m&;lf th;f;fk;;

ghFjp ? 01 m&;lf th;f;fk;

jiyth; :

jpU/ S.M. rjhrptk;

<nuh; jpU/ T.V.A. ehuhazd;
ehfh;

jp U/ bfshpr’;fh;
R. fUzhfud;. MA, DTA, DPCS

bja;tf;”h;
(n$hjpl rpnuhd;kzp & mwptpay; n$hjpl khkzp)
rkkaran.india@yahoo.com
 Mh;/ fUzhfud;. MA, DTA, DPCS 2 jpahfuha efh;. brd;id ? 17/
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Xk;
_ FUnt Jiz
vy;yhk; ty;y bja;tkJ! mtdpy;jhd; eP. cd;dpy; mtd;;!

Kd;Diu

md;ghd cyf mwpthspfns! tzf;fk;

,iwtd; cyifg; gilj;jhd;/ gw;gy el;rj;jpu’;fisa[k;. fpuf’;fisa[k;. mit xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU tpjkhd rf;jpia cilajhft[k;.
mit midj;Jk; xd;Wf;bfhd;W bjhlh;g[ila jhft[k;. xnu epajpg;go rpwpJk; jtwhky; RHyr; bra;jhd;/ gpd; kdpj caph;fisg;
gilj;jhd;. kdpjDila brhy;Yf;Fk;. braYf;Fk;. thH;tf
[ ;Fk; fpuf’;fs; bjhlh;t[ cilajhf bra;jhd;/

g{h;t b$d;k tpjpapd;go mtd; gpwf;Fk; neuj;jpnyna tpz;zpy; cs;s fpuf r”;rhu’;fisg; bghWj;J mtdJ thH;tk
[ ; vjph;fhyKk;
eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ/ mtdJ tpjpg;gaid khw;w ahuhYk; KoahJ/

xUtd; gpwe;j neuj;jpy; cr;rj;jpypUf;Fk; fpuf’;fshy; mtdJ thH;t[ vt;tpjk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ekJ Kd;ndhh;fs; jkJ
mDgt’;fspdhYk; jkJ nguwpthYk; Muha;e;J TwpapUg;gJ jhd; n$hjplf; fiyahFk;/ "Maf;fiyfs; mWgj;jp ehd;F" vd;gh;/
mtw;wpy; n$hjplf; fiya[k; xd;W vd;gjhy; ,r; n$hjplf;fiy kdpj thH;tpy; Kf;fpa m’;fk; vd;gJ bjhpatUk;/

"fw;wJ ifkz;zst[. fy;yhjJ cyfst[" Mfnt gw;gy E}y;fisf; fw;W. rpe;jpj;J jdJ mDgt’;fisf; bfhz;L Muha;r;rp bra;J
,f;fiyia bjhpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ gog;gjdhy; kl;Lk; xUth; n$hjpluhfptpl KoahJ/ cyf mDgt’;fSlDk; $hjf’;fisg; ghh;j;J
mtw;iwg; gw;wp rpe;jpj;jhy;jhd; gy cz;ikfs; bjhpa tUk;/ mjdhy; mwpit mgptpUj;jp bra;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/

n$hjplk; vd;gJ kdpjdpd; vjph;fhyj;ija[k;. thH;f;ifiaa[k;. Mnuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; ,d;g. Jd;g’;fisa[k; TWtjhFk;/ ,jw;Fnky;
kdpjdpd; jiybaGj;Jk;. tpjp vd;gJk; ,Uf;fpwJ/ mtdJ g{h;t b$d;k gyhgyd;fSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd/ ,it ,iwtdhy;
bfhLf;fg;gl;lit/ ,jpy; mnef bja;t ,ufrpa’;fSk; cz;L/ xUtUila tpjpia kw;wth; brhy;y ,ayhJ/ Mfnt ekf;F ,iwtdpd;
nky; ek;gpf;ifa[k;. gf;jpa[k; ntz;Lk;/

bghJthf itj;jpah; xUth; xUtUila tpahjpiaf; fz;Lgpof;f nehahspia mUfpy; itj;J mtiu gytpjkhf ghPl;irak; bra;J.
tpahjpahy; mtd; Jd;gg;gLtijg; ghh;j;Jk;. czh;j;Jk; mtDf;F vd;d tpahjp. ve;j ghfj;jpy; tpahjp njhd;wpaJ. mjw;F vd;d
epth;j;J vd;W fhz;Lgpof;f Koahky; lhf;lh;fs; tpHpf;fpd;wdh;/

Mdhy; xUtDila thH;f;ifiaa[k;. vjph;fhyj;ija[k;. ehk; epidj;Jg; ghh;f;fKoahj mstpy; mtuJ tpjpiaa[k;. jiybaGj;ija[k;
vt;thW Tw Koa[k;> ,e;j b$d;kj;ij gw;wpna ekf;F bjhpahjpUf;f. g{h;tb$d;k ufrpa’;fs; vt;thW bjhpa[k;> ,tw;wpw;fhf ek; Kd;ndhh;fs;
j’;fs; mDgt’;fshYk; ekJ Muha;r;rpapd; gadhft[k; rpy bghJthd tpjpKiwfis ekf;F je;jUspa[s;sdh;. mJjhd; n$hjplk;
vd;gjhFk;/

$hjf gyd; eph;zapg;gjw;F gytpjkhd Kiwfs; eilgpof;fg;gLfpwJ/ mtw;wpy; m&;lf th;f;f Kiwa[k; xd;whFk;/ m&;lf th;f;fk;
thapyhf $hjfg; gyid kpfj; Jy;ypakhf eph;zapf;fyhk; vd kfhp&pfs; jk;Kila E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;fs;/ m&;lf thh;f;fk;
gw;wpa mog;gilr; bra;jpfis mwpe;J bfhs;tnj ,e;j gFjpapd; nehf;fkhFk;/

m&;lf th;f;fk; vd;Dk; rk!;fpUjr; brhy;Yf;F vl;Ltpjkhd gphpt[fs; my;yJ (m&;l?vl;L. th;f;fk;?gphpt[) gFjpfs; vDk; bghUs; MFk;/
m&;lf th;f;fk; xl;L bkhj;j ey;y gyd;fisa[k;. jPa gyd;fisa[k; midj;J nfhs;fSf;F fz;lwpa cjt[fpwJ/ RUf;fkhf. nfhl;rhug;go
VG nfhs;fSk; r”;rhuk; bra;tjhy; Vw;gLk; gyida[k;. gyj;ija[k; mwpa cjt[fpwJ/ vdnt ,k;Kiwapid ed;whf czh;e;J j’;fsplk;
n$hjpl gyh gyd;fs; nfl;ftUthplj;J rhpahd gyid Twp mth;fspd; md;ik bgWtPh;fshf/

R. fUzhfud;. MA DTA DPCS

n$hjpc& rpnuhd;kzp & mwptpay; n$hjpl khkzp/

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

 Mh;/ fUzhfud;. MA, DTA, DPCS 3 jpahfuha efh;. brd;id ? 17/
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m&;lf th;f;fk;;

ghFjp ? 01 m&;lf thf;fk;;

bghUslf;fk;

nehf;fk; ....................................................................................................................................................... 4

Kd;Diu.................................................................................................................................................... 4

m&;lf th;f;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;; ........................................................................................................ 4

m&;lf th;fj;jpy; gad;gLk; brhw;fs;; ................................................................................................... 4

m&;lf th;f;fk; fzpf;Fk; Kiw............................................................................................................ 5

1/ rKjhak; my;yJ rKjha m&;lf th;f;fk;;.................................................................................... 5

2/ jphpnfhz nrhjid............................................................................................................................ 6

3/ Vfhjpgj;jpa nrhjid ...................................................................................................................... 7

4/ fz rK:fk;.......................................................................................................................................... 7

5/ ,uhrp Fzhfuk; ? ,uhrp gpz;lk;;................................................................................................... 7

6/ fpuf Fzhfuk; ? fpuf gpz;lk;; ....................................................................................................... 7

7/ Rj;j gpz;lk; my;yJ nrhj;a gpz;lk;; ............................................................................................ 8

8/ Vf rKfk;; ........................................................................................................................................... 8

Koa[iu...................................................................................................................................................... 8

tpdhf;fs; ................................................................................................................................................... 8

ghh;it E}y;fs; .......................................................................................................................................... 8

fiyr; brhw;fs;........................................................................................................................................... 8

Prepared By R.Karunakaran, MA DTA DPCS

JothidaChironmani & Ariviyal Jothida Mamanii

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

 Mh;/ fUzhfud;. MA, DTA, DPCS 4 jpahfuha efh;. brd;id ? 17/
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m&;lf th;f;fk;;

nehf;fk;
$hjf gyd; eph;zapg;gjw;F gytpjkhd Kiwfs; eilgpof;fg;gLfpwJ/ mtw;wpy; m&;lf th;f;f Kiwa[k; xd;whFk;/ m&;lf th;f;fk;
thapyhf $hjfg; gyid kpfj; Jy;ypakhf eph;zapf;fyhk; vd kfhp&pfs; jk;Kila E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;fs;/ m&;lf thh;f;fk;
gw;wpa mog;gilr; bra;jpfis mwpe;J bfhs;tnj ,e;j gFjpapd; nehf;fkhFk;/

Kd;Diu
m&;lf th;f;fk; vd;Dk; rk!;fpUjr; brhy;Yf;F vl;Ltpjkhd gphpt[fs; my;yJ (m&;l?vl;L. th;f;fk;?gphpt[) gFjpfs; vDk; bghUs; MFk;/
,J ,yf;fpdk; kw;Wk; VG nfhs;fs; Vw;glj;Jk; tpist[fis bjspthf tpsf;FfpwJ/ nfhs;fs; vd;gJ N:hpad;. re;jpud;. brt;tha;. g[jd;. FU.
Rf;fpud;. rdp kw;Wk; ,yf;fpdk; Mfpait MFk;/ ,uhF. nfJ Mfpa nfhs;fs; epHy; nfhs;fs; vd;gjhy; mit ,e;j m&;lf th;f;f
fzpjj;jpy; nrh;f;fg;gltpy;iy/ tHf;fkhf xU nfhs; re;jpudpypUe;J fzf;fPL bra;fpnwhk;/ ,jpy; ,yf;fpdk; my;yJ re;jpudpypUe;J xU
Fwpg;gpl;l nfhs; vd;d gyd; jUk; vd;gijg; ghh;g;gjhy; kw;w nfhs;fspd; epiyia ,j;Jld; bjhlh;g[gLj;JtJ ,y;iy/ Mdhy; ,e;j
epiyia m&;lf th;f;f fzpjk; epiwt[ bra;fpwJ/

nfhr;rhuj;jpy; VG nfhs;fSk; r”;rhuk; bra;tjhy; Vw;gLk; Tl;L gyd;fis fz;lwpa m&;lf th;f;fk; cjt[fpwJ/ xU nfhs; nfhr;rhuj;jpy;
re;jpudpypUe;J ew;gyd;fisnah my;yJ jPa gyd;fisnah juyhk; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpdg;go ew;gyd;fisnah my;yJ jPa gyd;fisnah
juyhk;/ kw;w nfhs;fSk; nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mikg;g[g;go ,Uf;fyhk;/ m&;lf th;f;fxl;L bkhj;j ey;y gyd;fisa[k;. jPa gyd;fisa[k;
midj;J nfhs;fSf;F fz;lwpa cjt[fpwJ/ RUf;fkhf. nfhl;rhug;go VG nfhs;fSk; r”;rhuk; bra;tjhy; Vw;gLk; gyida[k;. gyj;ija[k;
mwpa cjt[fpwJ/ gyk; kpf;f nfhs; mJ Rg?fpufnkh my;yJ mRg?fpufnkh ey;y gyida[k; gyk; Fiwthd nfhs; jPa gyida[k; jUk;/

m&;lf th;f;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;;

tuhfkpfpuhpd; ike;juhd gpUFahr!; jdJ “n\huh rhuk;” vd;Dk; E}ypy; nfhs;fspd; nfhl;rhu epiyg;gyid bghJg;gilahf mwpayhk;/
Mdhy; Jy;ypakhf kpfr; rhpahd gyd;fis m&;lf th;f;fj;jpd; K:yk; kl;Lk;jhd; mwpa Koa[k; vd;fpwhh;/ nkYk; $hjfj;jpy; jPa
nahf’;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; FU m&;lf thh;f;fk; gyKs;sjhf ,Uf;Fkhdhy; jPa nahf’;fs; jPa gyd;fisj; juhJ vd;fpwhh;/ Ma[s; fzpjk;
bra;tjw;Fk; m&;lf th;f;f fzpjnk kpft[k; rpwg;g[ tha;e;jJ vd;Wk;. re;jpud; nfe;jpuj;jpy; ,Uf;ft[k;. mtUld; 10?Mk; mjpgjp nrh;e;J
,Ue;jhYk; ePz;l Ma[s; jUk; vd;Wk; tpsf;Ffpd;whh;/

bgUikf;Fhpa kfhp&pfs; kw;Wk; Kdpth;fspd; cahpa Muha;r;rpfspd;go nfhl;rhuf; nfhs;fspd; gyj;ij kpfj; Jy;ypakhf mwpa m&;lf
th;f;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/ gpwe;j $hjfj;jpy;. $hjfh; gpwe;j bghGJ nfhs;fspd; epiy vt;thW mike;Js;sJ vd;gij fz;lwpa
gad;gLfpwJ/ nfhs;fs; vg;nghJk; ,iltplhky; r”;rhuk; bra;a[k; nfhl;rhu epiyapy;. nfhs;fspd; cz;ikahd epiy kw;Wk; kw;w
nfhs;fSld; mjw;F Vw;gLk; bjhlh;g[. nfhs;fSf;F Vw;gLk; gyk;. nfhs;fs; Vw;gLj;Jk; tpist[fs;. ey;y kw;Wk; bfL gyd;fis m&;lf
th;f;f fzpjk; K:yk; mwpa Koa[k;/

cjhuzkhf. N:hpad; gyk; bgw;W tps’;fpdhy; $hjfh; cah; gjtp. khpahij. bry;t epiy tps’;Fjy;. ey;y cly; eyk; nghd; ew;gyd;fis
mDgtpg;ghh;/ gyk; Fiwe;j N:hpadhy; $hjfh; FLk;gj;ij tpl;Lg; gphpjy; my;yJ FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fSld; gifik. ez;gh;fSld;
gifik. jdJ nky; mjpfhhpfisg; gifj;jy;. fy; be”;rk; cilatuhjy;. ,Uja neha;fs; cz;lhFjy;. Fwpf;nfhs; ,y;yhky;
btspapl’;fspy; Rw;wpj; jphpjy; nghd;w gyd;fis kfhp&p guhruh; tpsf;Ffpwhh;/ ghyjPgpif ? E}y; Mrphpah; fUj;jpd;go m&;lf th;f;f
fzpjj;jpd; thapyhf nfhs;fspd; ew;gyid my;yJ jPa gyid mwpayhk; vd;W TWfpwhh;/ gpwe;j $hjfj;jpd;go $hjfhpd; thH;f;ifapy;
Vw;gLk; bghjg;gyd;fisa[k;. m&;lf th;f;f fzpjj;jpd; thapyhf Kothd bjspthd gyd;fis mwpa Koa[k; vd;gJ guhrh; fUj;J/

m&;lf th;fj;jpy; gad;gLk; brhw;fs;;

gpe;Jf;fs; my;yJ Rg gyd; jUk; FwpaPL: ,uhF. nfJf;fisj; jtpu. gpw nfhs;fshd N:hpad;. re;jpud;. brt;tha;. g[jd;. FU. Rf;fpud;.
rdp Mfpa VG nfhs;fSld;. ,yf;fpdKk; nrh;e;J vl;L tpjkhd gyd;fis xt;bthU ,uhrpf;Fk; jUfpwj/ m&;lf th;f;f fzpjg;go ey;y
gyd;fis gpe;Jf;fs; my;yJ guy;fs; (0) vdt[k;. mRg gyd;fis jUtjw;F “nufh” br’;Fj;Jf;nfhL | ? vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ehk;
mwpe;J bfhs;tpUf;Fk; ,e;j m&;lf th;f;fj;jpy; Rg gyd;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk; FwpaPl;ow;F (0) gpe;Jf;fs; my;yJ guy;fs; vd;Wk;. mRg
gyd;fis Fwpg;gpLk; bray;ghl;ow;F nufh vd;gija[k; gad;gLj;jtpUf;fpnwhk;/

gpd;dh&;lf th;f;fk;: m&;lf th;f;fk; vd jdpj;jdpna xt;bthU nfhSf;Fk; fzf;fpLtjhFk;/

rh;th&;lf th;f;fk;;: 12 ght’;fspYk; 7 nfhs;fSk;. ,yf;fpdKk; bfhLf;Fk; bkhj;j gpe;Jf;fis Fwpg;gpLtJ/ ,jid rKjha m&;lf
th;f;fk; vd;Wk; miHg;gh;/

gpu!;jhu m&;lf th;f;fk;;: 12 ,uhrpfspYk; Vw;gLk; gpe;Jf;fspd; bkhj;j tpgu’;fs; ml;ltiz K:yk; bjhpe;J bfhs;tJ MFk;/

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

 Mh;/ fUzhfud;. MA, DTA, DPCS 5 jpahfuha efh;. brd;id ? 17/
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nufh rh;th&;lf th;f;fk;;: nfhs;fs; xU ,uhrpapy; bfhLf;Fk; Rg gyd;fs; (gpe;Jf;fs;) kw;Wk; mRg gyd;fs; (nufh) Mfpatw;wpd; bkhj;j
kjpg;g[ 56/ xU ,uhrpay; xU nfhs; bfhLf;Fk; Rg gyd;fis (gpe;Jf;fis) bkhj;j kjpg;ghd 56?y; ,Ue;J fHpj;jhy; mRg gyd;fs; (nufh)
bfhLf;Fk; kPjp kjpg;g[ vz; bjhpa tUk;/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nk& ,uhrpapy; Rg gyd;fis (gpe;Jf;fs;) bfhLf;Fk; guy;fs; 32 vd;why; ,jid
,uhrpapd; bkhj;j kjpg;ghd 56?y; ,Ue;J fHpf;f 56 ? 32 = 24 nufh tUk;/ vt;thW gpe;Jf;fSf;F rh;th&;lf th;f;fk; my;yJ kz;ly
nrhjid bra;fpnwhnkh. mjd;go nufh rh;th&;lf thh;f;fj;jpw;Fk; fzf;fPL bra;ayhk;/ nfhs;fs; ,yf;fpdj;jpw;Fk; fzf;fpl;L gpd;dh&;lf
th;f;fk; jahh; bra;ayhk;/

m&;lf th;f;fk; fzpf;Fk; Kiw

m&;lf th;f;fk; vd;why; vl;Ltpjkhd th;f;f’;fs; vd;W bghUs;gLk;/ vl;Ltpjkhd fzpj’;fs; bra;J xU $hjfj;jpd; midj;J ghtf
gyd;fisa[k; kw;Wk; ghtf gyd; eilbgWk; fhyj;ija[k; Jy;ypakhf mwpayhk;/ nkYk; nfhr;rhug;go nfhs; juf;Toa gyd;fisa[k; kpfr;
rhpahf. Jy;ypakhf mwpa Koa[k;/
vl;Ltpjkhd th;f;f’;fs;:
1) rKjhak; my;yJ rKjha m&;lf thh;f;fk; 2) jphpnfhzk;
3) Vfhjpgj;jpak; 4) Fz rK:fk;
5) ,uhrp Fzhfuk; 6) fpuf Fzhfuk;
7) Rj;j gpz;lk; 8) Vf rK:fk;/

m&;lf th;f;f fzpjj;jpy; ,uhF. nfJf;fs; vd;Dk; epHy; nfhs; ,lk; bgwhJ/

1/ rKjhak; my;yJ rKjha m&;lf th;f;fk;;

m&;lf th;f;f fzpj;jj;jpy; bkhj;jk; 337 gpe;Jf;fs; cs;sd/ ,e;j 337 gpe;Jf;fisa[k; (VG) nfhs;fSf;Fk; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;if
mst[f;F gphpj;Jf; bfhLf;fgg;gl;Ls;sd/ xt;bthU nfhSk; jhk; epw;Fk; !;jhdk; Kjy; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l !;jhd’;fspy; gpe;Jf;fs;
,Lfpd;wd/ gpe;Jf;fs; vd;gJ Rg gyida[k;. gpd;Jf;ffs; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ (nuhfh) mRg gyida[k; bjhptpf;Fk;/ xU Fwpg;gpl;l
!;jhdj;jpy; vy;yh nfhs;fSk; bfhLj;j gpe;Jf;fisa[k; Tl;LtJ rKjha m&;lf th;f;fk; MFk;/

nfhs;fs; N:hpad;?48 re;jpud;?49 brt;tha;?39 g[jd;?54 FU?56 Rf;ud;?52 rdp?39

1. 2. 4. 7. 3. 6. 7. 8. 3. 5. 6. 10. 5. 6. 9. 11. 1. 2. 3. 7. 7. 8. 11. 12 1. 2. 4. 7.
N:hpad;

8. 9. 10. 11 10. 11 11 12 8. 9. 10. 11 8. 10. 11

?8 ?6 ?5 ?5 ?9 ?3 ?7
3. 6. 10. 11 1. 3. 6. 7. 3. 6. 11 2. 4. 6. 8. 2. 5. 7. 9. 11 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3. 6. 11
fe;jpud;

10 10. 11 8. 9. 11. 12

?4 ?6 ?3 ?6 ?5 ?9 ?3
1. 2. 4. 7. 2. 3. 5. 6. 1. 2. 4. 7. 1. 2. 4. 7. 1. 2. 4. 7. 8. 3. 5. 6. 9. 11. 3. 5. 8.
brt;tha;

8. 9. 10. 11 9. 10. 11 8. 10. 11 8. 9. 10. 11 10. 11 12 10. 11. 12

?8 ?7 ?7 ?8 ?7 ?6 ?6

3. 5. 6. 9. 1.3.4. 5. 8. 3. 5. 6. 11 1. 3. 5. 8.9 1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 3. 5. 6. 9. 11 6. 8. 9.
10. 11. 12 10. 11. 12 10. 11. 12 9. 10. 11 10. 11. 12
g[jd;

?7 ?8 ?4 ?8 ?8 ?5 ?6
5. 6. 9. 11 1. 4 7. 8. 6. 10. 11. 6. 8. 11. 12 1. 2. 3. 4. 7. 5. 8. 9. 10. 11 5. 6. 11. 12
10. 11. 12 12 8. 10. 11
FU

?4 ?7 ?4 ?4 ?8 ?5 ?4
7. 7. 12 3. 4. 5. 7. 6. 8. 11. 12 1. 2. 3. 4. 2. 5. 6. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 11. 12
Rf;fpud;

9. 10. 11 5. 6. 9. 11 11 8. 9. 10. 11

?3 ?7 ?4 ?8 ?6 ?9 ?3

1. 2. 4. 7. 3. 5. 10. 11 1. 4. 7. 8. 1. 2. 4. 7. 3. 5. 6. 12 3. 4. 5. 8. 9. 3. 5. 6. 11
9. 9.10. 11 9. 10. 11 8. 9. 10.11 10. 11
rdp

?8 ?4 ?7 ?8 ?4 ?7 ?4
3. 4. 6. 10. 3. 6. 10. 11 1. 3. 6. 10. 1. 2. 4. 6. 1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 3. 4. 6.
,yf;fpdk;

11. 12 11 8. 10. 11 7. 9. 10. 11 8. 9. 11 10. 11

?6 ?4 ?5 ?7 ?9 ?8 ?6

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 Mh;/ fUzhfud;. MA, DTA, DPCS 6 jpahfuha efh;. brd;id ? 17/
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nfhs;fs; bfhLf;Fk; bkhj;j gpe;Jf;fs; gpd;tUthW: nfhs;fs; gpe;Jf;fs;

N:hpad; 48
re;jpud; 49
brt;tha; 39
g[jd; 54
FU 56
Rf;fpud; 52
rdp 39
Mf bkhj;jk; 337

m&;lf th;ffr; rf;fuj;ij ,uz;L Kiwfspy; mikf;fyhk;/ ,uhrpf; rf;fuk; nghy; mikj;Jf; bfz;L fzf;fpLtJ gpd;dh&;lf th;f;fk;
MFk;/ ml;ltidnghy; mikj;Jf; bfhz;L fzf;fpLtJ gpu!;jhu m&;lf th;f;fk; vdg;gLk;/

gpd;dh&;lf th;f;fk; vd;whYk;. gpu!;jhu m&;lf th;f;fk; vd;whyk; ,u:zk; xd;Wjhd;/ ,Ug;gpDk; Kiwahf ml;ltid mikj;J
fzf;fpLtjhy; ve;bje;j nfhs; ve;jbje;j ,uhrpapy; vj;jid guy;fs; bfhLj;Js;sd vd;gij gpu!;jhu m&;lf th;f;fk; K;yk; bjspthf
mwpayhk;/ vdnt m&;lfth;f;fk; fzf;fpLk;bghGJ gpu!;jhu m&;lf th;f;f Kiw ml;ltiziag; gad;gLtj;JtJ rpwg;g[/ vy;/yh
nfhy;fSf;F. m&;lf th;f;fk; fzpj;j gpwF vy;yhr; rf;fu’;fisa[k; Tl;o mikf;Fk rf;fuk; rKjha m&;lf th;f;fk; my;yJ rh;th&;lf
th;f;fk; MFk;/

2/ jphpnfhz nrhjid
,uhrpf; rf;fuj;jpy; ehd;F jphpnfhz ,uhrpfspd; mog;gilapy; bra;ag;glk; nrhjid jhd; jphpnfhz nrhjid vdg;gLk;/
nk&k; flfk; Jyhk; kfuk;
hp&gk; rpk;kk; tpUf;rpfk; Fk;gk;
kpJdk; fd;dp jDR kPdk;

nkw;fz;l ,uhrpfs; xd;Wf;bfhd;W jphpnfhz ,uhrpfs; MFk;/ ,jd; mog;gilapy; jphpnfhz nrhjid nkw;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/

tpjpKiwfs;:
1) K:d;W ,uhrpfspy; xd;wpy; Fiwe;j mst[ gpe;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jhy;. Fiwe;j mstpw;Fj; jFe;jgo kw;w m) 4?3?2
,uz;L ,uhrpfspy; cs;s guy;fis rhpbra;a ntz;Lk;/ 2?2?2
2?1?1

2) K:d;W jphpnfhz ,uhrpfspYk;. ,uz;L ,uhrpfspy; rk mst[ gpe;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jhy; Fiwe;j mstpw;F M) 4?3?3
jFe;jhw;nghy; rhpbra;a ntz;Lk;/ 3?3?3
1?0?0

3) K:d;W jphpnfhz ,uhrpfspYk; rk mst[s;s gpe;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jhy; K:d;W ,uhrpfspYk; cs;s ,) 3?3?3
gpe;Jf;fisa[k; vLj;Jtpl ntz;k;/ 3?3?3
0?0?0

4) K:d;W jphpnfhz ,uhrpfspy; xU ,uhrpapy; gpe;Jf;fs; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; jphpnfhz nrhjid ,y;iy/ <) 4?3?0
,uz;L jphpnfhz ,uhrpfspy; cs;s gpe;Jf;fis mg;gona itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ 0?0?0
4?3?0

5) K:d;W jphpnfhz ,uhrpfspy; ,uz;L jphpnfhz ,uhrpfspy; gpe;Jf;fs; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; nrhjid ,y;iy/ c) 4?0?0
xU jphpnfhz ,uhrpapy; cs;sij mg;gona itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ 0?0?0
4?0?0

jphpnfhz nrhjidapd; RUf;fk;:

1. K:d;W jphpnfhz ,uhrpfspYk; rk mstw;w gpe;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jhy; Fiwe;j mst[s;s guy;fSf;F jf;fgo rhpbra;a ntz;Lk;/

2. xU ,uhrpapy; my;yJ ,uz;L ,uhrpfspy; guy; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; nrhjid ,y;iy/ K:d;whtJ ,uhrpapy; cs;s gpe;Jf;fis
mg;gona itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/

3. K:d;W jphpnfhz ,uhrpfspYk; rk mst[ guy;fs; ,Ue;jhy; K:d;W ,uhrpfspYk; cs;s guy;fis vLj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;/ jphpnfhz
nrhjid Koe;j gpwF Vfhjpgj;jpa nrhjid bra;a ntz;Lk;/

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 Mh;/ fUzhfud;. MA, DTA, DPCS 7 jpahfuha efh;. brd;id ? 17/
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3/ Vfhjpgj;jpa nrhjid
Vfhjpgj;jpak; vd;why; Vf + Mjpgj;jpak; vd;W bghUshFk;/ N:hpad;. re;jpud; jtpu kw;w nfhs;fshd brt;tha;. g[jd;. FU. Rf;fpud;. rdp
MfpaitfSf;F ,uz;L Ml;rp tPLfs; my;yJ ,uz;L tPl;ow;F Mjpgj;jpak; bgWfpd;wd/
brt;tha; ? nk&k;. tpUr;rpfk;
g[jd; ? kpJdk;. fd;dp
FU ? jDR. kPdk;
Rf;fpud; ? hp&gk;. Jyhk;
rdp ? kfuk;. Fk;gk;
tpjpKiwfs;:
1) flfk; kw;Wk; rpk;kk; ,uhrpfSf;F nrhjid ,y;iy/ vdnt me;j ,uhrpfspy; cs;s guy;fis mg;gona itj;J bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;/

2) xU nfhspd; ,uz;L Ml;rp tPLfspYk; nfhs;fs; ,Ue;jhy; Vfhjpgj;jpa nrhjid bra;a njitapy;iy/

3) xU nfhspd; ,uz;L Ml;rp tPLfspy; rpufk; ,Ue;jhYk; my;yJ fpufk; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; me;j ,uz;L tPLfspy; xU tPl;oy;
gpe;Jf;fs; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; Vfhjpgj;jpa nrhjid bra;a njitapy;iy/

4) xU nfhspd; ,uz;L Ml;rp tPLfspy; xd;wpy; fpufk; ,Ue;J kw;bwhd;wpy; fpufk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy;. fpufk; ,Uf;Fk; tPl;oy;
Fiwthd guy;fSk;. fpufk; ,y;yhj tPl;oy; mjpfkhd guy;fSk; ,Ue;jhy;. fpufk; ,Uf;Fk; tPl;oy; cs;s guy;fSf;F
jf;fthW fpufk; ,y;yhj tPl;oy; cs;s guy;fis rhpbra;a ntz;Lk;/
cjhuzkhf:
kPdk; ? nfhs; cz;L = 2 guy;fs;
jDR ? nfhs; ,y;iy = 3 guy;fs;
jDR 3 guy;fs; ? kPdk; 2 guy;fs; = jDR 1 guy;

5) xU nfhspd; ,uz;L Ml;rp tPLfspy; xd;wpy; nfhy; ,y;yhky;. fpufk; ,Uf;Fk; tPl;oy; cs;s guy;fSf;F rkkhfnth my;yJ
Fiwthfnth fpufk; ,y;yhj tPl;oy; guy;fs; ,Ue;jhy; fpufk; ,y;yhj tPl;oy; cs;s guy;fis vLj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;/ mjhtJ
(0) g{$;ak; guy; Mf;f ntz;Lk;/ fpufk; cs;s tPl;oy; cs;s guy;fis mg;gona itj;Jf;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/

6) xU nfhspd; ,uz;L Ml;rp tPLfspYk; fpufk; ,y;yhky;. ,uz;L tPLfspYk; rk msthd guy;fs; ,Ue;jhy; ,uz;L
tPLfspYk; cs;s guy;fs; tpyf;fp tpl ntz;Lk;/ (mjhtJ (0) g{$;ak; guyhf;f ntz;Lk;

7) xU nfhspd; ,uz;L Ml;rp tPLfspYk; fpufk; ,y;yhky;. ,uz;L tPLfspYk; rk mstw;w guy;fs; ,Ue;jhy;. Fiwthd
guy;fSf;F jf;fthW rhpbra;a ntz;Lk;/
cjhuzkhf:
nk&k; ? nfhs; ,y;iy tpUr;rpfk; ? nfhs; ,y;iy
4 guy;fs; 2 guy;fs;

4 ? 2 = 2 guy;fs; 2 ? 2 = 0 guy;fs;

4/ fz rK:fk;
jphpnfhz nrhjidf;Fg; gpd; cs;s gpe;Jf;fisa[k;. Vfhjpgj;jpa nrhjidf;Fg; gpd; cs;s gpe;Jf;fisa[k; bkhj;jkhf Tl;LtJ Fz
rK:fkhFk;/

5/ ,uhrp Fzhfuk; ? ,uhrp gpz;lk;; 6/ fpuf Fzhfuk; ? fpuf gpz;lk;;

nk&k; Kjy; kPdk; tiu cs;s gd;dpbuz;L ,uhrpfSf;Fk; vz;fs; VG nfhs;fSf;Fk; xt;bthU vz; bfhLf;fg;gl;L;s;sJ/ ,e;j
bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ ,e;j vz;fns ,uhrp Fzhfuk; vdg;gLk;/ vz;fns fpuf Fzhfuk; vdg;gLk;/

,uhrp vz;fs; ,uhrp vz;fs; nfhs;fs; vz;fs; nfhs;fs; vz;fs;

nk&k; 7 Jyhk; 7 N:hpad; 5 FU 10
hp&gk; 10 tpUr;rpfk; 8 re;jpud; 5 Rf;fpud; 7
kpJdk; 8 jDR 9 brt;tha; 8 rdp 5
flfk; 4 kfuk; 5 g[jd; 5
rpk;kk; 10 Fk;gk; 11
fd;dp 5 kPdk; 12 jphpnfhz nrhjid. Vfhjpgj;jpa nrhjid Koe;j gpwF. nfhs;fs;
\jphpnfhz nrhjid. Vfhjpgj;jpa nrhjidf;Fg; gpwF xU epw;Fk; ,uhrpapy; cs;s guy;fis. me;jf; nfhspd; vz;zhy;
,uhrpapy; cs;s gpe;Jf;fis me;j ,uhrp Fzhfu vz;zhy; bgUf;fpdhy; fpuf gpz;lk; fpilf;Fk;/
bgUf;fpdhy; ,uhrp gpz;lk; fpilf;Fk;/

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 Mh;/ fUzhfud;. MA, DTA, DPCS 8 jpahfuha efh;. brd;id ? 17/
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7/ Rj;j gpz;lk; my;yJ nrhj;a gpz;lk;;

,uhrp gpz;lj;ija[k;. fpuf gpz;lj;ija[k; Tl;Ltjdhy; fpilg;gJ Rj;j gpz;lk; my;yJ nrhj;jpa gpz;lk; vdg;gLk;/

8/ Vf rKfk;;
Mjp guy; Kjy; (rKjha m&;lf th;f;fk;) fpuf gpz;lk; tiu Tl;Ltjdhy; fpilg;gJ Vf rK:fk; MFk;/
gpe;Jf;fs; bgWk; gpe;Jf;fs; bfhLf;Fk; nfhs;fs;
bkhj;jk;
nfhs;fs; N:hpad; re;jpud; brt;tha; g[jd; FU Rf;fpud; rdp ,yf;fpdk;
N:hpad; 8 4 8 7 4 3 8 6 38
re;jpud; 6 6 7 8 7 7 4 4 49
brt;tha; 5 3 7 4 4 4 7 5 39
g[jd; 5 6 8 8 4 8 8 7 54
FU 9 5 7 8 8 6 4 9 56
Rf;fpud; 3 9 6 5 5 9 7 8 52
rdp 7 3 6 6 4 3 4 8 39
bkhj;jk; 43 36 49 46 36 40 42 45 337

Koa[iu
$hjfg; gyid kpfj; Jy;ypakhd eph;zapf;f cjt[k; m&;lf th;f;fk; gw;wpa mog;gil bra;jpfis ,e;j gFjpapd; thapyhff;
mwpe;Js;sPh;fs;/
thH;f ,e;jpa n$hjplk;
thH;f ,e;jpa hp&pfs;!
tzf;fj;Jld;.

R. fUzhfud;
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tpdhf;fs;
 m&;lf th;f;fk; vd;why; vd;d> tpsf;Ff
 jphpnfhz nrhjid vd;why; vd;d> tpsf;Ff
 nfe;jpuhjpgj;jpa nrhjid vd;why; vd;d> tpsf;Ff

ghh;it E}y;fs;
guhruh;?ciu: fphp!; rh;kh/ gpUfj; guhruh n\huh rh!;jpuk;. rhfh; gg;spnf&d;;!;. g[J jpy;yp
rp/v!;/gnly; & rp/V/ Rg;gpukzpa rh!;jphpfs;. m&;lf th;f;fk;. rhfh; gg;spnf&d;!;. g[J jpy;yp/
gp/v!;/ rh!;jphp. rPf;bul;!; M`g; m&;lfth;fh. u”;rd; gg;spnf&d;!;. g[J jpy;yp/
gp/tp/uhkd;. m&;lth;fh rp!;lk; M`;g; gpuof;rd;. a[/gp/v!;/gp/o/ gg;spnf&d;!;. g[J jpy;yp/
gy tifahd n$hjpl ,iza js’;fs;

fiyr; brhw;fs;
m&;lf th;f;fk; ? vl;L tpjkhd fzpjk;;

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