48 CogsH AS GP le, 3 El R 3 LIQUID FUELS 3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF LIQUID FUELS Most liquid fuels come from crude oil or petroleum. Petroleum is a fossil fuel, which on the average contains the following elements or compunds: © Carbon - 84% Hydrogen - 14% Sulfur - 1 to 3% (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, elemental sulfur) Nitrogen - less than 1% (basic compounds with amine groups) (Oxygen - less than 1% (found in organic compounds such as carbon dioxide, phenols, ketones, carboxylic acids) ‘© Metals less than 1% (nickel, iron, vanadium, copper, arsenic) ‘© Salts less than 1% (sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride) Petroleum is distilled in oil ito Gags refineries to produce light gaseous [omen fuels, middle and heavy liquid fuel / \ Gre P distilates and solid residues. ss oo creas Gasoline, kerosene and diesel are cPercl liquid fuels mostly used in engines Lt EB en for mobile propulsion in vehicles es wenaueels ae ‘and portable machinery. Fuel oils rain are burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat for industry and power plants. Other liquid fuel sources are coal liquefaction and biomass conversion. Crops like corn and sugar cane can be fermented to produce bioalcohols. Biodiesel, can be produced from left-over food products like vegetable oils and animal fats. 2 33 lute cn sizes a lexto cs iteatng a3 Figure 10: Petroleum Distillates. Diagram by the Institute of Petroleum, UK49 Liquid fuels may be divided into two main classes, based on how they will be used: or Spirits and Heavy oils 2a) Light oils or spirits - suitable for use with internal combustion engines and jet engines. It includes: 1) The lighter, more volatile fractions obtained by distilling or crat natural petroleum oils and related natural deposits. 2). The light fractions obtained by the hydrogenation of coal, coal tar or heavy oil residues. 3) The light fractions obtained by the synthesis of hydrocarbons by the Fisher-Tropsch Process ‘Alcohols, particularly methanol, ethanol and butanol, obtained by “synthesis or fermentation process. Benzole, obtained by the distillation of coal tar or by extraction from 4 5 coal gas. 6) Alcogas or Gasohol mixtures of methyl or ethy! alcohol and gasoline 7) Biofuels - term used for fuels derived from biomass and includes bigalcohols, biodiesel (transesterification of vegetable oil or animal ol), green diese (fractional distilation of vegetable oil) and bioethers. ‘Of these, only the most volatile and cleanest products, gasoline or petrol {natural or synthetic), benzole and alcohol are suitable for the spark ignition ‘engine. The next higher fractions of petroleum cil, shale oll and synthetic oi, generally included in the cass of oils known as parafin, Kerosene or naphtha are suitable for jet engines. by Heavy oils - Fuel Oi include the heaviest grades of natural petroleum oils and lubricating oils from which the more valuable lubricating oil and fractions have been removed by distillation. They are mostly used in boilers and industrial heaters. They are classified according to Fuel Oil number based on increasing boiling point and carbon chain length (Perry, 2008). 41) Number 1 fuel oil, also called coal oil or stove oil isa volatile distillate oil intended for vaporizing pot-type burners. It is the kerosene refinery cut that boils off right after the heavy naphtha cut used for gasoline. 2) Number 2 fuel oil isa distillate home heating ol. Trucks and some cars use similar diesel fuel with a cetane number limit describing the ignition quality ofthe fuel. 3) Number 3 fuel oil was a distillate ol for buers requiring low-viscosity fuel, ASTM merged this grade into the number 2 specification, and the term has been rarely used since the mid 20th century. Number 4 fuel oil is a commercial heating oil for burner installations rnot equipped with preheaters. Number 5 fuel oll, sometimes known as Bunker 8 is a residual-type industrial heating oil requiring preheating to between 77-104 °C for proper atomization at the burners. 4) 5)49 Liquid fuels may be divided into two main classes, based on how they will be used: Light ols or Spirits and Heavy oils. a) Light oils or spirits - suitable for use with internal combustion engines and jet engines. it includes: 1) The lighter, more volatile fractions obtained by distilling or cracking natural petroleum oils and related natural deposits. 2) The light fractions obtained by the hydrogenation of coal, coal tar or heavy oil residues. 3) The light fractions obtained by the synthesis of hydrocarbons by the Fisher-Tropsch Process 4) Alcohols, particularly methanol, ethanol and butanol, obtained by synthesis or fermentation process. 5) Benzole, obtained by the distillation of coal tar or by extraction from coal ga 6) Alcogas or Gasohol -mixtures of methyl or ethyl alcohol and gasoline. 7) Biofuels - term used for fuels derived from biomass and includes bioalcohols, biodiesel (transesterification of vegetable cil or animal ol), green diesel (fractionel distillation of vegetable oil) and bioethers. Of these, only the most volatile and cleanest products, gasoline or petro! {natural or synthetic), benzole and alcohol are suitable for the spark ignition engine. The next higher fractions of petroleum oil, shale oll and synthetic oll, generally included in the class of oils known as paraffin, Kerosene or naphtha are suitable for jet engines. b) Heavy oils - Fuel Oils include the heaviest grades of natural petroleum oils and lubricating oils from the more valuable lubricating oil and fractions have been removed by distillation. They are mostly used in boilers and industrial heaters. They are classified according to Fuel Oil number based on increasing boiling point and carbon chain length (Perry,2008). 41) Number 1 fuel oll, also called coal il or stove oil is a volatile distillate oil intended for vaporizing pot-type burners. It is the kerosene refinery ‘cut that boils off right after the heavy naphtha cut used for gasoline. 2) Number 2 fuel oil isa distillate home heating oil. Trucks and some cars use similar diesel fuel with a cetane number limit describing the ignition quality of the fuel. Number 3 fuel oil was a distillate oil for burners requiring low-viscosity fuel. ASTM merged this grade into the number 2 specification, and the term has been rarely used since the mid 20th century. 14) Number 4 fuel oil is a commercial heating oll for burner installations not equipped with preheaters. Number 5 fuel oil, sometimes known as Bunker B is a residual-type industrial heating oil requiring preheating to between 77-104 °C for proper atomization at the burners. 3) 5)16) Number 6 fuel oil is a high viscosity residual between 104-127°C. Residual means the material rem: more valuable cuts of crud ‘contain various undesirable impurities including 2 ‘one-half percent mineral soll. ‘Table 3. Specification for fuel oils for agricultural, domestic and indus and boilers (The Engineering Toolbox) Fash pint Kerosene CL 3 ee Gasol > 86 66 6 Heawy fuel oil 6 66 3.2 COMBUSTION ANALYSIS Sulphur content percent by mass 0.08 02 os 35 35 35 ra ambient ambient ambient Minium ‘Minimum temperature temperature for outflow for storage from storage and handling i) ambient ambrent ambient 10 30 50 me tove voed ef. The restive mY cies Wi percent water and strial engines ‘Application DOsstilate fuel for free standing flueless domestic ‘appliances Sitar ‘vaporizing and atomizing burnerson domestic appliances with flues Distilate fuel for atomizing burners for domestic and industrial use Residual or blended fuels for atomizing burners normally requiring preheating before combustion in burner The analysis of liquid fuels is normally given in Percentage by weight. Thus a unit weight basis intially assigned but this must be converted to molal units when comparing the fuel with air and with the combustion gases. In the case of fuel oils, the analysis51 terms ofindhidual chemical compounds i rarely known. Instead the approximate weldht percent elemental analysis consisting of C, H, 0, N, S are given. OF these, hydrogen Significant in the combustion analysis. ‘We commonly speak of two kinds of hydrogen in liquid ‘equivalent to Oxygen in the complex compounds of the fuel HYDROGEN and is treated as though it were already combine’ Froportons of water called COMBINED WATER. This concept of combined water Hit prepthetcal and is used manly to simplify calculations. The second Kind of hwdvoger Ts iret NET HYDROGEN. itis defined as the hydrogen that uses Os from air for combustion ‘tet hydrogen plus combined hydrogen gives the total hydrogen inthe fuel Onygenated liquid fuels are hydrocarbons that contain oxygen such as alcohols and sie, Because the oxygen is integrated in the fuel, this oxygen is consumed fist in the combustion before using the oxygen from air. Sefore it was common practice to neglect the N and S content of fuel oil if the ss than 3%; however with the stricter environmental laws, the maximum Je amount of these substances inthe fue is reduced to 0.2- 0.3%. fuels, One kind is that It is called COMBINED .d with oxygen in the percentage is les ‘amount allowebl 3.3. FUELRATING ‘Octane Number ‘The octane number of a fuel is measured in a test engine, and is defined by comparison vet the mixture of 2,2,4trimethypentane (iso-octane) and heptane which would have the ‘cme anti-nocking capacity as the fuel under test: the percentage, by volume, of 2,2,4 trmethyipentane in that misture isthe octane numberof he fuel For example, petrl wi the same knocking characteristics as a mixture of 90% iso-octane and ml have an octane rating of 90. EMT: Cetane Number Cetane Number refers to the performance rating of a diesel f ' uel, correspond percentage of cetane in 2 cetane-methylnaphthalene mixture with the same en in performance. A higher cetane number indleates greater fuel ficiency. Also called catane ea cy. Also called cetane 3.4 CALCULATIONS BASED ON FUEL ANALYSIS (CASE |) Given the complete analysis ofthe ful, unit weight basis | ight basis is used to start the ie The theoretical oxygen cn be computed fom the ual anahsisand gen thesaneet excess air, the amount of air suppied for combustion can be calculated. From the chemicalconver combustion gases can be obtained, mn of carbon and hydrogen in the fuel, the orsat or complete analysis of the 52 Example 1. Analysis of fresh gasoline from a local refinery was found to contain the following compounds: we fresh “components of Gasoline e2toline ‘butane 355 Isopertane ms pentane 63 2,3-dimethyibutane 8s hexane 283 2methylpentane 273 ‘methycycopentane oss toluene 65. 2,3 dimethylpentane aa heptane 107 pxyene 97 2.2/4 trimethypentane 25 -propylbenzene a1 13,5-Trimethytbenzene 7a 3,3,4-Trimethyhherane 31 ‘methylpropylbenzene aan 1.24-Trimethy/-S-ethylbenzene 405 ndodecane 23 100 For complete combustion of the gasoline in 25% excess air, calculate: a). Orsat analysis of the combustion gases bb) _m? of combustion gases at 300 °C and 100 kPa per kg gasoline Solution: Basis: 100 kg of gasoli Components of Gasoline Formyla__MW__wt 2 a n-butane CoH se 8s 07059 a lsopentane CHa mR 2s 01% 087208 pentane CsHe 2 63 0088s 105 2,3-dimethylbutane Cot % 8S 00s 853 mherne can #6 28300300 as 2methnpentane Cu 8273s Imettfeyopentane Cu kame tohene cyMa 2 65 oon 0a 25 dimetvipentane cn 100 423 oo =o neptane CyHe «100107 ooo? pole Cee «069570080 2.2.4 timethypentane CiHy = «1M 00m msropybenzene CiHy =«20BAL_o7, ass 1.3.5-Tometybencene Gy -wD7ak aos 2:,4trinethyhexne CHWs 28381? 02s ss Imetvbropbencene CoM = Ba c6s 0g 124ATmethiSetybentene Cun MBAS dodecane Cols 17023 oom _ 0s ass 100 yal 1350 Theo O; = 7.21.+ (13.5/4)= 10.59 X's 0; = 0.25 x 10.59 =2.65 01 from air= 10.59 + 2.65= 13.23 Ne from air = 13.23 x 79/24 = 49.77 C converted to CO, = CO;=7.21 Hy converted to HO = H,0 formed = 13.5/2 = 6.75 free 0;=2.65 GAs mole | % Cag Tee ae) o 2654.4 Ny 49.77— 8347 39.68 101325 273 +3 Combustion Gases _ (59.63 + 6.75) x 22.4 x AS25273 + 300 as Teg gasoline 100 M tendency as a Example 2 . Gasoline with an octane number of 85 has the same knot mixture of iso-octane(CaHss) and n-heptane (C;H,s). An experimental engine is used to burn ‘an 85%v iso-octane and 15%v n-heptane mixture in 30% excess air. The product gas has a the expected orsat analysis? ‘molal ratio of CO; to CO of 5:2 and H, to CO of 1:1. WhatDensity of iso-octane is 0.6918 and n-heptane is 0,684 g/ml Air 30% x's Exhaust Gas Fuel ‘Octane Rating 85 Cite 85% Gis 15% Solution: An 85 Octane Number means a mixture of 85% iso-octane and 15% heptane by volume was used. Convert the mixture analysis from vol% to wt% up VoL Density wt we Gis = 85GB. 58.803 5.148 Ge = 1506841026 14.856 69.063 Basis: 100 kg mixture up wt Mw n atc at GH = 85.144 114.7469 5.9752 13.4442 Gls 14.856 = 100 0.1486 = 1.0402 2.376 7.0154 15.8218 Theo 0; = 7.0154 + (15.8218/4) = 10.97 X'ss Op = 0.3 x10.97 =55 Converted to CO; = 7.0154 x (5/7)=5.01 Converted to CO = 2.0 M2 free O;=3.29 + (2/2)+ (2/2) =5.29 Orsat Analysis ANS GAS a * CO 5.01 737 co 2 2.95 Hy 2 2.95 0; 5.29 119 Ne 53.64 7898 67.94 Example 3. A jet engine burns fel oll analyzing 88% C and 12% H with air supplied at 21°C, normal barometric pressure and 80% RH, The air supplied is less than the theoretical amount required for complete combustion of the fuel oll; 25% of the C burns to CO, the remainder to CO;; O2is all consumed and the molal ratio of CO to Hy in the exhaust ges is ‘The exhaust gas leaves at 480°C and 745 mm Hg. Calculate: 2) % ofthe theoretical ar that is supplied for combustion b) m? air supplied/kg of oil c) m? exhaust gas/kg oil 4) % ofthe calorific value of ol (43.616 Mi/kg lost as 1) unburnt CO in the exhaust Sensible heat in the exhaust gas Solution: Basis: 100 kg fuel oil Sn nes 2S mnie ‘oven56 Theo O; = atC-+atH/4 = (88/12) + (12/4) = 10.33, In the exhaust gas: CO; formed = 0.75 x (88/12) = 5.5 CO formed = 0.25 x (88/12) = 1.833, Hy formed = 1.833 x (2/3) = 1.222 1,0 formed = 12/2 -1.222=4.778 0; Bal: 0; from air: = 0; for CO; + 0; for CO + 0; for H:0 = 5.5 + (1.833/2) + (4,78/2) = 8.8054 Na from air = 8.8054 x (79/21) = 33.125 2) % of theo air supplied = (8.8054/10.33) x 100 = 85.216% ANS at 21°C, T=21+273, Vapor Pressure, Vapor pressure, Ps is computed as: R= [ew (73.649 - ae — 7.3037 In(T) + 4.1653 x | too AR = 18.492 mmiig 18.492(0.8) Moles water from air = (88054 + 33.125) x 755 Te aazcggy = 0832 b) miair (8.80544 33.125 + 832) x 22.4 x 700 x 273 421 airs = 10316 kg fuel 100 total moles exhaust gas = 5.5 + 1.833 + 1.222+ 4.778 + 832 + 33.125 = 47.291 ” rm? Exhaust Gas _ 47.291 x 224 x fog x 2734480 ea kg fueloil 100 eo d) Calorific value Losses i] % calorific value lost due to CO = “32°22 4100 = 11.9% ii] Teamsr cas = 480°C T= 4804273 = 753K58 Basis: 100 kg moles Dry Product Gas 9% Ny in the product gas = 100 ~ 12.5 ~ 5.8 - 0.005 - 0.004 = 81.691 2 from air = 81.691 x (21/79) = 21.715 X'ss 0, free 0, a) %Excess air wee* 100 = 36.44% Ans (0; unaccounted for = 21.715 - [12.5 +5.8+0,005+0,004/2] = 3.408 net H; =3.408 x2= 6.816 or 13.633 at net H Chal: 0.86 x Wt of fuel = (12.5) x12 Wtof fuel = 174.42 kg 9S in fuel = (0.005 x 32/ 174.42) x 100 0.092% 9% N in fuel = (0.004 x 28/174.42) x 100 = 0.032% Senet H = (13.633/174.42) x 100 =7.816% % Combined water = 100 - 86 ~ 0.092 ~ 0.032 -7.816 = 6.06% ‘6H in Combined water = 6.06 x (2/18) = 0.673 560 in Combined water = 6.06 x (16/18) ») Elemental Analysis of fuel oil ANS o) Wealr= 21.715 x 32 + 81.691 x 28 = 2982.2457 StackGas on cp nxcp co, 55 0.050317 0.276742 co 1.833 0.031566 0.057861 Hy 1.222 0.029474 0.036017 N; 33:26 0.03111 1.030548 HO 5.61 0.038142 0.213978 Total 47.291 1.615146 1.615 x (480-25) ——_—_ee— = 16 % Sensible heat Loss = =e agg — * 100 = 16.85% 3.5 CALCULATIONS BASED ON FLUE GAS ANALYSIS (CASE I!) Example 4. A horizontal tube oll-fired boiler uses No. 4 fuel oil containing 86% C. Air Is supplied at 25°C, 740 mm Hg. Average analysis of the stack gas shows 12.5% CO> , 5.8% O2, (0.005% SO;, 0.004% NO and the rest is Np. Assume that all Nitrogen in the fuel oll is converted to NO. The stack gas leaves at 1600°C and 900 mm Hg. Calculate: a) % excess air b) Complete elemental analysis of fuel oil )Air-Fuel ratio 4) m’ of stack gas/kg oil ‘e) mg/Nem of NO and SO; in the burner gas Solution: Basis: 100 moles DSG59 2174 Moles water from combustion = moles net H, + moles Combined water or = total moles Hy = (.0849)(174.42)/2 = 404 4) mPStack Gas _ (100+ 7.404) x 22.4 x 969 x 2733600 kg fuel oit 174az =799 ) Normal Temperature is taken as 25 °C and 1 atm (Philippine Clean Air Act) 760. 273+25 Nem = (100 + 7.404) x 22.4 x00 x = ( 104) x 22.4 x55 x— p73 = 2626.16 Mg $0; /Ncm = (0.005 x 64)/ 2626.1 21.8 Mg NO/Nem = (0.004 x 30)/2626.16 = 45.7 ‘Note: For process and fuek-burning equipment or industrial plant emitting air pollutants, the concentration at the point of emission shal not exceed the {following limits (Philippine Clean Air Act}: ‘for SO 1500 ma/NCM for old sources and 750 mg/NCM for new sources; ‘for SO, 1000 mg/NCM for old sources and 200 mg/NCM for new sources; {for NO;, 1500 mg/NCM for old sources and 1000 mg/NCM for coal-fired and 500 ‘mg/NCM for ol fred for new sources Example 5. Cetane numbers are used to indicate the quality of diesel fuel olls for compression ignition engines. itis defined as the % by volume of cetane, (CicH) in a cetane- methyl naphthalene (CisMic) mixture that has the same performance as the fuel. If the test study on the combustion of the cetane-methy! naphthalene miture gave @ product gas analyzing 7.14 % CO, 4.28% CO, 8.24% O; and 80.34% N;, what is the cetane number of the diesel. Density of cetane is 0.7751 and methyl naphthalene is 1.025 g/ml.60 Solution: Fuel a Exhaust Gas 7a4 KOs 408 co au %o; Ain 2034 5m Basis: 100 moles dry Product Gas ) from air = 80.34 x (21/79) = 21.356 ©; unaccounted for = 21.356 - 7.14 -(4.28/2)-8.24= 3.836 at net H = 3.836x4 = 15,344 =at total H a atce atl Casts x 16x 34x Cutty y iy 10y at Chal: 16x-+11y= 11.42 at bal: 34x 10y= 15.344 255 y=0.667 Vol of cetane = 0.255 x26 /.7751=74.35 Vol of MT = 0.667 x 142 /1.025= 92.404 1% cetane by vol = [74.35/ (92.404+74.35)] x 100 = 44.58% Cetane No.=44.58 ANS Example 6. Low blends of biodiesel are highly effective at enhancing the lubricity of diese! fuel. A typical blend, used for lubricity enhancement is biodiesel (CacHas0,) mixed with diesel (85%C and 15%H). Ths fuel is burned in excess air in a two-stroke diesel engine at61 30°C, 105 kPa and 90%RH. Exhaust gases are at 300°C and 110 kPa and analyzes 10.44% Oz, 1.16% CO, 5.028 0;, 83.38% Ns Find a) % excess air b) Fuel blend composition AFR 4) Thermal efficiency if the blend has a GCV of 39 MU/kg Fuel Biodiesel Blend seaman Exhaust Gas Diesel (88%C and5% " ee 8 16 %CO 5.02 40: 83.38 SN: ae 105 ra 90% RH Basis: 100 kgmoles of Dry Exhaust Gas =22.168 Aad a) % Excess air = = x 100 = 25.05% Ans Let x=wt of biodiesel; Molecular Weight = 312 y=wtof diese! = moles of water formed from combustion x 8Sy at Carbon Balance: 1044+ 1.16 = => x 20+—— 12 12 x z 0, Balance: 2164+ 5 = 1044+ 1.16 + 5.0245 at Hydrogen Balance: Solving simultaneously: x=3315 x yy 40+ Oy = 2262 wt of biodiesel blend = x + b) % Biodiesel = 3.315/164.08x 100=2% Ans. % Diesel = 993% A 2% biodiesel-diesel blend is called 82 biodiesel ©) 230°C, 7304273. Vapor Pressure, Vapor pressure, Ps is computed as R [eo (73619-72592 _ psos7incr) +4.1683%10~7")] X Fung = 31.589 mmHg Moles water from ai TOE ee) FOLg IS * 760 -31.589(0.9) (22.164 + 88.38) x, = 3.953, 4) 22.164 x 32 + 88.38 x 28 + 3.953 x 18 AFR = 18.985 164, e) Calorific Value Losses 1.16 x 283.18 39x 164.08 44.04 “Fo xtez0g *100 = 8.444% % calorific value lost due to CO = 100 = 133% % calorific value lost due to Uncondensed water Teamut Gas = 300°C T= 3004273 = 573 K 4 2 & 2 Cp=Q the Fa +0, a StackGas on cp mat CO, 1044 0.04654 o.4asea1 co 1.16 0.03025 0.035095 0; 5.02 0.03183 0.159783 M8338 0.02995 2.497216 H,0 16223 0.03603 0.584505 Total 116.223, 3.76248163 3.762481 x (300-25) 39 x 164.08 Thermal efficiency = 100 ~5.133 ~ 8,444 ~ 16.169 = 70.253% % Sensible heat Loss = x 100 = 16.169% 3.6 CALCULATIONS BASED ON PARTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUE GAS (CASE III) Example 5. A low grade fuel oil (CV= 46.4 Mi/kg) containing approximately 81% C, 8% H, 3% (©, 4% N and 4 5S is burned in an industrial burner producing a stack gas with a partial orsat analysis that shows 11.22% CO, and 1.46% CO. The molal ratio of H; to CO in the combustion gas is 1:5. Calculate: a) %excess 0, b) Equivalence Ratio ©)? air (30°C, 760 mm Hg) kg fuel oil )__m stack gas (250°C, 765 mm Hg)/kg oil €) % calorific value lost due to CO and Hy f)_ Flame Temperature ofthe combustion gases Solution: Basis: 100 kg fuel oil Air pe aoc 760 mmHg Stack Gas 280°C, 765 mn He m2 COs 146 C0. Fuel ual, sim c 1H KO aN mS ‘Theo O, = (81/12) + (8/4 ) + (4/32) - (3/32) = 8.78 Let y=X'ss O ; from air=8.78+y NN, from air = (8.78 + y)x (21/79) ‘At C bal: 0.1268 (moles DSG) = 81/1264 ‘moles DSG = 53.233 ‘moles CO; in SG = 0.1122 x $3,233 =5.973, ‘moles CO in SG = .0146 x 53.233 =.77 ‘moles SO, in SG = at $= 4/32 =0.125 moles Hy in SG = 0.2 x0.777 =0.1554 free Op = y+ (27/2) + (1554/2) ‘moles Na in $G = (8.78 + y) x 79/21 + (4/28) DSG bat: 0.777 01554 2p $2.33 = 5973 + 0.777 + 0.1554 + 0.125 + +—— +(678+y) 4 ma y=2.638 a) excess O, = (2.638/8.78) x 100 = 30% b) Equivalence Ratio = =i — = 1% = 0.769 q 8.78 + 2.638 27: mar 8229) rae Kg Fuel 100 2 HO in the SG = (8/2) -0.1558 8446 stack Gas (52258-4306) 224x280 ZB 250 kg Fuel 700 anes 0.777 x 283.18 e) % calorific value lost due to CO = —feaxi00 100 AT lorfc value last due to H = “224% 20693 109 = 0.96% % calorific value lost due to Hz Fe4x100 —*100 = 0: £) Determination ofthe Flame Temperature ofthe combustion gases: T; Assume Ty =2507.6°C T= 2507.6 +273 = 2330.6 K65 5 GT G onarel tel i ei (Refer to Chap 2 for values of C; to Cs) Gases n cp mat CO; 5973 0.06147 0.367 co 077 0037 0028 0; 3.026 0.0378 O14 % 43.099 0.03635 0,204 $0; 0125 0.058 0.0073 Ho. 3.8446 0.05304 0.20 Total = 2.197 “2283 wire Check Tar GOV x 100 = nx Cp x Ty-25) A6A0= 2.283 x (Tyr 25) Ta = 2507.6°C Example 6. In the early twentieth century, Benzole, which is mixture of 3 aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene and xylene in proportions of 75%, 15% and 10% by weight was used as a fuel to run motors because of its good anti-knocking property. It was phased ‘out in the 1950s when it was found to be hazardous to health and ironically replaced by gasoline with tetra-ethyl lead. A motor run by benzole gave an exhaust gas which analyzed 10.7% CO; and 1.07% CO. Its calorific value is 41.9 MU/kg. Calculate: a) % excess air b) AFR b) Complete analysis of exhaust gas ©) %heat loss due to CO Solution: Basis: 100 kg benzole66 Exhaust Gas a 10.7% COs 107% CO Fuel Benzole cv=419 Milka Cols 79% Cole 15% Cites 10% gd wt mw n atc at Cote 5 8 09615 5.769 5.769 CHe as 92 0163 aa 1.304 CeHio 10 106 0.094 0.752 0.994 Total 7.662 8.013 Theo 0, = 7.662 + (8.013/4) =9.67 Lety=2'ss 0; 0; from air= y +9.67 Nz from air = (y +9.67)x 79/21 At C bal: 7.662 = 0.1177 x moles DSG moles DSG = 65.098 moles CO; = 65.098 x.107 = 6.965 ‘moles CO = 65.098 x.0107 = 0.697 free 0, =y + (0.697/2) Ny = (y#9.67)x79/22 SG bal 65.098 = 6.965 + 697 +y + ,697/2) + (y+6.97) x 79/21 y= 4.349 a) % excess air = (4.349/9.67) x 100= 44.97% ANS Moles water from combustion = 8.013/2 = 4.0167 = Weight of air _ 28529 D)APR = iitayPacl~ Sigg "= 1936 Ans ©) Complete Analysis of exhaust ANS Gas 0 % Ose ioae co 0.697 1.01 o 4.698 68 N, 52.738 76.31 0 401 58 69.108 4) % calorific value lost due to Co = S427 X285.18 Te og 2100 = 471% Example 7. £10 fuel is a blend of 90% gasoline and 10% ethanol and has been recommended for use as automotive fuel because of its high performance and clean- burning characteristics. If this fuel is burned in excess air to give an exhaust with a partial ‘orsat analysis of 12.92% CO, and 1.43% CO for an air-fuel ratio (AFR) of 5.5. Find ‘) Complete composition of E10 ifthe gasoline I assumed to contain mainly Carbon and Hydrogen cat b) % excess airand Equivalence Ratio ) Complete analysis of the exhaust gas 3 AP] exrausr cas Air evel 12.91% CO: - 143% CO Gasoline 90% Ethanol 10% Basis: 100 kg E10, 90 kg gasoline and 10 kg C,H,OH Let x=wtCin the gasoline el68 90-x= wt Hin gasoline, 'oles of dry exhaust gas L064 erhand per AFR = 15.5 = Weight of dry at/ weight of fuel Weight of dry air = 1550 Moles of dry i 0; from. x1) @0-x)+ theo 0: = R47 x Free oxygen = y + 0.0143(05G)/2 ‘Atoms Carbon balance: ee DEG Fat ag % 2= (01291 + 00143) Dry Exhaust Gas Balance: (+.0143 x DEG) DEG = 0.1291 x DEG + 0.0143 x DEG + : +42224 0, from air Balance: 10. 10 x10) 90-2) +9x6 FP 11224 = y+ 542 x24 _B Solving the equations simultaneously: x= 8478 y=2.202 DEG =52.3 a) Complete composition of £10: 84.78% C, 5.12%H, 10% ethanol 2202 atta «100 = 24.4% Ans b) % Excess air = 100 100 Toov esr air ~ To0ez48 ¢) Equivalence Ratio 4) H,0 formed = 2 = 3262Gas Moles OS ee eee ————— 0, (291x523) 6752 co (0.013 x52.) 0.748 0: (2.202%0.748/2) 2.576 a2.224 6970 yr PROBLEMS eek tant ae RE 1. Crude petroleum oil is generally considered to be formed from animal and vegetable debris accumulating in sea basins or estuaries and decomposed by anaerobic bacteria ‘resulting in a black viscous product. A typical elemental analysis shows 80% C, 13% H, 1% N, 3% O and 3% S. During a certain combustion, air ‘supplied is less than the theoretical so that all of the O) is used up. 70% of the C burns to CO; , the rest to CO; the molal ratio of CO to 2 in the exhaust gas is 1:2. Assume that the Sulfur in the fuel burns to SO, and the Nitrogen combines with the nitrogen from air. Calculate: 4) Orsat analysis of the exhaust gas (12.56% CO, , 5.38% CO) 'b) % of the theoretical air which is supplied for combustion (70.7%) ¢) Equivalence Ratio (1.4) 2. An alcogas mixture made up of 85% gasoline and 15% ethanol is used as fuel for an engine in the presence of 17.05 m? air/kg alcogas supplied essentially dry at 30°C and 740 mmm Hg. 80% of the C burns to CO; , the rest to CO; mola ratio of H; to CO is 1:2. Assume that gasoline has the same composition as a mixture of iso-octane-heptane with 95% octane number. Use a density of 0.6918 g/ml. for iso-octane and 0.684 g/ml. for n- heptane. Calculate: 2) Orsat analysis of the exhaust gas (8.18% CO, 2.04% CO, 1.02% H:) 1b) % excess air (36.15%) 3. A ternary blend of gasoline (90% octane no), alcohol (75% ethanol, 25% methanol) and benzole (75% benzene, 15% toluene and 10% xylene) is burned completely in 35% excess 2, Analysis of the blend shows 70% gasoline, 15% benzole and 15% alcohol. Calculate the complete analysis of the exhaust gas. (9.77% COp , 5.15% Oy , 74.68% Np , 10.41% H,0) 4. A boiler uses a high grade distillate fuel oil wth a calorific value of 43.38 MI/kg. Analysis of the stack gases at 375°C and 765 torrs shows 9% CO2, 1.21% CO, 0.37% H, 7.05% Os, and 82.37% N2. Assuming that the fuel ol consists only of hydrocarbons. Calculate: a) % excess air (40.03%) ) W1% composition ofthe fuel oi (84.95%C, 15.05% H) ¢) Air-Fuel ratio (AFR) (20.85) 4) Barrels per metric tonne of fuel ol at 30° API; assume 1 m? = 6.2898 ‘American barrels (7.18) €) % CV lost due to: {) Unburnt combustibles (7.17%) Uncondensed water (7.38%) ii) Sensible Heat (20.16%) f) Adiabatic Flame Temperature