Introduction to

Electronics

An introduction to electronic components and a study of circuits

containing such devices.

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Week 2:
Op Amps Part 1

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

 Introduction and Ideal
Behavior

Dr. Bonnie H. Ferri

Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

Introduce Op Amps and examine ideal behavior

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lesson Objectives

 Introduce Operational Amplifiers

 Describe Ideal Op Amp Behavior
 Introduce Comparator and Buffer Circuits

2
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
+Vs
v+ Specialized circuit made up of transistors,
+ vo resistors, and capacitors fabricated on an
v- integrated chip
-
-Vs
Uses:
 Amplifiers
 Active Filters
 Analog Computers
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 Op Amps in Circuits
Symbol:
+Vs
v+
+ vo v- +Vs +
v- - v+ vo
-Vs -
-Vs
Vs = 10V, 15V

 Active Element: has its own power supply

 Symbol ignores the +/- Vs in the symbol since it
does not affect circuit behavior

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Open Loop Behavior vo
Vs

+Vs
v+
+ vo
v- - v+ - v-
-Vs
-Vs
vo= A(v+ - v-)

5
Comparator Circuit
vo
+Vs Vs
v+
+ vo
vin V
v- -
-Vs vin

-Vs
V if v in > 0
Vo =  s
− Vs if v in < 0

6
Example
vo
Vs
v+ +Vs
Csin(ωt) +
vo
v- v+ - v-
-
-Vs -Vs

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Ideal Op Amp Behavior
+Vs i+ v+
v+
+
vin
Avin Ro vo vo
v- i- v-
-
Ri

-Vs

i+ = i- = 0
v+ - v- = 0

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Buffer Circuit
vin vin +
+
vo vo
- -

vin = vo

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Summary

 Op amps are active devices that can be used to filter or

amplify signals linearly
 Ideal op amps:
i+ v+
+
vo i+ = i- = 0
i- v-
- v+ - v- = 0

 Circuits: comparator and buffer

10
Remainder of Module 2: Op Amps

 Buffer Circuit
 Basic Amplifier Configurations
 Differentiators and Integrators
 Active Filters

11
 Buffer Circuits

Dr. Bonnie H. Ferri

Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

Demonstrate buffer circuit behavior

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lesson Objectives

 Introduce physical op amps in circuits

 Examine Buffer Circuit behavior

13
Buffer Circuit
 Use to boost power without changing voltage waveform
vo
vin + VS
vo
-

vin

vin = vo -VS

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Example: Without Buffer
+
vin vo R
+

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Physical Op Amps
+Vs
v+
+ vo
v- -
-Vs Signal PIN
Vs = 15V v- 2
v+ 3
-Vs 4
vo 6
+Vs 7

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 Example: With Buffer
+
vin vo R
+

+
vin - +
vo R
+

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 Example: With Buffer

+
vin - +
vo R
+

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Summary

 Buffers boost the power without changing the voltage

waveform
 Demonstrated physical op amp circuits

19
 Basic Op Amp
Amplifier
Configurations
Dr. Bonnie H. Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

Introduce Inverting and Non-Inverting Amplifiers, Difference and

Summing Amplifiers

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lesson Objectives

 Introduce
 Inverting and Non-Inverting Configurations
 Difference and Summing Configurations
 Introduce the Gain of a circuit

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Non-Inverting Amplifiers
R1
+ vo
vin -
R2

R3

R2 + R 3
Vo = Vin
R3
R2 + R 3
Vo = GVin Gain : G =
R3
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Non-Inverting Amplifier Example
R1
+ vo
vin -
R2

R3

If R2 = R3 = 200Ω,

 Since,G > 1, the input is

amplified
 If G < 1, the input is attenuated
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Inverting Amplifier
Rf

R1
- vo
vin +

Rf
Vo = − Vin
R1

Vo = GVin
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 Inverting Amplifier Example
Rf

R1
- vo
vin +

R1 = 1000Ω, Rf = 2000Ω

 If,G > 1, the input is amplified

 If G < 1, the input is attenuated

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Difference Circuit
Rf

R1
- vo
R1
v1 +

v2 R2

RF
Vo = ( V2 − V1 )
R1

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Difference Circuit
Rf

R1
- vo
R1
v1 +

v2 R2

RF
Vo = ( V2 − V1 )
R1

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Summing Amplifier
R1 Rf

R2
- vo
v1 +
v2

Vo = G1 V1 + G2 V2
RF R
G1 = − G2 = − F
R1 R2
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Summary
 Gain: Vo = GVin
 Amplifier Circuit Configurations
 Non-Inverting Amplifier
 Inverting Amplifier
 Difference Amplifier
 Summing Amplifier

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 Differentiators and
Integrators
Dr. Bonnie H. Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

Introduce Integrating and Differentiating Op Amp Circuits

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lesson Objectives

 Introduce Differentiators and Integrators

 Demonstrate the performance of both circuits on an
oscilloscope

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 Differentiator Circuit
R dVc
i=C Vc
C dt
v- - vo
vin v+ +

dVin
Vo = −RC
dt

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 Differentiator Circuit
R
Derivation:
C
vo 1. KVL: Vin = Vc + Ri + Vo
v- - 2. Vin = Vc
vin v+ + 3. Vo = -Ri = -RC(dVin / dt)

dVin
Vo = −RC
dt

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Differentiator Example
1000Ω vin -VS v+
1µF
vo v-
v- -
vin v+ +

+VS= 15v
vo +VS

-VS = -15v

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Results
dVin
Vo = −RC
dt

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Integrator Circuit
dV 1 t
i = C c Vc Vc = ∫ idt
C dt C 0

R
v- - vo
vin v+ +

−1 t
Vo =
RC ∫0
Vindt

36
Integrator Circuit
dV 1 t
i = C c Vc Vc = ∫ idt
C dt C 0

R Derivation:
v- - vo
For t<0: Vin = iR and Vo = 0
vin v+ + For t>0: Vin = iR i = Vin/R
Vin = iR + Vc + Vo
Vo = -Vc = -1/C ∫t0Vin/R dt
−1 t
Vo =
RC ∫0
Vindt

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Integrator Example
1µF vin -VS v+ v-

1000Ω
v- - vo
vin v+ +

+VS= 15v
vo +VS
-VS = -15v

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Results

−1 t
Vo =
RC ∫0
Vindt

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Summary
 Differentiator and Integrator Op Amp circuits examined

40
 Active Filters

Dr. Bonnie H. Ferri

Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

Introduce active filters and show different types of filters

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lesson Objectives

 Introduce active filter circuits

42
 Analog Filters
1.5
2
1

Analog Filter
1
0.5

Vin Vout

v(t)
v(t)

0 0

-1
H(ω) -0.5

-1
-2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-1.5
Time (sec) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time (sec)

|H(ω)|
1

0.8
Magnitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
ω (rad/sec)
ω
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Quiz

Vin = 1 + cos(10(2πt)) + cos(100(2πt)) Vout = 0.45cos(10(2πt)+θ1) + 0.97cos(100(2πt) +θ2)

44
Summary of RC and RLC (Passive) Filters
Bode Plots

R +

Magnitude (dB)
ω
vin C vo
-

C +

Magnitude (dB)
ω
vin R vo
-

Magnitude (dB)
L R + ω
C vo
vin
-
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Limitations of RLC Passive Filters

 Depletes power +
R
vin C vo
-
 No isolation

Analog
Vin Filter Vo

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Active Filters

– has its own power supply

 Most common active filters are made from op amps
 Provide isolation

Op Amp
Vin Circuit Vout

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Summary
 An is a circuit that has a specific shaped frequency
response
 A is made of op amps and has its own power supply.
Advantages over RLC passive filters:
 Provides isolation (cascade filters)
 Boosts the power
 Can provide sharper roll-off

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