CHA PT ERR 2 GASEOUS FUELS 2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF GASEOUS FUELS Gaseous fuels of value in combustion processes include natural hydrocarbon gases, gases manufactured solely for use as fuels, and gases obtained as by-products of some industries. The following classification of gaseous fuels includes all types of commer importance. a) Natural Gas are associated with petroleum oil deposits, with coal seams or with the decay of organic matter. (1) Associated Natural Gas - Gas extracted from oil wells versus non- associated natural gas which comes from natural gas fields. (2) Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) -It is made by compressing methane (CHa) extracted from natural gas. b) Manufactured gases (2) From Wood - By distillation or carbonization (Wood Gas) (2) From Peat - By distillation or carbonization (Peat Gos) {3) From Coal - By carbonization (Coo! Gas} + By gasification (i)in air (Producer Gas) (iin air and steam (Water Gas) (ii) in Op and steam (Lurgi Gas) '* By hydrogenation as a by-product of the reduction of ores (Blast Furnace Gas) (4) From Petroleum and oil shale ‘© By-cracking (Refinery Gas) + By hydrogenation (Oil Gos) Bywater gas reaction (Oil Gos) * By pattial oxidation (Oil Gas) (5) From Carbides with water (Acetylene) (6) By Electrolysis with electricity (Hz) (7) By Biological Decomposition (Waste Gas, Biogas)15 2.2. VOLUME MEASUREMENT Since the volume of a gas is highly dependent on pressure and temperature, these conditions should always be identified when the volume of a gas is given. ‘Common Conditions for Gas Volume Measurements are: Standard Temperature and Pressure (STPAUPAC-old) which is 0°C and 101.325 kPa ‘Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP-IUPAC-new) which is 0°C and 100 kPa Normal Temperature and Pressure (NTP-NIST) which is 20°C and 1 atm Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP) which is 25°C and 101 kPa Reference Temperature and Pressure (OPEC) which is 60°F and 14.73 psia For calculations in this book, the Standard Cubic Meter per Hour (SCMH) volume will be measured at 60°F and 14.73 psia and Normal Cubic Meter per Hour (NCMIH) volume will be measured at 20°C and 1 atm. Cubic Meter per Hour at STP will be measured at 0°C and 100 kPa. “Normal Cubic Meter" (Nem) refers to the volume of dry gas which occupies a cubic meter measured at twenty five degrees Celsius (25°) at an absolute pressure equivalent to seven hundred sixty (760) mm Hg (Philippine Clean Air Act 1999 - Implementing Rules And. Regulations Of Republic Act No. 8749) Dry condition means no water vapor is present with the gas Wet condition means the gas is saturated with water vapor At Saturation: Partial Pressure of water in gas = Vapor Pressure At Partial Saturation Partial Pressure of water in gas = Vapor Pressure x (% Relative Humidity/100) The Vapor Pressure is computed by using Table 2-8 from Perry's Handbook (8" Edition), data from DIPPR (Design Institute for Physical Properties) of AICHE. R= ele, +24 Gln + ar] For woter: CL=73.649 C2=~7,258.2 (3=-7.3037 (C4 =4,1653E-06 c16 2.3 CALORIFIC VALUES OF GASEOUS FUELS a) The calorific value (Heating Value) of a fuel is the heat given off by the complete combustion of a unit quantity of the fuel at some reference temperature. (reference ‘temperature may be taken as 25°C or for convenience ambient air temperature may be used). b) Types of Calorific Values (1) Gross Calorific Value (GCV) or Higher Heating Value (HAV) GBlorific Value measured when water formed by combustion isin the liquid state. (2) Net Calorific Value (NCV) or Lower Heating Value (LHV) Calorific Value measured when water formed by combustion is in the gaseous state. ¢) Gaseous Mixtures GCV=EHCIxni where HCi= Heat of Combustion of component / (Refer to Appendix 1) 1ni= mole fraction of gaseous component / NC = 0 font > Hof Weter Where Lc = Latent Heat of Condensation = 44,04 Mi/kemol of #20 Calorific Value units for gases can be expressed on a dry (Mi/dry SCM) or wet basis (MI/SCM), usually at 60°F(15.56 °C), 14.73 psia and 100% RH (OPEC Reference Standard). ‘When a calorific value is given in a problem without specifying whether it is the GCV or the NCY, it may be assumed to be the Gross Calorific Value since it is this value which is usually reported. In most engineering books and thermodynamic tables, the heat of combustion is usually expressed in negative values. The negative sign indicates that heat is liberated during combustion (i.e. exothermic reaction). For purposes of calculations, Heat of combustion will be taken as positive.Example 1: Calculate the gross and net calorific value of a natural gas at 25°C which has the following composition: 89.4% CHs, 5% CoH, 1.9% C;Hy, 0.4% FCiHin, 0.6% - Cio, 0.7% CO; and 2% Nz a) Mi/kmot ) kcal/gmol ) Mu/kg, d) Mi/dry scm e) Mu/SCM Solution: Basis: 1 kgmol of natural gas Gas fn HeMi/kmol nx He atH MW onx mw CHy 0.894 = «890.95 796.51 «3.576 «16 «14.304 He 0.05 156092 78.05 03 30 15 CgHg «0.019 222152 4221 0.152 440.836 HCaHyo 0.004 287063 11.48 004 588022 nm 0.006 287901 «17.27 «0.06. 580.348 CaHio co, 0.007 : : = 44 0308 Nz 0.02 - - - 2% 086 1.000 94552 4.128 18,088 Average molecular weight of the gas = 18.088 kg/kgmol 1] Gross Calorific Value a) Mi/kgmol = 945.52 b) kcal/gmol = 945.52 x (1/4.187) = 225.82 ) Mifikg = 945.52 x (1/18.204) = 52.27 Hyg kool 8) MIJSSCM = 945.52 er rams * Gat aS = 945,52 [0.0423]18 =40.01 ANS ) At 15.56°C or 288.56K, using DIPPR data for vapor pressure: P, = exp(73.649 — 72582 _ 7.3037 In(T) + 4.1653 x 10-87? 0.254 My komol My/SCM = 9455278 x ROMO x += 945.52 x [0.0416] 39.33 ANS 2] Net Calorific Value Total moles water formed = atH/2 = 4.128/2 = 2.064 kg mol Nev = Gev —MolesWater from Fue Combustion 10 of water Total Moles of Dry Fuel where Lc = Latent Heat of Condensation 44.04 Mi/kgmol of H20 a) Mi/kgmol = 945.52 - (2.064/1) (44.04) = 854.62 b) kcal/gmol = 854.62/4.187 = 204.11 ) Mifkg = 854.62/18.088 = 47.28 dd) MI/ASCM = 854.62 [0.0423] = 36.15 e) MI/SCM = 854.62 [0.0416] = 35.55 2.4 CALCULATIONS BASED ON FUEL ANALYSIS (CASE I) a) From the complete analysis of the fuel, the theoretical oxygen and the calorific value can be determined.19 ») If data on air (% excess air or amount of air supplied) is given together with the degree of completion of the reaction, the following can be calculated: (2) Products of Combustion These gases are normally CO; , CO, S02, Hy, free Oz, Ny and H,0. free 0; = excess» +02 for unburnt combustible 0255 Op +CO/2 + Hy /2 Nz = Nz from air +N from fuel 1:0 = moisture from fuel + moisture from air + H,0 formed from combustion of fuel (2) Analysis (Orsat or Complete) of the products of combustion called the flue gases or the stack gases. Orsat analysis of the gas mixture does not include water. The apparatus and description of an Orsat Analyzer is shown in Figure (3) Air-fuel Ratio (4) Stack gas-Fuel ratio ) Equivalence Ratio (4) refers to the ratio of the Fuel to oxidizer ratio under actual conditions to the Fuel to oxidizer ratio under stoichiometric conditions. In most cases, the oxidizer is assumed to be air. (Moles Fuel Fuel’ Hales Ar (ees Fuel) ‘Males Ait )sxoichiometric d) Adiabatic Flame Temperature is the maximum temperature attained by the products of stoichiometric combustion of a fuel under constant pressure. ® ) Thermal efficiency of combustion can be calculated from the gross calorific value of the fuel and the heating value losses, neglecting heat input from the fuel and air. The thermal efficiency of combustion measures the % of the total heat from the fuel that can be used to generate power. 4) Dew Point of the flue gas is one of the important determinations in combustion calculations. The greater the moisture present in the gas, the higher is its dew it. IF the flue gases are cooled below the dew point, H,0 condenses and may issolve CO, and SO; to form acids. These acids are corrosive and can affect the tubes. °°20 ‘APPARATUS FOR FLUE GAS ANALYSIS ‘The Orsat apparatus, is generally used for ‘analyzing fue gases. The burette As graduated up 0-100 mi, and Is surrounded by a water jacket to prevent any change in temperature from affecting the density of the gas being analyzed. For accurate work it is advisable to use four Dipettes, 6, D,E, the fist containing a solution (of caustic potash for the absorption of carbon dioxide, the second an altaline solution of pyrogalol for the absorption of oxygen, and the remaining two an acd solution of evprous chloride {or absorbing the carbon monoxide. ‘The ga is drawn into the burette through the U- tube H. To. dcharge any al or gas in the apparatus, the cock Gis opened tothe air and the bottle Fis raised until the water in the burette reaches the 100 cubic centimeters mak. The cock Gis then turned so as to close the air opening and allow gas to be drawn through H, the bottle Fbeing lowered for this purpose. The gas is drawn into the burette toa pont below the ero ‘mark, the cock G then being opened to the ar and the excess gas expelled until the level of the water in Fand In are at the zero mark. This operation fs necessary In order to obtain the zero reading at atmosphere pressure. ‘The cockGis then closed and the cock/In the pipette Bis opened and the gas driven over Into B by ralsing the bottle F. The gas is drawn back into A by lowering Fand when the solution In B has reached the mark in the caplary tube, the cock/'is closed and a reading i taken on the bburete, the level ofthe water in the bottle Feing brought to the same level as the water in A. The operation is repeated until 2 constant reading fs obtained, the number of cubic centimeters being the percentage of CO, in the flue gases. ‘The gas i then driven over Into the pipette Cand a similar operation i arred out. The difference between the resulting reading and the frst reading gives the percentage of oxygen in the flue ‘2ses. The next operation is to drive the gas into the pipette D and a similar operation is carried ‘ut. The process must be carried out inthe order named, as the pyrogalll solution will alo absorb ‘carbon dloxde, while the cuprous chloride solution will aso absorb oxygen. Figure 9: Apparatus and Operation of an Orsat Analyzer Airis supplied at 25°C, 740 ry ‘Example 2: Pure ethane is burned completely in 20% excess torrs and is substantially dry. Calculate: a) Orsat analysis of the products of combustion b) kg dry air supplied/kg of fuel gas c) Cubic meters of air/ kg ethane 4) Cubic meters of the products of combustion measured at 400°C , 100 kPa per kg ethane e) Partial pressure of water in the products of combustion21 Solution: Basis: 1 kgmole ethane Dry Air Burner Gas ee 400°C 749 Torts a ‘at Carbon = 2 at Hydrogen = 6 Theo 0; = at C+ at H/4-moles O2 X'ss 0, = 3.5(.2)=0.7 0; from air=3.5+0.7=4.2 Nz from air = 4.2 (79/21) = 15.8 Free O; = excess 0; =0.7 a) Orsat Analysis of Combustion Products ANS GAS mole % co; 2 1081 o 07378 us 1538 aSAL 185 b) kg Dry Air _(42+158)29) _ Abad = 1933 Ans ? Sdry air (42+ 15.8) x 224 x 700 x 273 42S ee kg fuel 30 4) Total moles of combustion products22 mStack Gas _ 215 x 224 x WOLSRS 2734-400 eg Ethane 30 ze @) Moles water P;~ Total Moles Pw= 100x (3/21.5)= 13.953 kPa ANS Example 3: Pure methane is burned with 40% excess air and 25% of its carbon content is converted to CO the rest to CO;. 90% of its hydrogen burns to water, the rest remains as unburned H;. Air supplied is at 23°C, 758 mm Hg with 80% RH. Calculate: 4) Orsat analysis of the combustion products b) m? of air supplied per kg methane c) m? of combustion products at 350°C and normal barometric pressure per kg methane. ) AFR Solution: Basis: 1 kg mole methane ras aaa 100% | air 2c 258 Tors 20% RH 20% xs atc=1 ath=4 Burner Gas 350°C 760 mm Hg. Theo O; =1+4/4=2 ¥'ss 0 =0.4(2)=08 0; from air = 2+0.8=2.8 N, from air = 2.8 x (79/21) = 10.533 CO formed =0.25 x1 =0.25 CO; formed = 1-0.25 = 0.75 Unburned Hy = 0.1 x(4/2) =0.2 H,0 formed = 0.9 x(4/2)= 1.8 free 0; = 0.8 + (0.25/2) + (0.2/2) = 1.02523 a) Orsat Analysis ANS Gas mole % Coy 075 5.88 co 0.25 196 Hy 0.20 187 O 1.025 8.03 MN 10533 82.56 12.758 ‘at 23°C, T=23+273 Vapor Pressure, Vapor pressure, Ps is computed as: 72582 2, = [ew (73.649 - 2 - 73037 I(r) + 4.1653 x 10-+7")| x aay = 20.896 mmitg Moles water from air = (2.8 + 10533) x =-teso — ») 1301 760 , 273 +23 miair__ (28+ 10533 + 301) x 224x759 x— 975 keg methane 16 =20.75 moles water in combustion products = 0,301 + 1.8=2.101 ; 73 +3 Combustion Gas _ (12.758 + 2.101) x 22.4 x 2234350 Kg methane 7 47.47 ANS d) 2.8 x 32 + 10.533 x 28 + 0.301 x18 AFR = fe = 2437225 24 CALORIFIC VALUE LOSSES 2) Calorific Value loss due to incomplete combustion The presence of Unburned Combustibles constitute a Calorific Value Loss; had these substances been completely bumed, they would have given off additional heat (2) due to CO = moles CO formed x 283.18 Mi/kgmole (2) due to Hy = moles H, formed x 286.03 Mi/kgmol ») Calorific Value loss due to sensible heat Sensible heat calorific value losses relate to the heat used to heat the combustion «gases exiting the stack; the higher the volume and temperature of the flue gases the larger the heat losses. ‘CV loss due to Sensible Heat = nx Cp x (Tsg -To) where Tsg = Temperature of stack gas, OC To = datum temperature, assumed as 25°C p= specific heat, Mi/kgmolk Cp may be estimated using the following equation from Perry's Handbook (8 Edition) using data from DIPPR. The table that follows shows the values of Constants, Cy, Cz, Cs, Cy and Cs for the most common exhaust gases, qf gf (p= 0,46 +¢/—T_ sinh 9) cosh ($) “able 2: Constants for Cp determination using data from DIPPR (Perry, 2008) Common Exhaust Gases | CME | coxe.os | caxe-o3 | caxe-os | cs Carbon dioxide ['cO, [0.2937 [o3asa | 1428 [026s | sea Carbon monoxide | co | 0.29108 | 0.08773 | 3.0851 | o.08assa | 15382 Hydrogen ts [0.27617 [0.0956 [2466 |o0376 | se76 Nitrogen Nz_ [0.29105 | 0.086149 [1.7016 | 0.001035 | 903,79 Nitrous oxide no [0.29338 [0.3236 [11238 [oz area ‘Oxygen 0; [02910301004 [25265 |oosas6 | 1153.8 Sufurdioxide _|so,_| 033375 [0.25864 | 0.9328 | 0.1088 | 4237 Sulfurtrioxide _[so; [0.38408 | 0.49677 | 0.87322 | 0.28563 | 393.7 Water #0 [033363 [02679 | 2.6105 | o.08a96 | 116925 Nitric Oxide Cp (cal/molk}= 8.05+0.000233T-156300T _(Tinc) ©) Calorific Value lost due to Uncondensed Water Vapor joles water from combustion x 44.04 Mi/kmol Prample 4. blast furnace gas analyzing 27% CO, 12% CO, 2% Ha, 59% CH , and S4% Np at 25°C and.98 KPa and saturated with water vapor is used as a fuel in’ Fire-tube Boller As - supplied 15% ih excess at 20°C, 762 torrs dnd also saturated with water. Ninety percent of 72 ‘the total tarbon in the fuel is converted CO;, the Test to CO. Molar ratio of H, to COis 128) compl in the stack gas which leaves at 200°C and 750 torrs. Calculate: a) Orsat analysis of the stack gas b) air-fuel ratio by volume ¢) moles stack gas/mole fuel 4) Gross Calorific Value of the fuel in KW/SCM. €) Adiabatic Fiame Temperature £) % of the calorific value lost due to fa i) unburnt combustibles ii) uncondensed water vapor ii) sensible heat 8) Thermal efficiency ‘Solution: Basis: 1 kg male dry Blast Furnace Gas ‘Steam Stack Gas Air 200°C 30°C 750 Torrs 762 Torrs Fire-Tube Boer #1 100% RH jp co 4 159 x's . Fuel Blast Furnace Gas 25°C, 98 kPa, 100% RH 27% CO 12% CO2z 2% He 5% CH + 54% No26 GAS mole atc ath Mole 0, “oo 07a co, ozo 2 ou M002 : oo Ch 0s sak ; Mose a : 100 «Oak 02a 028s Mooun’s sol’ at = bole 0, Theo Or =0.44 +(0.24/4)-0255-0245 ~~ “ S + Sh + BET — Mole x'55 0, = 0.15 x0.245 = 0.03675 0; from air= 0.245 +0.03675=0.28175 > (VI) (24.t) © 28. dew) >) ; Na from air = 0.28175 x(79/21)=1.06 > (4.40) 5 S Cl C converted to CO, = 0.9 x 0.44= 0.396 (S com pro. rg Cconverted to CO = 0.044 H, unburned = 0.044 x (1/4) =.011 H,O formed = (0.24/2) -.011 = .109 free Oz = .03675 + (.044/2) + (.011/2) = 06425 Nz = Nz from fuel + Nz from air = 0.54 +1,06=16 a) Orsat Analysis ANS GAS mole % ©, 03961872 > (0.414) « am.4 Kguol co 0.044 2.08 > (4d) es Ag qm! He 0.011 O52 > (aunt) = br epee! oO 0.06425 3.04 <> fice 0, Ne 16 75.68 2.11525, * Ereesa 0, + Gy te 2 2 Wt f06. 99 tn}27 At 25°C or (25+273)K ; 2, = exp (73.649 ~ 7582 — 7.3037In(T) + 4.1653 x 10-672) x Ps=23.568 mmHg ‘At 30°C or (30+273)k; 72502 = exp (73.649— Ps =31.687 mm Hg Moles water from fuel = + — 7.3037 in(T) + 4.1653 x 10°67?) x 280 ‘Moles water from air = (1.06 + 0.28175) x #47 = 0.058 ») 760 , 273 +30 main _(1.06-+ 28175 +.058) x 569 x 75-530 fuel = Tee 329 (1 +.033) x Total water in stack gas = 0.109 + 0.033 + 0.058 = 0.2, ) Mole stack gas/mole fuel = (2.11525 + 0.2)/ 1.033 = 2.241 ) GCV = 0.27(283.18) + 0.02(286.03) + 0.05(890.95) 26.73 Mi/kgmol (or 126.73{0.0416] = 5.27 Mi/SCM ) Determination of the Adiabatic Flame Temperature: Tw, Assume Ty= 1928 °C T= 1928+273 = 2201 K cot 2 Cp=GtG teal + fz tes| mo] * “lem Stoichiometric f cp xc ‘Combustion Gases co, 04g 0.0612 0.027 M 0.922 0.0362 0.033 H,0 on 0.0524 0.0063 Total 0.0663 MY/PC28 Check Tar GOV x 100 = m xp x (Ty -25) 126.73= 0.0663 x (T—25) Tu = 1928°C 4) Determination of the Flame Temperature of the combustion products: T, Assume T; = 1374.6°C T= 1374,64273 = 1647.6 K $1 ,.[¢ Cp=G4+G Fea +0 Poy Combustion 1 op nxcp Gases CO, 0.396 0.0595 0.024 co 0.044 0.036 0.00157 Hy oon 0.033 0.00036 02 0.0643 0.0369 0.00237 M 16 0.0353 0.056 H,0 02 0.0487 0.00975 Total 0.094 mur Check Te GCV x 100 = nx Cp x (T,-25) 126.73= 0.094 x (T--25) Ty 13746°C 4) Calorific Value Losses i) %CV lost due to CO = SHES 199 = 9.83%29 CV lost due to H, = SAXZEOD 5 199 = 2.48% ji) Calorific Value lost due to Sensible Heat of the Stack Gas ‘Stack Gas A cp mxcp C0, 0.396 0.044 0.01741 co 0.044 0.0296 0.0013 He oi 0.0293 0.00032 o 0.0643 0.0308 0.00198 Me 16 0.0295 0.04715 H,0 02 0.0349 0.00699 Total 23153 0.07516 Murc %CV lost due to Sensible Heat = 22751620-25) . 199 - 10.38% 12673 i) CV lost due to Uncondensed Water = Example 5: Biogas from an agricultural farm analyzes 65% methane, 34% COs and 19 Np. If this gas is burned in 20% excess air at 35°C and 1 atm, calculate: a) Equivalence ratio b) Adiabatic Flame temperature Basis: 100 kemoles Biogas30 Fuel 2095 sme 65% CHe 34% CO; 6 Ny ‘Atoms C= 65+34= 99 ‘Atoms H = 65(4) = 260 Moles 0, = 34 Theo 0, = 99 + 260/4~34= 130 Xs Op = 0.2(130) = 26 0; from air = 130426 = 156 Nz from air = 156 x79/21 = 586.86 x CE aa Sie) (eles uel) Moles Air J stoichiometric ( Bo 0.833 ‘After complete combustion CO» formed = 99 Free 0,=26 N, = 586.86 H,0 = 260/2 = 130 Gross Calorific Value = 65 x 890.95/100 = 579.1175, Determination of the Adiabatic Flame Temperature: Ty, Assume Ty= 1919.8 °C T= 1919.8273 = 2192.8 Fatal “lal Cp=G,+G,- Complete n cp mxcp ‘Combustion Gases co, 99 0.0812 6.057 Ne 489.05 0.0362 17.701 0 130 0.0523 6.804 Total 718.05 30.563 mre check Tw, GEV x 100 = nx Cp x (Ta -25) 579.1175 = 30.563 x (Ty-25) T= 1919.86 °C relative 7 tidy Example 6: Coal Gas at 15°C, 760 torrs and saturated with water vapor is burned ina furnace to generate heat to a Water-Tube Boiler. Air with 60% RH{s supplied at the rate of 5.7m? /m? coal gas and enters at the same temperature and pressure as the coal gas. The coal gas analyzes 1.4% COz, 2.7% Caz, 0.7% Oz, 5.8% CO, 53.2% H,, 29.69% CHs, and 6.6% 2. The molar ratio of CO, to CO in the stack gas is 10:1. All the H, in the fuel is burned to water. The stack gas leaves at 400°C and 100 kPa. Calculate: i¢'% 340417 % Ru a) % excess air G3 P3 )nP cont b) Orsat Analysis of the stack gas y Jon )_m’ stack gas/m’ of coal gas re + 4) Dew Point of the stack gas. coal 4a | : _ iW tere | \ : Basis: 10000 m? of coal gas vib) ci = {0 Kg mop coal gas 271 GH OTL OL T4400 RH Factial Preame yp Vapor Freetute32 Ss steam 4 Stack Gas Air - S.7.m?/m3 Coal Gas 15°C, 260 Tor ore HO. Fuel Coal Gas 15°C, 760 Torrs, 10 1.4% CO2 2.7% CoH 0.7% Oz 5.8% CO 29.6% CHs 6.6% No Water in ‘Volume of air = 57000 m* At as*c P, = exp (73.649 ~ 7322 — 7.3037 In(r) + 4.1653 x 10°67?) x = 12.67 mmHg Jos 1 L0H 12.67 273 224 760 273 +15 Pes ol Moles Dry Coal Gas = 10000 x -—— 416.12 Moles water from coal gas = 416.12 x (12.67/760) = 7.05433 GAS mole atc at ‘Mole 0; co; 5.83 5.83 5 5.83 Gi 1124 2248 22.48 s 0 291 é. 291 co 24.13 24.13 = 12.07 Hy 22138 : 442.76 - CH = (12317 123.17 492.68, Nr : : 2 416.12 175.61 957.92 2081 Theo 0, = 175.61 + (957.92/4) - 20.81 = 394.28 Moles wet ar «$7003 (1/22.4) x273/ (27315) Moles dry air = 2412.11 x [760 - 12.67(.6)]/760 = 2387.99 Moles O; from air = 0.21 x 2387.99 501.48 ‘Moles N; from air = 0.79 x 2387.99 1886.51 ‘Moles water from air= 2412.11 - 2388. 4.07 501.48 - 394.28 a) % Excess 02 = ——saz5q — * 100 = 27.19 Ans : CO; formed 0 formed = (1/11) x 175. Bes) evans cape biker are 2 tte maton tome 394,28)+ (15.97/2) = 115.18 inlay N; = 27.46 + 1886.51 = 1913.97 b) Orsat Analysis ANS34 Gas mole % OS co, 15968 7.24 co 597 a8 5.23 N 1913978681 2208.76 Moles water from combustion = 957,82/2 = 478.99 Total moles water = 478.99 + 24.07 + 7.04= 510.14 m2Stack Gas _ (2204.76 + 510.14) x 22.4 x AMA2S 273 4-400 ‘m3Coal Gas 10000 Partial Pressure water in SG = 100 x 510.14 / (2204,76+510.14) (or Ps= 18,790 Pa Using Ps Equation: A= exp (73.649 - 7a 7.3037 In(T) + 4.1653 x 10-*r?) 1233187 Kor5887°C 4) DEW Point = 58.87°C ANS Example 7: Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is used as fuel for NGV's (Natural Gas Vehicles). Because natural gas isin its gaseous state at ambient conditions, it must be compressed to about 20 MPa at 30°C to achieve practical energy density for storage on-board a vehicle. INGVs are safer than petrol-powered vehicles; natural gas is lighter than air and therefore, dissipates quickly. When mixed with air, the natural gas pressure is reduced to about 0.9, atm at 40°C and ignition is possible only when gas to air ratio is about 10% by volume. ‘Ambient air is at 30°C, 1 atm and 85% RH. Composition of CNG is as follows:35 GAS Specification, % Methane 93.05 Ethane 347 Nitrogen 167 Carbon dioxide 0.81 Propane 0.66 butane 0.12 butane 0.08 n-hexane 0.06 ispentane 0.04 n-pentane 0.03 ‘Oxygen 0.01 100.00 Calculate: a) Seexcess air ) complete analysis ofthe exhaust gases assuming complete combustion of CNG ©). Volume of the fuel tank per 1 kg-mole of CNG 4) Km that 1kg-mole of CNG can run if the estimated mileage is 3.4 km/L Basis: 100 kg-moles CNG Air 30°C, atm 85% RH Exhaust Gas 30% L2atm 95.05% CH BATK CoH 267% Ni 0.81% Coz 0.55% Cole 0.12% n-Cahin 0.088 KCaMie 0.05% n-Cetie 0.08% 0.01% 0; Gas on atc ath molOy He 93.05 93.05 372.2 GH 3.47 694 = 2082 N, 1.67 CO, gt 8136 GHs 0.66 1.98 5.28 Gin 012 OMB HCH 0.08 0.32 08 OCH. 0.06 0.36 0.84 HGH: 0.04 02 0.48 nGHn 003 015036 % oor Total “100 “40429 “0188 “O82 Theo 02 = 104.29 + 401,98/4 ~0.82 = 203.965 1 | 273+40 3 = 224 X —— x . m3 CNG = (100) x 22.4 05 Ay 2853.56 2853.56/0.10 = 28535.6 At30°C vp (73.549 7592 pana7in(t) +4653 10-72) x et 1.589 mm He fe 47 a Moles Wet Air = 28535.6 x aa 700" tree 1147.78 760 - 31.589(0.8 Moles Dry Air = (1147.78) x: POn SOS) 1107.23 H.0 from air = 1147.78 ~ 1107.23 = 40,55 3 from air = 0.21 x 1107.2: Nz from air = 0.79 x 1107.2: 232.52 - 203.965 qa56E * 100= 14 Ans % Excess ait CO; formed = at C= 104.29 Free 0; = Xss 0; 52-203.965 = 28.555 Nz = Nz from air + Ny in fuel = 874.71 + 1.67 = 876.38 i,0 from alr + H,0 formed = 40.55 + 401.98/2 = ©) Complete Analysis of Exhaust Gas37 oe coh Ae te vail Oo; 28.555 228 HO 242.54 19.31 1250.765 4) 5 101325 273+ 40 eng _ CON 274% oor) FS one kegmole— 100 ¢)_ Mileage/kgmol = 0.026 x 1000 x 3.4 = 88.5 km Sack CALCULATIONS BASED ON FLOE GAS ANALYSIS 2.6 (CASE Il) a) If the N, in the fuel is negligible, the N, in the flue gas may be assumed to be all coming from air. b) Excess 0, may be computed as: i » ss x's 0 = free O; ~ (CO/2) -(H2/2) oe t \e the O; unaccounted for. This 02 was used to burn H, to ited since water is not included in the orsat analysis. ) An O; balance will determin fer such as soot are small, all the Carbon in the fuel water, and was not accoun d) When losses of combustible matt ‘are accounted for in the stack gas. €¢) The NET HYDROGEN isthe hydrogen in the fuel that uses O: from air for combustion. ted hydrocarbon (CoHana) is burned with excess ar. Orsat analysis 5.28% 0; and no free Hz. Example 7. pure saturat istion shows 9.08% CO, 1.63% CO, of the products of combu: Calculate: a) The formula of the hydrocarbon