken. In which beaker the rate of dissolution is faster?

Answer: Beaker B. Crushed cubes will have larger area of solute and solute
size is smaller. It will increase the rate of solubility.
Q59.(CBSE 2010): (A) Identify solute and solvent in the following
solutions :
(i) aerated drinks
(ii) tincture of iodine
(iii) lemon water
(B) State the principle of each of the following methods of separation of
mixtures.
(i) Centrifugation method.
(ii) Separation using separating funnel.

Answer: (A) (i) aerated drinks: Solute = Carbon Dioxide, Solvent=Water

(ii) tincture of iodine: Solute= Iodine, Solvent = Alcohol
(iii) lemon water: Solute: Sugar, Citric Acid, Solvent: Water

(B) (i) Centrifugation Principle: The denser particles are forced to the
bottom and the lighter particles stay at the top when spun rapidly.
(ii) Separation using separating funnel: Immiscible liquids separate out in
layers depending on their densities.
Q60: Why solutions do not exhibit Tyndall effect?
Answer: The solution particles are too small (< 1nm) to scatter the light.
Therefore, true solution does not exhibit Tyndall effect.

Q61: What is an emulsion? Give examples

Answer: Emulsion is a colloidal solution where both dispersed phase and

dispersed medium are liquids. Eg: Milk, face cream

Q62: What are the differences and similarities between concentration and
solubility?
Answer:
Concentration is amount of solute dissolved in a unit quantity (mass or
volume) of a solution while solubility is the maximum amount of the solute
that can be dissolved in a given amount of the solvent.

Based on concentration, a solution can be saturated, unsaturated or

supersaturated. Based on solubility, the solutes are soluble or insoluble,
miscible or immiscible.