Probability and Statistics

Introduction to Statistics
(CLO3, PLO2)

Engr. Saqib Zafar

Online Lecture # 8
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
(Faisalabad Campus)
 Some Basic Terminologies
Data: it is the piece of information of an experiment.

Parameter: To study the characteristics of population

is called parameter.
For Example:
• Mean of Population
• Median of Population
• Mode of Population
• Variance of Population etc.
Statistics: To study the characteristics of sample is
called statistics.
For Example:
Mean
 Some Basic Terminologies
Statistics: To study the characteristics of sample is
called statistics.
For Example:
• Mean of Sample
• Median of Sample
• Mode of Sample
• Variance of sample etc..
 Types of Population and Sample

Types of Population : There are two types of population.

1. Finite population

2. Infinite population

Types of Sample : There are two types of Sample.

1. Biased

2. Unbiased
 Practice Problem
To Find:
𝐏𝐚𝐫𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 =?

1 2

1 2
3

Population (N) Sample (n)

 Practice Problem
To Find:
𝐏𝐚𝐫𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 =?

Population (N)=3

Sample (n) = 2

1+2+3
Population mean = = 2 (parameter)
3

1+2
Sample mean = = 1.5 (Statistics)
2
 Practice Problem
Sample Sample Mean (𝑋 )

(1,1) 1

(1,2) 1.5

(1,3) 2

(2,1) 1.5

(2,2) 2

(2,3) 2.5

(3,1) 2

(3,2) 2.5

(3,3) 3
 Probability Distribution
Probability The graph shows the sampling
3/9 distribution for the sample size n =2.

2/9 2/9

Probability
1/9 1/9

1 1.5 2 2.5 3
The probability distribution of a
sample statistics is often called as
probability distribution.
 The Sample Mean
One obvious and very useful measure is the sample mean. The mean is
simply a numerical average.
 The Sample Mean
Example 1: Consider the following set of integers
𝑆 = *1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9+
Find the sample Mean
 The Sample Mean
Example 2: A study conducted at the Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University on the development of a
relationship between the roots of trees and the action of a fungus.
The results are shown in table 1.1. Find the mean value for no
nitrogen and with nitrogen data.
 The Sampling Median
1 1
The median is that value x for which 𝑃 𝑋 < 𝑥 ≤ and 𝑃 𝑋 > 𝑥 ≤ .
2 2

In other words, the median is the value where half of the values of
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 are larger than the median, and half of the values of
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 are smaller than the median.
 The Sampling Median
Example 1: Consider the following set of integers
𝑆 = *1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9+
Find the Median

𝒙 = 𝒙(𝟗+𝟏)/𝟐 = 𝒙𝟓 = 𝟓
 The Sampling Median
Example 1: Consider the following set of integers
𝑆 = *1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8+
Find the Median

𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 = (𝒙(𝟖)/𝟐 + 𝒙𝟖 ) = (𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟓 ) = 𝟒. 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
+𝟏 𝟐
 The Sampling Median
Example 2: A study conducted at the Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University on the development of a
relationship between the roots of trees and the action of a fungus.
The results are shown in table 1.1. Find the median value for no
nitrogen and with nitrogen data.
 The Sampling Median
Example 3: A study conducted at the Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University on the development of a
relationship between the roots of trees and the action of a fungus.
The results are shown in table 1.1. Find the median value for no
nitrogen and with nitrogen data.