Ieee Guide For Temperature Monitoring of Cable Systems

IEEE Guide for Temperature
Monitoring of Cable Systems
IEEE Power & Energy Society
Sponsored by the
Insulated Conductors Committee
IEEE
3 Park Avenue IEEE Std 1718™-2012
New York, NY 10016-5997
USA
8 June 2012
Authorized licensed use limited to: George Mason University. Downloaded on July 23,2012 at 08:04:44 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE Std 1718TM-2012

Sponsor
Insulated Conductors Committee

of the
IEEE Power & Energy Society
Approved 29 March 2012

IEEE-SA Standards Board
Abstract: The various existing technologies that are used or can be used to monitor the
temperature of cable systems are reviewed in this guide. The conventional technologies, like
thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and the more recent technologies,
like the distributed temperature sensing known as DTS, are covered. The latter technology is
treated in more detail in this guide because it constitutes the logical and obvious choice for
advanced and more accurate cable temperature monitoring where the hot spots along the cable
route can be easily identified. This guide can also be considered as the first step that a potential
user should consult before dealing with the issue of real-time rating of cable systems.
Keywords: ampacity, cable, distributed temperature monitoring, distributed temperature sensing

(DTS), fiber, IEEE 1718, optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR), optical time domain
reflectometry (OTDR), Raman, real-time rating, spatial resolution
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v
Participants
At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Temperature
Monitoring of Cable Systems Working Group had the following membership:
Mohamed Chaaban, Chair

Chris Grodzinski, Vice Chair
Pierre A. Argaut Sudhakar Cherukupalli Dennis Johnson

Earle C. Bascom III John H. Cooper Mohammad Pasha
William Black John Downes Dave Purnhagen
Jean-Marie Braun Anthony Ernst Jay A. Williams
The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
William J. Ackerman Randall Groves Gary Michel

Earle C. Bascom III Edward Gulski Jerry Murphy
Michael Bayer Ajit Gwal Michael S. Newman
Robert Beavers Richard Harp Lorraine Padden
Kenneth Bow Jeffrey Hartenberger Robert Resuali
Kent Brown Timothy Hayden Michael Roberts
Nissen Burstein Lee Herron Bartien Sayogo
William Byrd Lauri Hiivala Dennis Schlender
Mohamed Chaaban Werner Hoelzl Gil Shultz
Robert Christman David Horvath Michael Smalley
John Densley A. S. Jones James Smith
Carlo Donati Gael Kennedy Jerry Smith
Gary Donner Chad Kiger Gary Stoedter
Gary Engmann Robert Konnik David Tepen
Marcel Fortin Jim Kulchisky Peter Tirinzoni
David Gilmer Chung-Yiu Lam John Vergis
Todd Goyette Benjamin Lanz Yingli Wen
Steven Graham Gerald Liskom Dawn Zhao
Chris Grodzinski Greg Luri Tiebin Zhao
When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 29 March 2012, it had the following
membership:
Richard H. Hulett, Chair

John Kulick, Vice Chair
Robert Grow, Past Chair
Judith Gorman, Secretary
Satish Aggarwal Alexander Gelman Oleg Logvinov

Masayuki Ariyoshi Paul Houzé Ted Olsen
Peter Balma Jim Hughes Gary Robinson
William Bartley Young Kyun Kim Jon Walter Rosdahl
Ted Burse Joseph L. Koepfinger* Mike Seavey
Clint Chaplin David J. Law Yatin Trivedi
Wael Diab Thomas Lee Phil Winston
Jean-Philippe Faure Hung Ling Yu Yuan
*Member Emeritus
vi
Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:
Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative

Michael Janezic, NIST Representative
Don Messina
IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development
Erin Spiewak
IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development
vii
Introduction
This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1718-2012, IEEE Guide for Temperature Monitoring of Cable Systems.
Temperature is one of the most important physical data to be monitored for real-time rating of underground
cables. In fact, the cable conductor temperature should be known, with reasonable accuracy, at any moment
in order to calculate the projected maximum current-carrying capacity, given the operating and ambient
conditions. The best and most accurate thermal rating is based on direct monitoring of the conductor
temperature under load, although for practical reasons, this is difficult to do when the cable is energized.
This process would eliminate any uncertainties related to the correlation between the measured
temperature, if it is not that of the conductor, and the conductor temperature itself. In the case of solid
dielectric cables, the sensors (fiber optics) could be placed closer to the conductors, thus, permitting easier
and accurate modeling of the conductor temperatures. Pipe-type cable systems, in contrast, need fibers to
be installed on the pipe surface for proper thermal modeling.
Underground cable ratings have traditionally been calculated using conservative assumptions about the
environment and installation configurations to limit the likelihood that the cables will exceed normal
operating temperature during typical load cycling. Traditional rating techniques are based on the classic
1957 paper by Neher and McGrath [B36],a and more recently on IEC 60287-1993 [B21] and IEC 60853-
1989 [B22]. Utility engineers are increasingly trying to get more power through existing lines, including
underground cables, resulting in utilities considering the use of uprating and dynamic ratings.
This guide is intended to help electrical engineers and power managers to understand more completely the
temperature monitoring technology and its application to underground power cable systems.
a
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A.
viii
Contents
1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 1
2. Definitions .................................................................................................................................................. 2
3. Discrete temperature monitoring system .................................................................................................... 3

3.1 Thermocouples .................................................................................................................................... 3
3.2 Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)............................................................................................ 5
3.3 Thermistors .......................................................................................................................................... 5
3.4 Optical sensors ..................................................................................................................................... 6
4. Distributed temperature sensing system (DTS) .......................................................................................... 6

4.1 Optical fiber ......................................................................................................................................... 6
4.2 Optical-electrical processing unit ........................................................................................................ 8
4.3 Controller ............................................................................................................................................. 8
4.4 Performance and limitations of the DTS ............................................................................................. 8
5. Other issues related to the temperature monitoring ...................................................................................10

5.1 Location of the temperature sensors ...................................................................................................10
5.2 Performance, reliability, and maintenance..........................................................................................11
5.3 Fiber testing ........................................................................................................................................12
5.4 General precautions in temperature monitoring..................................................................................13
6. User interface ............................................................................................................................................14

6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................14
6.2 Types of interfaces..............................................................................................................................14
6.3 Types of real-time rating systems .......................................................................................................15
7. Data communication ..................................................................................................................................15

7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................15
7.2 Software ..............................................................................................................................................16
7.3 Hardware ............................................................................................................................................16
Annex A (informative) Bibliography ............................................................................................................18
Annex B (informative) Typical acceptance criteria for a fiber optic circuit intended to be used temperature
sensor .............................................................................................................................................................21
Annex C (informative) Additional mechanical testing for cables with integrated fiber ................................22
ix
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1. Overview
This guide is applicable to the temperature monitoring of solid dielectric [such as crosslinked polyethylene
(XLPE) or ethylene propylene rubber (EPR)], self-contained, and pipe-type cable systems. The ampacity
limits of these systems are based on the maximum allowable temperature of the insulation. Typical
ampacity limits are normally based on generalized and assumed worst expected conditions. A temperature
monitoring system, appropriately applied, provides real-time temperature information to the user that will
permit adjusting the current limits for both continuous and emergency conditions.
1.1 Scope
This guide presents an overview of the existing and emerging temperature monitoring systems related to
power cable installations. It summarizes the features, benefits, and limitations of both discrete and
distributed temperature monitoring for cable ratings. This guide addresses the various aspects of user-
interface and data communication issues needed to make the system more effective and more user-
friendly.
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this guide is to assist users in applying offline or real-time temperature monitoring of power
cable systems by addressing the following major issues:
a) Type of cable system installation: existing or new.
b) Circuit length, type of terrain, and backfill along the cable route that may favor the use of
distributed rather than discrete temperature measurement or vice versa.
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IEEE Std 1718-2012
IEEE Guide for Temperature Monitoring of Cable Systems
c) Advantages/disadvantages of using a real-time monitoring versus offline monitoring system.

d) System complexity, performance, reliability, and maintenance.
e) Recommended design, operating criteria, and data transfer.
f) Influence of adjacent circuits.
2. Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards
Dictionary: Glossary of Terms & Definitions [B26]1 should be consulted for terms not defined in this
clause.
accuracy: Deviation from a true value.
 standard deviation: A probability distribution is defined as the square root of the variance as:
sN =
1
N
N
∑ xi − x
i =1
( )2
 mean (average): Arithmetic mean defined as:
1 N
x= ∑
N i=1 xi
 root mean square: rms. defined as:
∑x
2
i
R(x ) = i =1
N
attenuation: A decrease of power during transmission of a signal through a medium, expressed in dB or

dBM.
bandwidth (as related to fiber optic measurement): The lowest frequency at which optical power has
decreased by 3 dB, expressed in MHz.km.
measurement time: The time necessary to achieve specified accuracy and temperature resolution.
optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR)-distributed temperature sensing (DTS):

Temperature measuring instrument using optical frequency domain reflectometry.
optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR)-distributed temperature sensing (DTS): Temperature

measuring instrument using optical time domain reflectometry.
positional resolution: Interval between successive measurements.
pulse repetition: Number of measurement within given time, pulse frequency.
1
The IEEE Standards Dictionary: Glossary of Terms & Definitions is available at http://shop.ieee.org/.
2
IEEE Std 1718-2012
sampling resolution: See: positional resolution.
sensor: Device that detects or measures real-time conditions, such as heat, electrical condition, motion, or
light and converts them into an analog or digital representation.
spatial resolution: A minimum distance between two successive measurements/outputs that achieve a
stated accuracy.
temperature resolution: The minimum degrees of temperature input change that cause the output to
change.
3. Discrete temperature monitoring system

Temperature sensors could be classified into two distinct categories. In the first category, temperature is
measured by mechanical or chemical effects, and in the second one, temperature is measured by electrical
effects. The sensors of the first category operate on the basis of changes in mechanical dimension or in
color with changes in temperature. The liquid-in-glass thermometer is a classic example of such sensors.
Their use in cable temperature monitoring is not recommended, for obvious reasons. A description of such
sensors is left out of this guide. Only the sensors in the second category that indicate temperature changes
by electrical effects are described in 3.1 through 3.4.
3.1 Thermocouples
Thermocouples are the most frequently used temperature sensors. They are rugged, relatively inexpensive,
and could operate, with reasonable accuracy, over a wide temperature range. A thermocouple is created
when two wires of dissimilar metals are joined together at one end to form the junction. The contact point
produces a small open-circuit voltage as a function of temperature. This thermoelectric voltage is known as
Seebeck voltage, discovered by Seebeck in 1821. Thermocouples are designated by capital letters—T, J, K,
etc. (Table 1). Type T (copper and constantan) is used widely in cable temperature monitoring because it
covers the wide range of cable temperature encountered in real-life applications. Temperature measurement
by thermocouples requires some form of temperature referencing commonly called a “cold junction.” The
old practice consists in maintaining this cold junction at 0 °C in an ice-water bath. Nowadays, electrical
hardware and software embedded in the measuring instruments or data loggers are used to electronically
create this reference point. Figure 1 shows a pair of Type-T thermocouples with the wires colored
according to ANSI standards (unlike with direct current circuits, the red wire is the negative electrode).
Figure 1 —Thermocouples created by forming a copper–constantan junction
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IEEE Std 1718-2012
The lead lengths for thermocouple wire depend on the wire size. “Extension grade” thermocouple wire is
sometimes used for longer lead lengths, up to a few hundred meters, although the lengths are often much
shorter. Electrical coupling between the thermocouple leads and energized power cables should be
considered from the standpoint of induced voltages and currents in the thermocouple leads.
Table 1 —Table of thermocouple types (extension grade shown)
3.1.1 Peripheral equipment
Any instrument capable of reading low direct current (dc) voltages (of the order of millivolts) with
5 µV to 10 µV resolution is suitable for temperature measurement with thermocouples. The output voltage
is highly nonlinear and depends on the difference between the measuring end and the reference end of the
thermocouple. A variety of portable, multimeter-sized thermocouple readers is available commercially, as
well as compact, battery-powered data loggers that can record temperatures from thermocouples for several
months.
The selection and application of a data logging device should consider the environment in which the device
will be installed. If, for example, the data logger will be placed in a vault or manhole that will become
submerged in water, then a water tight enclosure or a data logger intended for such an environment should
be used.
An advantage to using thermocouples and data loggers is that the data logger can be allowed to record data
for an extended period of time. When an event occurs, such as a period of high load, the temperatures may
be downloaded after that event. A study can then be made to correlate the measured temperatures to the
loading on the respective circuits.
Thermocouples may also be connected directly to a utility’s supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) system. This allows for continuous real-time measurements. Various commercial programmable
4
IEEE Std 1718-2012
logic controllers (PLCs) are available that accept thermocouple inputs and generate a 4 mV to 20 mV (or
other) output that can be connected to SCADA.
In North America, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS 125-1975 [B34]) provides tables describing the
correlation between voltage and temperature for various types of thermocouples. Data acquisition systems
approximate the data in these tables by using power series polynomials.
Low-level thermocouple signals are very susceptible to noise corruption. The wires of the thermocouple act
like an antenna and pick up unwanted noise from the environment. It is therefore important that the
monitoring systems be designed to minimize outside noise. This disturbance could also be minimized by
carefully shielding and twisting the wires and by adapting various configurations of guarding and filtering.
The details for these methods can be found in the catalogs from various manufacturers. It should be noted
that, with all the precautions and protection measures taken, the length of thermocouple wires rarely exceed
100 m in real-life applications. It is recommended to keep the distance between the measuring head of
thermocouple and the acquisition system as close as possible and to transmit the measured temperature data
to the user by other means as outlined in Clause 7. It is also important to bear in mind that the terminal
strips used to terminate these thermocouple cables should use special connectors with materials that are
compatible with the thermocouple wire; this is to avoid errors in temperature measurements.
3.2 Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)
These temperature sensors are made of fine wires or thin film metallic elements whose resistance increases
with temperature. A small current (alternating current [ac] or dc) is circulated through the sensor and its
resistance is measured. The temperature of the sensors is then deduced using available tables or calibration
equations specific to the type of RTD used.
Unlike a thermocouple, an RTD is not self-powered. The fact that a current must be passed through causes
Joule (I2R) heating within the RTD. This self-heating could corrupt the measurement and lead to errors.
RTDs are somewhat more fragile than thermocouples. They are, however, more precise and more stable. In
the field of cable temperature monitoring, these characteristics typically do not procure any substantial
advantages over thermocouples. The reason is that a temperature resolution of more than ±1 °C is rarely
needed, which is a level of precision well within the reach of any type of thermocouples. Due to their
fragility, RTDs are usually encased in steel tubing or potted in epoxy. They are prone to vibration-induced
damage, and so adequate care should be taken when installing these devices. The additional protection
makes them less suitable to record transient events due to their increased time constant. Similar peripheral
equipment is used to condition the signal like in the case of thermocouples, with the addition of an external
power source to inject the necessary current through the RTD.
3.3 Thermistors
Thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors made from semiconductors or metallic oxides, whose
resistance varies inversely with temperature in a highly nonlinear manner. They are used frequently where
high accuracy is required (up to 0.001 °C). This is far too precise for cable monitoring needs. They also
require an external power source and some form of mechanical protection. They must be mounted carefully
to avoid crushing or bond separation. Peripheral equipment identical to the RTDs is used to condition the
signal and to evaluate the corresponding temperature.
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IEEE Std 1718-2012
3.4 Optical sensors
These types of sensors are popular for temperature measurement in places where a harsh environment with
high electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio-frequency interference (RFI) exist. They could also be
used to monitor temperature under voltage. They are classified into two categories: single-point or discrete-
temperature measurement and distributed-temperature measurement.
3.4.1 Discrete optical sensors
These sensors are made from an ordinary optical fiber with a semiconductor crystal placed at the measuring
end. The principle of operation is based on the light absorption by the crystal and its dependency on
temperature, a phenomenon that is well understood and documented for various types of semiconductors.
They are becoming more and more popular for temperature monitoring of electrical equipment, especially
for transformer top-oil and winding temperature. Their use in cable monitoring is increasing due to their
resistance to EMI and RFI and to their ability to measure the temperature at a location far away from the
monitoring system.
3.4.1.1 Peripheral equipment
The measurement device consists of an electroluminescent diode that injects light into the optical fiber
coupled with an acquisition system that analyzes the reflected wave from the measuring head and interprets
it in the form of temperature. Thanks to the great advances achieved in optical science, these devices are
now much smaller in size and cheaper than what they used to be a few years ago.
4. Distributed temperature sensing system (DTS)

Distributed temperature sensing systems represent the major trend in cable temperature monitoring
nowadays due primarily to their abilities in identifying the critical hot spot locations along several
kilometers of the cable route. The sensor in these systems is the fiber itself that replaces thousands of
individual discrete-temperature measurements, spaced uniformly along the cable route, with the additional
benefit of not having a data transmission device to link each one of them to the peripheral equipment. The
principle of operation is based on optical (time domain or frequency domain) reflectometry. The pulses of
laser light are launched into the fiber. At each point along its length, some reflection takes place, which
varies with changes in local temperature. Part of these reflections (backscattered light due to Raman effect
or a temperature-dependent effect) is analyzed to produce the temperature profile that is continuously
updated and displayed on the computer screen.
The DTS system has four major components:
 Optical fiber
 Laser and optional optical multiplexing switch
 Optical-electrical processing unit
 Controller
4.1 Optical fiber
The optical fiber is the sensor that provides the data to constitute the temperature profile along the entire
fiber length. The fiber can be single mode or multimode. The single-mode type is the same as in standard
6
IEEE Std 1718-2012
long-distance telecom fibers, and the multimode type is used in shorter range applications, including local
area networks. Multimode fiber has a 50 µm or 62.5 µm core diameter; it is possible to launch more energy
into the fiber, and there is more backscatter signal. Single-mode fiber has a very low attenuation enabling
the system to monitor for longer distance. However, this is achieved to the detriment of DTS spatial
resolution and accuracy. Compared with multimode fiber, the single-mode fiber has a weaker backscatter
signal, and because the core diameter is less than 10 μm, the peak power that can be launched into the fiber
is limited. In general, a single-mode DTS application results in a noisier measurement and in a lower spatial
resolution, and it requires a longer measurement time to achieve a given temperature resolution.
The performance claims of the DTS manufacturer (accuracy, spatial resolution, measurement time,
temperature resolution, etc.) are confirmed by tests made by the DTS manufacturer, based on a stated fiber
specification and published in the technical specification giving the performance of the DTS system.
The DTS manufacturer will specify the fiber sensor characteristics to be used with their specific DTS
product. These will include, for example, the fiber size, attenuation at standard wavelengths, and bandwidth
of the fiber. The typical fiber characteristics as used for DTS systems are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 —Typical characteristics of the optical fiber used for DTS measurements
Size Wavelength Loss (one way) Bandwidth
Multimode graded index fiber
50/125 850 nm <2.4 dB/km 600 MHz.km @ 850 nm and 1300 nm
1300 nm <0.6 dB/km
62.5/125 850 nm <3.0 dB/km 200 MHz.km @ 850 nm and 1300 nm
1300 nm <0.7 dB/km
Single-mode step index fiber
9/125 1450 nm <0.32 dB/km Nondispersion shifted (CCITT G.652)
1550 nm <0.22 dB/km Nondispersion shifted (CCITT G.652)
1650 nm <0.32 dB/km Nondispersion shifted (CCITT G.652)
Acrylate coating of fibers allows for continuous operating temperatures ranging from –40 °C up to +85 °C.
Polyimide coating increases the operating range down to –190 °C and up to +450 °C. Other coatings, for
example, gold or sapphire, can allow for further extension of operation from –269 °C up to 1000 °C.
In the case of underground cable temperature monitoring, a fiber with a polyethylene jacket or installing
fiber within stainless tubing is commonly used allowing for a permissible temperature range from –20 °C
up to 75 °C on the basis of continuous operation and up to 150 °C for a short time. In some cases, it is
recommended to include a strength tension member inside the jacket to alleviate the stress on the fiber itself
or to install the fiber within stainless tubing. It should be reminded that the extra mechanical protection
provided by the jacket and tension member could lead to some delay in sensing rapid temperature changes
during transient operation due to increased thermal resistance between the cable conductor and the
temperature sensing fiber and higher thermal capacitance of the cable.
Optical fiber loss has an impact on the quality of the signal and on the effective range. The loss arises from
the scattering and absorption of light within the fiber core and from outside sources, namely, the connectors
and splices, the presence of tight bends, and excessive heat or mechanical damage. Where possible, the
fusion splices rather than the mechanical splices should be made to minimize losses.
Hydrogen darkening of optical fiber is a phenomenon that occurs over time. Optical loss characteristics
from this phenomenon vary at different wavelengths. The user should consult a DTS manufacturer to verify
the compatibility of optical fiber and DTS equipment.
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4.2 Optical-electrical processing unit
This is the main component of a DTS system. It houses all the hardware and part of the software needed to
generate, transmit, receive, and analyze the light optical signal. The major parts are as follows:
 The laser or a light-emitting diode (LED) source, the detectors for returning signals, and the
optical switch if needed
 A data acquisition system
 A microprocessor and memory card to complete the signal processing into a temperature versus
distance trace
 A communication card to interface with the external controller
4.3 Controller
The DTS system includes a controller, sometimes a portable personal computer, that is used to interface
with the user and to generate DTS commands for the optical-electrical processing unit and to communicate
with it. Its major role is as follows:
 Provide an interface to select the parameters needed to drive the instrument

 Receive and display alarm messages generated by the instrument
 Create and transmit command sequences to the instrument
 Display the temperature profile along the fiber length
 Store pertinent data for later use (temperature profiles, maximum and minimum, alarm
messages, etc.)
4.4 Performance and limitations of the DTS
The performance of a DTS system is a function of the selected technical specification and performance of
the optic-electronic characteristics. A part of this performance may be controlled by the user when
designing and installing the system or when setting up the parameters. The major application issues when
designing a DTS system are related to the maximum distance along which a temperature measurement is
required and the optical budget of the installation (fiber attenuation, number of splices and connectors,
etc.). Users must also consider what their requirements are in terms of accuracy, the spatial resolution,
measurement time, and temperature accuracy and resolution. Often, these considerations are a compromise
and the choices are limited by the available technology or constraints of the power cable installation.
Single-or double-ended measurements are possible depending on the accuracy and spatial resolution
requirements.
4.4.1 Maximum distance and fiber considerations
The maximum distance in distributed temperature sensing is limited by the losses in the fiber above which
the temperature cannot be measured to a given resolution in a given time. Distance gives rise to a basic
attenuation determined by the fiber quality and the presence of other optical accessories. It also limits the
repetition frequency of the pulses launched by the laser. Whereas a single-mode fiber allows for longer
range compared with a multimode fiber, the latter is more suited for better temperature resolution and
accuracy.
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The DTS manufacturer will specify an optical power budget for its DTS. As explained, the optical
characteristics of the sensor fiber will affect the distance range, temperature resolution, measurement time,
and so on. Because the optical measurement is based on backscatter measurement, the optical signals need
to pass down the fiber and back to the receiver. For this reason, the optical power budget is quoted as a
two-way loss at the operating wavelength of the DTS instrument.
For the purposes of optical budget calculation, typical two-way losses are given as follows:
Typical connector loss <0.4 dB (two way)

Typical splice loss <0.2 dB (two way)
Typical 50/125 multimode fiber loss at a DTS operating wavelength
(e.g., 1064 nm) <2 dB/km (two way)
Typical 62.5/125 multimode fiber loss at a DTS operating wavelength
(e.g., 904 nm) <4 dB/km (two way)
Typical single-mode fiber loss at a DTS operating wavelength
(e.g., 1550 nm) <0.22 dB/km (two way)
Other than the connector to the DTS instrument itself, additional optical connectors are to be avoided in the
sensor path, as these will generate additional losses and could produce reflections and introduce errors in
temperature measurement.
Splices should normally be as low loss as possible, and their number should be kept to a minimum.
If the optical budget is exceeded, then the DTS may continue to function; however, the performance may
be compromised. The most likely effect is that a longer time will be needed to resolve a given temperature,
compared to the manufacturer’s performance claim. The accuracy could also be affected if the optical
budget is exceeded.
The fiber sensor cable or any transit cable will normally be terminated in a splice enclosure (a protective
enclosure for optical splices). The installer of the optical sensor fiber should be required to perform tests,
including splice loss tests as the system is installed and overall OTDR tests, on the installed fibers. It
should be confirmed that the losses for the fiber and any connectors and splices are within the installation
specification.
A transit optical fiber cable is often used to interconnect the DTS to the sensor fiber. The transit cable
should ideally be of the same specification as the fiber used in the sensor cable.
4.4.2 Spatial resolution
The spatial resolution of a DTS is governed by the pulse width of the laser source and by the type of fiber.
The current multimode fibers have a larger bandwidth, which could maintain a spatial resolution of 1 m
over 10 km distance when using a narrow pulse in the order of 10 ns. Considering that extra processing
does not improve the spatial resolution, it is still possible to refine the positioning of the samples by means
of two techniques: fiber coiling and measurement interleaving. Wrapping a fiber around an underground
cable or coiling it along its surface could reduce the axial spatial resolution down to a few centimeters. The
other technique consists in increasing the sampling frequency by adjusting the sampling start time on
successive measurements. Readings are recorded for positions along the fiber, which lie between the
previous readings. Two-way interleaving could, for example, detect any hot spot to the nearest 0.5 m
instead of 1 m by doubling the effective sampling frequency. A four-way interleaving could improve the
spatial resolution down to 0.25 m.
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IEEE Std 1718-2012
4.4.3 Temperature accuracy and resolution
The fidelity of a temperature measurement is defined by two parameters, namely, the temperature accuracy
and the temperature resolution. The accuracy of the measurement is determined by the calibration accuracy
of the system, by the linearity and reproducibility of the electronics, and by the robustness of the signal
processing.
Temperature resolution is defined as uncertainty in the temperature information resulting from noise
inherent in the optoelectronics. Thus, the temperature measured in a steady-state condition at a given point
in the fiber will vary between successive measurements and between adjacent points in the fiber that are at
the same temperature. The temperature resolution of the system becomes worse as the return signal level
decreases, as in the case for measurements in longer fibers or as a result of increased fiber loss due to bends
or connectors. The signal-to-noise ratio, and thus the temperature resolution, could be improved by
averaging a larger number of measured data traces. The penalty for improved temperature resolution by
increased averaging is increased measurement time.
5. Other issues related to the temperature monitoring

This clause deals with all other issues not related to the equipment itself or to the type of fiber used. It
addresses the interpretation of measurement and the logistic and operational aspects, namely, the sensors
attachment and protection, system reliability, maintenance, and calibration of the various monitoring
systems outlined in this guide.
5.1 Location of the temperature sensors
The best location to install the temperature sensor is inside the conductor itself. This method eliminates
outside interference and any misinterpretation of the results. The second best choice is to install the sensor,
during cable manufacturing, over the main insulation. In this case, the calculation of the conductor
temperature based on the measured temperature is straightforward because the thermal characteristics of the
cable materials are very well known.
In most existing and new cable installations, the sensors could only be installed nearby the cables. If the
cable surface is accessible along the entire length (cable in tunnel, for example, or direct buried cable prior
to backfilling), then the sensor can be fixed to the outside surface of the power cable. If the sensor is a
fiber, it may be attached with cable ties at regular intervals. If the fiber is loose in a tube for better
protection during expansion and contraction of the cable due to cyclic operation, then one should be aware
of the uncertainty in knowing what is being measured: the surface of the cable or the layer of air or
protection around the fiber in its vicinity.
Ducted power cable could be monitored by installing the sensors in the air space between the cable and the
retaining duct. This operation presents certain difficulties in retrofit installations but could be done easily in
new ones by simply tying the fiber to the bundle of cables at the moment of installation. In a duct bank, any
empty duct could be used to house the temperature sensor. It has to be borne in mind, however, that the
farther the sensor is from the hottest conductor, the greater is the uncertainty introduced in the correlation
between what is being measured and the actual temperature of the conductor, and thus the rating.
When a sensor fiber is integrated into the power cable, the optical fibers may be part of the power cable
screen, laid close to the screen, or situated in the interstices of a number of cables (e.g., a trefoil
arrangement). The optical fibers may be installed inside a plastic or metal tube or may be made of another
construction.
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IEEE Std 1718-2012
When a sensor fiber is attached to a power cable, it may be installed in a plastic or metal tube or it may be
composed of an optical fiber cable with additional strength members that may, or may not, include metallic
parts. If metallic parts are included, then consideration needs to be given to the possibility of induced
circulating currents generating additional heating effects and causing temperature measurement errors. In
addition, the bonding and grounding of metallic parts will need to be considered from both an electrical and
a health and safety point of view.
When a sensor fiber is installed separately and positioned a short distance from the power cable, the fiber
cable construction can be of various types. The cable may also be part of a telecommunication system
where one or two fibers are made available for temperature sensing.
With all sensor fiber applications, the DTS system monitors the temperature of the fiber. If the fiber cable
is made up of a composite construction or is separated from the power cable, then there will be time
constants (delays) associated with changes in temperature of the power cable and the measured
temperatures of the fiber wherever it is positioned in the thermal environment.
A summary of the advantages and disadvantages of using optical fiber sensors in different configurations is
given in Table 3.
Table 3 —Advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic cable location

Advantages Disadvantages
Integrated in to the power cable
Provides a better indication of the conductor core Manufacture and installation of power cable is
temperature (closer to the core). more complex.
More responsive to current loading. Optical splicing at cable joints is more
complicated.
Fiber is protected by the power cable. More fiber splices are needed (determined by
power cable drum length)—higher losses.
Particularly suited for cable pulled into ducts. There is no easy way to repair a damaged fiber
broken inside the cable.
Externally attached to the outside of the power cable
Fiber cable can be run in long lengths (say up to Less responsive to load changes than integrated
5 km) without splicing—lower losses. design.
If installed in a tube, fibers can be blown out and Less representative of conductor temperature.
new ones blown in, should a fiber failure occur.
Can be easily attached to a conventional cable in Increases installation work.
an open trench (before backfilling).
Can be easily attached to a power cable in a Not suitable for pulling through long ducts.
tunnel, or to the roof or floor of a tunnel.
In a separate duct or close to the power cable
Relatively easy to install or may already exist. Least responsive method to load changes.
Fiber cable can sometimes be retrofitted. Least representative of conductor temperature—
remote from conductor.
Can be run in long lengths (say up to 5 km)
without splicing.
Can use spare fibers in an already installed
telecoms cable.
5.2 Performance, reliability, and maintenance
Thermocouples are undoubtedly the temperature sensors that are the most widely used in today’s industry.
They are rugged, reliable, and reasonably accurate. The data acquisition systems associated with
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IEEE Std 1718-2012
thermocouples are also reliable and have been around for tens of years. For more accurate measurement
(less than 0.5 °C), RTDs and thermistors are the logical choices. They are, however, more fragile and they
require an external power source, adding some complexity to the system.
For a long cable route, where the hot spot location is unknown, the recommended monitoring system is the
DTS.
5.3 Fiber testing
Because the fiber is an important part of the measuring circuit, the measuring results depend on the quality
of every element of the circuit. The fiber attenuation may change at every step of fiber manufacturing,
cable assembly production, transportation, and installation.
5.3.1 Additional mechanical testing for cables with integrated fiber (see Annex C)
5.3.2 After-installation test
The tests should be done after completing the installation. The purpose of these tests is to certify the quality
of installation. The installation must represent the final configuration. The after-installation test should be
done as an end-to-end test performed from both sides of the optical circuit for each standard wavelength.
The procedure should be done in two stages and could be done with two methods. The light source should
have the same wavelength as the operating equipment, proper mode (multimode or single mode, should be
the same as the operating equipment), type (LED or laser, same as the operating equipment), and proper
connector.
5.3.2.1 Using power meters
a) Optical reference power measurement:

The purpose of this measurement is to obtain the reference level of the power source. The
measurement is done using a short length of fiber having identical parameters as the fiber being
measured. The received power level should be recorded.
b) Optical path loss measurement:
A light source should be connected at one end of the optical path and the power meter connected
to the remote end. The input and output of the power should be recorded for each applicable
wavelength. The test should be performed from both ends of the circuit and a mean value
calculated. It has to be noted that this test is of long duration and may not be suitable for every
installation. It is recommended that before the test, a sufficient amount of time is allowed for the
set to stabilize.
c) Acceptance criteria:
The acceptance criteria are specified in Annex B.
5.3.2.2 Using OTDR equipment
Two instruments can be used for this purpose. Both apparatus will provide the results in a graphic form.
However, it is advisable to give priority to the equipment intended to be used for temperature monitoring.
a) Commercially available OTDR tester that uses standard wavelengths of 850 nm and 1300 nm
for multimode fibers and of 1550 nm for single-mode fibers.
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IEEE Std 1718-2012
b) The DTS equipment of the same manufacturer as the intended measuring device.
c) Acceptance criteria:
It has to be noted that fiber optic exhibits nonlinear attenuation characteristics versus
wavelength. If the attenuation measurement is performed using any DTS equipment using a
nonstandard wavelength, the acceptance criteria should be specified by the equipment
manufacturer.
5.4 General precautions in temperature monitoring
A sensor, being either a thermocouple or a fiber, reports only what it “feels.” This may or may not be the
temperature of interest. The sensor in fact is influenced by its entire environment (cable, air, duct, etc.), and
it will tend to attain thermal equilibrium with this environment. It is therefore important not to overlook any
of the unusual, unexpected influences or interference.
The sensor response to rapid temperature change depends on its size and on the type and thickness of the
material surrounding it for mechanical protection. The greater the protection, the slower is the response and
the larger is the attenuation in a fast-changing and fluctuating temperature measurement. A trade-off is to
be considered between the increased mechanical protection and the fidelity of the measurement.
The temperature measurement by thermocouples is prone to noise (EMI and RFI interference). Care should
be taken to reduce the influence of these outside disturbances on the signal by shielding and twisting the
thermocouple wires and by filtering and guarding in the associated data acquisition systems. This problem
is less severe in RTDs and thermistors because of higher signal output. However, the additional heating
induced in these devices for measurement purposes could reduce the accuracy if not properly evaluated.
The tip of a thermocouple, being in the vicinity of an important voltage source, may cause a significant
potential rise at the data acquisition systems in case of cable failure, lightning, or any other perturbation.
The majority of acquisition systems are protected to withstand a certain level of voltage ranging from a few
volts up to several hundred volts. A thermocouple transmitting higher voltage may lead to the failure of
such equipment. A practical method to assist in eliminating these hazards consists of installing nonlinear
resistances (transient voltage limiter) on both leads of the thermocouple to ground as well as between the
leads before connecting them to the measuring device. These resistances are usually installed in a junction
box and properly grounded.
The optical fiber in DTS systems has to withstand the extreme temperature range of its environment.
Optical losses should be kept to a minimum by avoiding excessive heat or mechanical damage and by
minimizing the number of accessories (splices or connectors). It is recommended to install a few
thermocouples along the fiber length to backcheck regularly on the DTS measurement and to monitor any
drift in temperature accuracy and resolution in time.
The DTS is normally calibrated to the manufacturer’s standard fiber at the factory. If the installed fiber has
a different specification than that specified by the manufacturer, the temperature calibration may be altered.
In this case, it may be desirable to make an on-site calibration. To assist with on-site calibration of the
DTS, a coil of fiber, of the same type as the sensor fiber, should normally be included at the remote end
from the DTS instrument in an accessible location. The length of the coil should be a minimum of 10 m but
should be at least three times the spatial resolution of the DTS.
An on-site calibration requires a known stable temperature reference and a calibrated thermometer (digital).
If a stable temperature source and calibrated thermometer are not available, then the fiber coil at the end of
the sensor can be immersed in a bucket of iced water to provide a known reference temperature. The
temperature of the iced water bath and the fiber loop in the bath must be measured using an accurate
thermometer or a calibrated RTD system. It is most effective if this verification is performed using the
remote end of the fiber maintained at the constant temperature. These measurements must be repeated at a
higher temperature using hot water to establish the linearity. Typically the loop of the fiber maintained in
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IEEE Std 1718-2012
the bath of cold and hot water must be at least 20 m long. The DTS measurement can be checked against
this external measurement. Adjustment should only be made if it is certain that the external source
temperature is stable and to a calibrated level of accuracy.
The DTS measures the temperature profile over a complete fiber. An advantage of this is that the fiber may
be routed over different environments provided the total length of fiber is within the range of the instrument
selected. It is common to install a loop of fiber in the soil close to the cable (but at least 4 m away for
cables at typical burial depths to avoid the heat field from the cable) to obtain the soil temperature. This
important parameter is used in the computation of the ampacity ratings of the cable. Generally, the length
of the coil should be at least 10 m or at least three times the spatial resolution of the DTS, whichever is
longer.
6. User interface
6.1 Introduction
The purpose of a user interface is to provide the means for interaction between the various users of a real-
time rating (RTR) system, or those taking measurements for offline analysis, and the computational engine.
The users may both provide and receive information from this computational engine via a user interface. A
user interface may be a part of the measuring system or could be customized to meet the user’s
requirements.
6.2 Types of interfaces
Depending on the design of the system, the user may interact with the RTR software at different stages of
the process and at different levels. These levels may not all be available to all users or their access could be
controlled (e.g., by password).
6.2.1 Customization module
A degree of customization may be made available to users so they can adapt the system to their particular
needs. Customization may range from setting zones, alarms, levels, and so on to more advanced, specific,
customized graphical user interfaces.
The function of this module is to allow the user to set up the fundamental parameters of the cable circuit to
be modeled. In this case, the system developers have provided a limited number of cable configurations,
obviously the most commonly encountered ones, which the user can set up by entering the necessary cable
(e.g., dimensions), soil (e.g., thermal resistivity), installation characteristics (e.g., trench details and
monitored locations), and so on.
Alternatively, particularly in stand-alone systems, the system developers may have preloaded the necessary
parameters into the operational system.
6.2.2 Ampacity rating module
The function of this module is to provide the user with the desired ampacity rating information, as specified
by the user. Typically, this could be any of the normal, long-term, and/or short-term emergency ratings,
predicted conductor temperatures, and/or time to a specified over-temperature. This information would be
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IEEE Std 1718-2012
available in real time [i.e., refreshed at frequent intervals (on the order of minutes)]. This information
would be typically used, in real time, by the system operators as they review emergency and contingencies
arising on the system.
6.2.3 Historic module
Historical data can be stored and made available to users, generally offline, to aid with the cable asset
manager’s planning function. This module can help in comparing data from successive years and in
assessing the need for a planned upgrade, where possible, or for reinforcement of the cable system.
6.3 Types of real-time rating systems
RTR systems can be configured in several ways for integration into a user's own real-time rating systems.
The broader system classifications include the systems listed in 6.3.1 through 6.3.3.
6.3.1 Stand-alone system
As the name implies, stand-alone systems are not part of the user’s own “enterprise” data management
system. Instead, all the necessary information required to perform real-time rating for one or several
circuits is resident on a stand-alone central processing unit (CPU); input data (load, temperatures, etc.) are
being transferred, in real time, to this CPU, which performs the desired computations and provides the
desired real-time ratings. Access to the rating information is typically via a dial-up telephone connection
for both real-time and historical information. Alternatively, a screen with real-time information can be
presented to the user.
6.3.2 Web-based system
Web-based systems are generally a variant of the above stand-alone system but where the direct dial-up
link to the CPU is replaced by Web-based access to the real-time rating information. The computational
engine will generally be a stand-alone system but not necessarily so.
6.3.3 Integrated system
Integrated systems differ from 6.3.1 and 6.3.2 in that all or a portion of the input and output data are present
on the user’s enterprise data management system. Depending on user requirements, input data are
telemetered into the SCADA system, and the real-time results are similarly available on the data
management system and/or intranet. In some applications, only the real-time results and historical data are
available on the data management system.
7. Data communication
7.1 Introduction
To perform its functions, DTS systems should be interconnected with other devices to transmit information
to the ultimate decision maker. It can be an operator, engineer, or an intelligent apparatus. In any case, data
transmission should allow for easy, reliable, and secure communication between devices using an available
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IEEE Std 1718-2012
transmission protocol. Any DTS should be integrated into existing communication schemes such as
connected to another remote terminal unit (RTU) within a SCADA system.
7.2 Software
Because many protocols are in use by utilities, it is not possible to standardize distributed temperature
monitoring equipment based on a single one. In preparation to implementation of the DTS, the existing
communication infrastructure as well as transmission data requirements should be analyzed in terms of
hardware and software. As a general rule, addition of the distributed temperature monitoring or dynamic
rating system should take into account the communication protocol that is in use by a supervisory control
system of the end user.
7.2.1 Proprietary protocols
Several protocols are currently in use by different utilities. Each protocol is built by a different company
and cannot be considered as universal for all applications. Because they were developed and are owned by
private companies, they cannot be listed as recommended for application.
7.2.2 Standard protocols
There are attempts to standardize protocols for use by electrical utilities. The following documents were
produced by IEC/TC57—Power System Control and Associated Communications. The IEC/TC57 technical
committee is working in close cooperation with CIGRE/SC35—Power System Communications and
Telecontrol. IEEE/PES/PSCC—SG-9 was created to pursue the development of communication protocol
standards for utility data applications. The following references, IEC 60870-5-101-2003 [B23],2 IEC 61850
[B25], and IEC 61085-1992 [B24], are provided for informative purpose.
The new protocol UCA/MMS that has to be taken into consideration is promoted by EPRI as the most
advanced in electrical substations.
7.2.3 Internet/Intranet
Because the development of the Internet and intranet is taking place also within SCADA and telecontrol
networks, this communication option cannot be ruled out. The TCP/IP protocol can be used for
communication within an intranet, and with proper security, a system can be connected to any
communication scheme.
7.3 Hardware
7.3.1 Copper wire
Several arrangements are available to transmit data over copper wires. The use of analog or digital modems
for remote units is the most popular where using of other type of connections is restricted. If a modem is to
be used over a power line carrier (PLC), then its application should adhere to the existing
telecommunication structure.
2
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A.
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7.3.2 Wireless
Where the use of other connections is not feasible, wireless devices should be considered. A wireless
modem can use a dedicated frequency that requires approval from a government communication agency or
an unregulated channel.
7.3.3 Fiber optic
A fiber used for measuring temperature is used primarily for communication purposes. Fiber optic cables
can contain many fibers that could be used for data transmission aside from being a sensor. If spare fiber
connections allow for transmitting data from one device to another, then this option should allow the user
to receive data over the same route. However, using this option requires careful planning at the initial stage
of a project. A temperature-measuring device should not be affected by the close proximity of other
transmitting data fibers and vice versa.
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Annex A
(informative)
Bibliography
Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be
understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use
only.
[B1] ASTM STP 470B-1981, Manual on the Use of Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement.3
[B2] Balog, G., T. L. Clasen, et al., “The Gulf of Aqaba submarine cable crossing,” CIGRE 1998 Session,
Paper 21-302, Sept. 1998.
[B3] Balog, G., and T. I. Nerby, “Cable temperature monitoring,” IEEE ICC Minutes #106 Subcommittee
C, Fall 1999.
[B4] Bascom, E. C., and J. A. Williams, “Ampacity evaluation and distributed fiber optic testing on pipe-
type cables under Bridgeport Harbor,” EPRI Report TR-1007534, Dec. 2002.
[B5] Bascom, E. C., and J. H. Cooper, “Condition and power transfer assessment of CenterPoint Energy’s
Polk-Garrott pipe-type cable circuit,” EPRI Report TE-1007539, Dec. 2002.
[B6] Bascom, E. C., and J. A. Williams, “Taking your cable’s temperature,” IEEE/PES T&D World Expo,
2002.
[B7] Bascom, E. C., J. A. Williams, et al., “Ampacity evaluation of high-pressure gas-filled (HPGF) pipe-
type cables under Bridgeport Harbor,” IEEE/PES T&D Conference, Dallas, TX, 2003.
[B8] Chaaban, M., “Real time monitoring and rating of underground cables: New trends and
developments,” IEEE ICC Minutes Subcommittee C, Spring 2002.
[B9] Cherukupalli, S., and G. A. MacPhail, “Application of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to
power transmission cables at BC Hydro,” EPRI Report TR-1000443, May 2002.
[B10] Cherukupalli, S., G. A. MacPhail, R. E. Nelson, J. S. Jue, and J. H. Gurney, “Application of
distributed fibre optic temperature sensing on BC Hydro’s 525kV submarine cable system,” CIGREB1-
206, 2006.
[B11] Cooper, J. H., “Distributed fiber-optic measurements on distribution cable system,” EPRI Report
TE-114897, March 2000.
[B12] Cooper, J. H., “Toluca-Hollywood Line 3, 230-kV, XLPE project distributed temperature
measurements,” IEEE ICC Minutes Subcommittee C, Spring 2003.
[B13] Couneson, P., X. Delree, et al., “Development of equipments and of monitoring principles for high
voltage underground links in Belgium,” CIGRE 1996 Session, Paper 12/21/33-14, Sept. 1996.
[B14] Dam-Andersen, M., C. Larsson, et al., “Fibre optical power cable supervision system,” CIGRE 1988
Session, Paper 35-04, Sept. 1988.
[B15] Donazzi, F., and R. Gaspari, “Method and system for the management of power cable links,” CIGRE
1998 Session, Paper 12/21/33-14, Sept. 1998.
[B16] Goehlich, L., F. Donazzi, and R. Gaspari, “Monitoring of HV cables offers improved reliability and
economy by means of ‘power sensors,’” Power Engineering Journal, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 103–110,
June 2002.
3
ASTM publications are available from the American Society for Testing and Materials (http://www.astm.org/).
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IEEE Std 1718-2012
[B17] Harjes, B., “New applications for optical fibres integrated into power cables,” Power Technology
International, 1993.
[B18] Harrison, B. J., “Remote temperature measurement for power cables,” CIRED, Paper 3.16, 1991.
[B19] Hewlett Packard, “Practical Temperature Measurements,” Application note 290, 1983.
[B20] Holman, J., Experimental Methods for Engineers, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984.
[B21] IEC 60287-1993, Calculation of the Continuous Current Rating of Cables (100% Load Factor).4
[B22] IEC 60853-1989, Calculation of the Cyclic and Emergency Current Rating of Cables.
[B23] IEC 60870-5-101-2003, Telecontrol Equipment and Systems—Part 5-101: Transmission
Protocols—Companion Standard for Basic Telecontrol Tasks.
[B24] IEC 61085-1992, General Considerations for Telecommunication Services for Electric Power
Systems.
[B25] IEC 61850-2012, Communication Networks and Systems in Substations.
[B26] The IEEE Standards Dictionary: Glossary of Terms & Definitions. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.5
[B27] IEEE Std 442TM-1981, IEEE Guide for Soil Thermal Resistivity Measurements.6,7
[B28] IEEE Std 1425TM-2001, IEEE Guide for the Evaluation of the Remaining Life of Impregnated Paper-
Insulated Transmission Cable Systems.
[B29] Iida, S., K. Matsuo, et al., “Practical use of a long-range fiber optic temperature laser radar,” Hitachi
Cable Review, no. 11, Aug. 1992.
[B30] Jones, S., G. Bucea, A. MacAlpine, M. Nakanishi, S. Mashio, H. Komeda, and A. Jino, “Condition
monitoring for Transgrid 330 kV power cable,” International Conference on Power System Technology,
PowerCon 2004, Singapore, 2004.
[B31] Kent, H., and G. Bucea, “Distributed temperature sensing of high voltage cables—case studies from
Sidney, Australia,” CIGRE 1992 Session, Paper 21-304, Sept. 1992.
[B32] Nachtigal, C. L., Instrumentation and Control, Fundamentals and Applications. New York: Wiley,
1990.
[B33] National Instruments, Measuring Temperature with Thermocouples. Austin, TX: National
Instruments, 1996.
[B34] NBS 125-1975, Thermocouple Reference Tables based on the IPTS-68.8
[B35] Neher, J. H., “The transient temperature rise of buried cable systems,” IEEE Insulated Conductors
Committee, Paper 63-917, June 1963.
[B36] Neher, J. H., and M. H. McGrath, “The calculation of the temperature rise and load capability of
cable systems,” AIEE Insulated Conductors Committee, Paper 57-660, June 1957.
[B37] Nortech Fibronic Manual, Canada, 1999.
[B38] Ogawa, K., Y. Ozawa, et al., “Fiber optic temperature laser radar for distributed temperature
measurement,” Hitachi Cable Review, no. 9, Aug. 1990.
[B39] Orrell, P. R., “Distributed fibre optic temperature sensing,” Sensor Review, vol. 12, no. 2, 1992.
[B40] Pöhler, S., C. Bisleri, et al., “EHV XLPE cables, experience, improvements and future aspects,”
CIGRE 2000 Session, Paper 21-04, Sept. 2000.
4
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (http://www.iec.ch/). IEC publications are also
available in the United States from the American National Standards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).
5
The IEEE Standards Dictionary: Glossary of Terms & Definitions is available at http://shop.ieee.org/.
6
IEEE publications are available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (http://standards.ieee.org/).
7
The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
8
NBS publications are available from the National Bureau of Standards (http://www.nist.gov).
19
IEEE Std 1718-2012
[B41] Schmidt, G., L. Fredin, et al., “Advances in fiber optic distributed temperature sensing for
underground transmission cables,” IEEE ICC Minutes #106 Subcommittee C, Fall 1999.
[B42] Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., SumiThermo, Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing
System. Osaka, Japan: Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., Jan. 1997.
[B43] Van Der Wijk, G. P., H. T. F. Geene, et al., “An intelligent HV power cable system,” CIGRE 1986
Session, Paper 15/21/33-11, 1986.
[B44] Wada, M., et al., “Construction of optical fibre cable network utilizing existing power lines,”
CIRED, Paper 3.20, 1991.
[B45] Wakami, T., M. Nishimura, et al., “Development of an optical fiber distributed temperature sensor
for long distances,” Sumitomo Electric Technical Review, no. 43, Jan. 1997.
[B46] Williams, J. A., “Distributed fiber optic temperature monitoring and ampacity analysis for XLPE
transmission cables,” EPRI Report TR-110630, June 1998.
[B47] Williams, J. A., J. H. Cooper, et al., “Increasing cable ratings by distributed fiber optic temperature
monitoring and ampacity analysis,” IEEE/PES T&D Conference, 1999.
[B48] Van DerWijk, G. P., E. Pultram, and H. T. F. Geene, “Development and qualification of a new 400
kV XLPE cable system with integrated sensors for diagnostics,” CIGRE 1998 Session, Paper 21-103, Sept.
1998.
[B49] Yoon, K.T., and D. S. A. Teo,“Controlling and monitoring Singapore’s underground grid,” IEEE
Computer Applications in Power, Oct. 1999.
[B50] York Sensor, DTS 800 Operation Manual. Southampton, U.K.: York Sensor, 1999.
20
IEEE Std 1718-2012
Annex B
(informative)
Typical acceptance criteria for a fiber optic circuit intended to be used
temperature sensor
The following parameters should be obtained using standard attenuation meters or power meters at
specified frequencies:
a) Fiber attenuation
1) Multimode:
Using 850 nm wavelength:
Standard attenuation = X (dB/km)
Acceptable attenuation < X + 10%
Standard attenuation = Y (dB/km)
Acceptable attenuation < Y + 15%
2) Single mode:
Standard attenuation = Z (dB/km)
Acceptable attenuation < Z + 10%
Using 1550 nm wavelength
Standard attenuation = W (dB/km)
Acceptable attenuation < W + 15%
b) Acceptable fusion splice attenuation:

1) Multimode:
Measured with 1300 nm < 0.1 (dB)
2) Single mode:
Measured with 1550 nm < 0.1 (dB)
c) Local attenuation:
Any localized attenuation cannot exhibit power loss exceeding 0.1 (dB)
d) The values X, Y, Z, and W should be provided either by a fiber manufacturer for standard
wavelength or by a power cable manufacturer for the supplied fiber.
e) If the values are provided by a DTS equipment manufacturer for the DTS wavelength, the fiber
parameters should be measured using the OTDR function of the same DTS equipment.
21
IEEE Std 1718-2012
Annex C
(informative)
Additional mechanical testing for cables with integrated fiber
During installation, the cable is subjected to several, often severe, mechanical forces. It is unknown
whether the fiber position, maximum recommended pulling tensions, bending radius, and/or sidewall
pressures do not cause any damage to the fiber and cable insulation. The fiber damage could be either
mechanical or optical or both. The damage would cause an increase in the fiber attenuation. Damage to the
cable insulation or its jacket should be revealed by a forensic study.
The purpose of this test is to replicate installation conditions.
The tests specified below are recommended, but they should be agreed to between a user and a
manufacturer. They should be performed in addition to any test required by applicable standards. The
sequence of tests should also be agreed to between the user and the manufacturer.
a) Test preparation:
A sufficient length of cable should be cut from a randomly selected part of a production run.
The minimum recommended length for this purpose should not be shorter than 30 m. The
length, however, must be calculated for the concentric neutral type of cables or for any other
type where the fiber optic cable is helically applied to include at least 10 turns of the fiber.
Both cable ends should have pulling eyes installed in such a way as is recommended for
installation of this type of cable. The fiber must be available for testing at both ends.
b) Tensile (stretch) test:

The tensile test of the cable depends on the type of conductor material, its size, and its cable
construction. The maximum applied pulling forces should not be less than those recommended
in relevant standards as the maximum pulling stress plus 10%. The test duration should not be
shorter than 10 min.
c) Torsion tests:
The torsion test is intended to replicate the cable behavior during a pulling operation during
which the cable rotates along its longitudinal axis. To perform this test, one end of the cable
sample should be adequately and safely installed to prevent its rotation. The other end of the
cable sample should be rotated five times in both directions for at least 90° from its normal
unstressed position for a cable length of 30 m.
d) Sidewall bearing pressure test:

The pressure test force of at least 110% of the recommended sidewall pressure but not less than
6 kN/m should be performed on a piece of cable of at least 1 m in length. The pressure faces
should be rounded and bent. The round should have radius of 1.5 times the cable overall
diameter, and the bending radius should be not more than 20 times cable diameter. The pressure
should be applied against the sides of the cable where the fiber is located. The test duration
should not be less than 1 min.
If the cable construction contains more than one pair of optical assemblies, the test should be
repeated for each pair.
22
IEEE Std 1718-2012
e) Optical tests:
An optical test should be performed on each fiber before the tests begin and after each type of
test. The procedures to conduct such tests are described in 6.3.2. All test results should be
recorded and evaluated according to Annex B. The cable is considered to pass the tests if any of
the values does not exceed those in Annex B. Because the cable sample is short from the
measuring point of view, an additional length of fiber not less than 500 m should be added at
both ends for testing purposes.
23

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IEEE Guide for Temperature

Monitoring of Cable Systems

IEEE Power & Energy Society

IEEE Guide for Temperature

Insulated Conductors Committee

Approved 29 March 2012

Keywords: ampacity, cable, distributed temperature monitoring, distributed temperature sensing

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Copyright © 2012 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

PDF: ISBN 978-0-7381-7233-0 STD97220

Comments on standards should be submitted to the following address:

Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board

Laws and regulations

Updating of IEEE documents

Mohamed Chaaban, Chair

Pierre A. Argaut Sudhakar Cherukupalli Dennis Johnson

William J. Ackerman Randall Groves Gary Michel

Richard H. Hulett, Chair

Satish Aggarwal Alexander Gelman Oleg Logvinov

Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative

3. Discrete temperature monitoring system .................................................................................................... 3

4. Distributed temperature sensing system (DTS) .......................................................................................... 6

5. Other issues related to the temperature monitoring ...................................................................................10

6. User interface ............................................................................................................................................14

7. Data communication ..................................................................................................................................15

Annex A (informative) Bibliography ............................................................................................................18

c) Advantages/disadvantages of using a real-time monitoring versus offline monitoring system.

accuracy: Deviation from a true value.

 mean (average): Arithmetic mean defined as:

attenuation: A decrease of power during transmission of a signal through a medium, expressed in dB or

optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR)-distributed temperature sensing (DTS):

optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR)-distributed temperature sensing (DTS): Temperature

positional resolution: Interval between successive measurements.

pulse repetition: Number of measurement within given time, pulse frequency.

sampling resolution: See: positional resolution.

3. Discrete temperature monitoring system

Figure 1 —Thermocouples created by forming a copper–constantan junction

3.1.1 Peripheral equipment

3.2 Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)

3.4 Optical sensors

3.4.1 Discrete optical sensors

3.4.1.1 Peripheral equipment

4. Distributed temperature sensing system (DTS)

The DTS system has four major components:

4.1 Optical fiber

4.2 Optical-electrical processing unit

 Provide an interface to select the parameters needed to drive the instrument

4.4 Performance and limitations of the DTS

4.4.1 Maximum distance and fiber considerations

Typical connector loss <0.4 dB (two way)

4.4.2 Spatial resolution

4.4.3 Temperature accuracy and resolution

5. Other issues related to the temperature monitoring

5.1 Location of the temperature sensors

Table 3 —Advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic cable location

5.2 Performance, reliability, and maintenance

5.3 Fiber testing

5.3.2 After-installation test

5.3.2.1 Using power meters

a) Optical reference power measurement:

5.3.2.2 Using OTDR equipment

5.4 General precautions in temperature monitoring

6.2 Types of interfaces