pyg;oD;ESHwGif usa&mufwwfaoma&m*g ESifh

umuG,fESdrfeif;enf;rsm;
• pyg;*kwfusdK;a&m*g/
• &GufzHk;ykyfa&m*g/
• &GufzHk;ajcmufa&m*g/
• pyg;&GufndKajymufa&m*g/
• &GufndKajymuf&Snfa&m*g/
• bufwD;&D;,m;&Gufajcmufa&m*g/
• pyg;yifpnfykwfa&m*g/
• yif&Snfa&m*g^ysdK;yifemusa&m*g/
• pyg;bufwD;&D;,m;yifajcykyfa&m*g/
• pyg;,lz&ma&m*g (okdYr[kwf) pyg;avmifrD;a&m*g/
• pyg;&Gufzsm;jzLa&m*g/
• pyg;jrpfzkeDrwkwfa&m*g/
usrf;udk;tnTef;/ (References)
 pyg;*kwfusKd;a&m*g
(Rice Blast)

a&m*gjzpfaMumif;ouf&Sd - (Pyricularia oryzae)

pyg;*kwfusKd;a&m*g I
(60) a&m*gvu©Pm?
(61) vGef;yHko@mef 'PfemuGuf?
(62) ysKd;cif;tqifhwGif awGU&Sd&aoma&m*g vu©Pm/

2
 pyg;*kwfusKd;a&m*g
(Rice Blast)

pyg;*kwfusKd;a&m*g II
(63) pdkufcif;wGifawGU&Sd&aom a&m*gvu©Pm?
(64) pyg;ESHrsm; a&m*gaMumifh *kwfrSusdK;usaeyHk?
(65) a&m*gaMumifh ratmifjrifaom tESHrsm; xGufvmyHk/

3
 pyg;*kwfusdK;a&m*g/

usa&mufwwfonfh usa&mufEdkifonfh a&m*gvu©PmESifh

umuG,fESdrfeif;enf;
a'o^umv tajctae a&m*goHo&m
a'o/ &moDOwk/ a&m*gvu©Pm/ pdkufysdK;enf;pepfjzifh
• yJcl;wdkif;/ • a&m*g ysHYyGm;rIonff • pyg;&GufwGif vGef;yHkt umuG,fjcif;/
• &efukefwdkif;/ tylcsdef (20) 'D*&D uGufrsm;udk awGY&onf/ • a&m*g&tyift<uif;tusef
• {&m0wDwdkif;/ pifwD*&dwfwGif t tuGufrsm; MuD;rm;vm rsm;udk rD;&SdKUzsufqD;yg/
aumif;qHk;jzpfjyD;(28) ygu tv,fwGif rD;cdk; • aygif;jruf&Sif;yg/
umv/ 'D*&DpifwD*&dwfwGif a&miftuGufrsm;udkawGY • *kwfusdK;a&m*g jzpfapaom
• 'DZifbmvrS tenf;qHk;jzpfonf/ &onf/ tuGufrsm; tylcsdef umvudk a&Smifí
azazmf0g&Dvtxd/ • ntylcsdefedrfYusyg wpfckESifhwpfckqufoGm; pdkufysdK;yg/
• Zlvdkifv rS ua&m*gjyif;xef jyD;t&GufrSmaoqHk;oGm; • aumufuGuf pdyfpdyfpdkufjcif;
pufwifbmvtxd/ onf/ onf/ udk a&Smifyg/
• tylydkif;a'orsm;wGif • tESHwGifa&m*gusa&muf • aEGpyg;pdkufcif;wGifa&rjywf
(ysdK;cif;umvrSpwifí avxk\ pdkxdkif;rIESifh ygu*kwfwGiftndKuGuf oGif;xm;yg/
tESHxGufjyD;&ifhrSnfhcsdef ESif;aygufjzpfay:rI rsm;jzpfay:vmjyD; usdK; • a&m*g& pdkufcif;wGif ykvJ
txd a&m*gusa&muf wdkYonfa&m*gydkrdkjzpf uswwfygonf/ ajrMoZmudk xnfhoGif;jcif;
Edkifonf/) ay:aponf/ • tESHaphrsm;EdkY&nfrwnf rjyK&yg/ ydkwuf^pufzGJjym
• tyif\ ZD0ur® rD a&m*gusa&mufygu wdkYudk xnfhoGif;yg/
ajymif;vJcsdefrsm;wGif EdkY&nf rwnfEdkifyg/ t • cHEdkif&nf&SdrsdK;rsm;udkpdkufyg/
cHEdkif&nfenf;onf/ qefrwnfaom pyg;ESH
• aEGpyg;wGif ydkrdkus rsm;onf &ifhrSnfhcsdef cHEdkif&nf&SdaomrsdK;rsm;/
a&mufavh&Sdonf/ rwdkifrDumvüyifjzLazG; ({&mrif;?a&qif;-1?{&m0wDrSm
• ysdK;axmifcsdefrSpwif axmifrwfaeonf/ cHEdkif&nfrJh? arSmfbD-2?)
í tESHxGufcsdeftxd
a&m*gusa&mufEdkif a&m*goHo&m/ toifhwifhcHEdik f&nf&Sdaom
onf/ • rIdpydk;rsm;onfav?oGif; rsdK;rsm;/
a&? rsdK;aph? aumuf&dk; • qif;od*Ø? qif;oD&d? qif;
ESifh vufcHvTJyifrsm; rS {u&D-1?qif;{u&D-3?raem
wqifh wpf&moD rS okc? arSmfbD- 1? a&euf-4?
wpf&moDodkY ul;pufysHU
yGm;Edkifonf/ qm;(5)ydómudk a&(10)*gvH
jzifha&mí rsdK;aphudk (48) em&D
pdrfyg/ a&oefUjzifh (3)Mudrf cefY
pifMu,fpGmaq;í pdkufyg/

4
 &GufzHk;ykyfa&m*g
(Sheath Rot)

a&m*gjzpfaMumif;ouf&Sd - Acrocylindrium oryzae (Sarocladium oryzae)

&GufzHk;ykyf&m*g
(66) &GufzHk;ay:wGifawGU&aom a&m*g vu©Pm?
(67) tESHt&if; wGif awGU&aom a&m*gvu©Pm?
(68) &GufzHk;uGufa&m*g (Sheath Bloth) ,mESifh &GufzHk;ykyfa&m*g
(Sheath Rot) 0J/

5
 &GufzHk;ykyfa&m*g/

usa&mufwwfonfh usa&mufEdkifonfh a&m*gvu©PmESifh

umuG,fESdrfeif;enf;
a'o^umv tajctae a&m*goHo&m
a'o/ &moDOwk/ a&m*gvu©Pm/ pdkufysdK;enf;pepfjzifh
• yJcl;wdkif;/ • tylcsdef (10) 'D*&D • tvH&Guf\ &GufzHk;ay: umuG,fjcif;/
• &efukefwdkif;/ pifwD*&dwfrS (30) wGif vHk;&SnfyHkodkYr[kwf • a&m*guif; rsdK;aphudkoHk;yg/
• {&m0wDwdkif;/ 'D*&D pifwD*&dwf t (0.5 - 1.0)rrt&G,f • a&m*g& tESH^&GufzkH;rsm;
(t"duawGU&avh&Sdonf/) wGif; a&m*g jzpfEkdif tndKa&miftem;&pfyg udk rD;&SdKUzsufqD;yg/
pGrf;rsm;onf/ &Sdaom rD;cdk;a&miftem • aumufuGufrpdyf&yg/
• pyg;pdkufysdK;&ma'o • tylcsdef (25-28) uGufudkawGYjrifEdkifonf/ • ykvJajrMoZmudk vGefuJpGm
wdkif;wGifvnf; t 'D*&DpifwD*&dwf • a&m*gjyif;vQiftemuGuf xnfhoGif;jcif; rjyK&yg/
enf;ESifhtrsm;awGY& twG i f ; a&m*gj z pf r I rs m ; wpf c kE Si fhw pfck quf
avh&Sdonf/ jrefonf/ pyfoGm;jyD;&GufzHk;wpfckvHk;
• tdrfoHk;qm; (5)ydóm udk
• ylaEG;pGwfpdkaom&moD ud k zH k ; tk y f o G m ;onf / &G u f
zHk;twGif; jzLazG;aom rId a&(10)*gvefESihf a&mpyfí
umv/ onf a&m*gwd k ; yG m ;rI rsdK;aphrsm;udk (48)em&DpdrfjyD;
twG u f taumif ; qH k ; udkawGUEdkifonf/
• 'DZifbmvrS aemuf a&oefYjzifh (3)Mudrf
jz pf o nf / • a&m*gjyif;xefygutESH
azazmf0g&Dv wpfvpfjzpfaejyD; tndK cefYaq;í pdkufyg/
twGif;/ • 'D Z if b mv twG i f ;
tcsdeftcgrJhrdk;&GmoGef; azsmhrStndK&ifha&mif&Sd
• Zlvdkifv rS
jyD; pdkxdkif;q (95) onf/ yef;Eka&mifrIdrQif
pufwifbmv &mcdkifEIef;&Sdygua&m*g ESihf pydk;rsm; zHk;tkyfae
twGif;/ ysHUyGm;rIjrefonf/ onf/
• zHk;vHk;csdef rdk;jyif;av • a&m*g&pyg;aphrsm;wGif
(tvH&GufxGufcsdefrS jyif;usa&mufygu tndKa&miftpGef;rsm;
pwifí &ifhrSnfhcsdeftxd a&m*gydkrdkjzpfay:ap &Sdonf/
a&m*gusa&mufavh onf/
&Sdonf/) • yifpnfxdk;ydk;?jzKwfndK? a&m*goHo&m/
rTm;yifhulESifh Adkif;&yf • rIdpydk;rsm;avjzifhysHUvGifh
a&m*g usa&mufaom ul;pufonf/
pyg;yifrsm;wGifþa&m • rsdK;aphaqmifa&m*gjzpf
*gudk ydkrdkawGY&onf/
í rsdK;aphrSul;pufEdkif
onf/

6
 &GufzHk;ajcmufa&m*g
(Sheath Blight)

a&m*gjzpfaMumif;ouf&Sd - (Rhizoctonia solani)

&GufzHk;ajcmufa&m*g I
(69) &GufzHk;ay:wGif awGU&aom a&m*gvu©Pm?
(70) tESHESifht&Gufay:wGifawGU&aoma&m*gvu©Pm/

7
 &GufzHk;ajcmufa&m*g
(Sheath Blight)

&GufzHk;ajcmufa&m*g II
(71) pu,fvdk&Sm;rsm;udk yifajcajrMuD;xJwGif awGU&yHk?
(72) a&m*gjyif;xefygu awGU&Sd&aom a&m*gvu©Pm/

8
 &GufzHk;ajcmufa&m*g/

usa&mufwwfonfh usa&mufEdkifonfh a&m*gvu©PmESifh

umuG,fESdrfeif;enf;
a'o^umv tajctae a&m*goHo&m
a'o/ &moDOwk/ a&m*gvu©Pm/ pdkufysdK;enf;pepfjzifh
• yJcl;wdkif;/ • tylcsdef jrifhrm;jcif;? • a&rsufESmjyif txuf umuG,fjcif;/
• &efukefwdkif;/ (30-32) 'D*&DpifwD uyfvsuf&Sdaom &GufzHk; • a&m*gusa&mufaom pyg;
• {&m0wDwdkif;wdkYwGif *&dwfESifh pdkxdkif;q rS pwifí a&m*gjzpf yifrsm;ESifh aygif;jrufrsm;udk
t"duawGU&onf/ jrifhrm;jcif; (96-97) onf/ a&m*gtemuGuf &Sif;yg/
&mcdkifEIef;/ onf pdrf;ndKa&mif&SdjyD; • rdk;aESmif;x,fa&;^rdk;MudK
• pyg;pdkufysdK;&ma'o • wdrfxlxyfjyD; ae vHk;&Snfy^ Hk bJOyHktuGuf x,fa&;0ifyg/
wdkif;wGifvnf; awGY a&mifjcnfpGrf;tif rsm; jzpfay:onf/ • aumufuGufusJusJpdkufyg/
&Sd&onf/ enf;jcif;/ • temuGufonf us,f • ykvJajrMoZm(Edkufx&dk*sif)
• avmif;&dyfrdjcif;/ ysHUvmjyD; ndKeufa&mif udkavsmhoHk;yg/
umv/ tem;&pf &S d a om rD ;cd k ; • pufzGJjzmESifhydkwufajrMoZm
• Mo*kwf/ pdkufpepf/ a&mif tuG u f jz pf v m udkxnfhoGif;yg/
• pufwifbm/ • aumufuGufpdyfvGef; onf / • oD;vSnfhpdkufyg/
• atmufwdkbmvrsm; jcif ; / • temuG u f E S i f h teD ;wpf
twGif; a&m*gus • ykvJajrMoZm (Edkuf 0dkufwGif teufa&mif "mwkaA'enf;/
a&mufavh&Sdonf/ x&dk*sif)EIef;xm;rsm; tvHk;i,frsm;udkawGUEdkif • rsdK;aphudk [dkrdkif; (80%WP)
jcif;/ onf/ jzifh vl;e,fpdkufyg/ (rsdK;aph
• wDplygajrMoZm(azmh • a&m*gj y if ; xef y gu&G u f 1 jynfudk aq;[if;pm;ZGef;
pzdwf)EIef;xm;rsm; zH k ; rsm;vH k ; 0yk y o
f G m ;onf / 1 ZGef;jzifh vl;e,fpdkufyg/)
jcif;/ t&G u f E S i f h yif p nf txd • pdkufcif;wGifa&m*gusa&muf
ul;pufonf/ ygu uefY"mwf (qmvzm)
ygaomrIdowfaq;udk toHk;
a&m*goHo&m/ jyKyg/
• a&m*gjzpfapaomouf
&SdonfajrwGiftvHk;i,f cHEdkif&nf&SdaomrsdK;rsm;/
odkYr[kwf rIdrQif tjzpf • a&Twqkyf? raemf[&D? ,m-
Mum&SnfaeEdkifonf/ 2? qm;iHcH-2? a&euf-3/
pyg;cif;twGif; a&jzifh
arsmygjyD; a&m*gjzpfap toifhtwifh cHEdkif&nf&Sd
onf/t"du ajraqmif aomrsdK;rsm;/
jzpfaomfvnf; tESHwGif
• ausmfaZ,s? raemokc?
a&m*g usygu rsdK;aph
pdefwav;? {&mrif;?
aqmiftjzpful;pufEdkif
vHk;oG,farT;? qif;oD&d/
onf/

9
 pyg;&GufndKajymufa&m*g
(Brown Leaf Spot)

a&m*gjzpfaMumif;ouf&Sd - (Drechslera oryzae)

&GufndKajymufa&m*g I
(73) t&Gufay:wGifawGU&aom a&m*gvu©Pm?
(74) bJOyHktndKa&miftajymufrsm;udk t&Gufay:wGif
awGU&yHk/

10
 pyg;&GufndKajymufa&m*g
(Brown Leaf Spot)

&GufndKajymuf II
(75) pyg;aphay:wGif awGY&aom a&m*gvu©Pm?
(76) tESHt&if;wGif awGU&aom a&m*gvu©Pm/

11
 pyg;&GufndKajymufa&m*g/
usa&mufwwfonfh usa&mufEdkifonfh a&m*gvu©PmESifh
umuG,fESdrfeif;enf;
a'o^umv tajctae a&m*goHo&m
a'o/ &moDOwk/ a&m*gvu©Pm/ pdkufysdK;enf;pepfjzifh
• pyg;pdkufysdK;&ma'o • tylcsdef (20-25)'D*&D • t&GufESifh pyg;aphrsm; umuG,fjcif;/
wdkif;ü awGYEdkifonf/ pifwD*&dwfonf a&m ay:wGift"duawGU&jyD; • a&m*gusa&mufaom tyif
*gul;puf&eftaugif; &GufzHk;ESifh tESHcufrsm; tpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif (2-3)
qHk;jzpfonf/ ay:wGifvnf;awGU&onf? ESpfcefYtxdaeEdik fojzifh,if;
umv/ • t&Gufay:wGif tpuf wdkYudk rD;&SdKUzsuq
f D;yg/
• Zlvdkif/ • wdrfxlxyfjyD; rdk;t i,frS ESrf;aph t&G,f? • ajrtwGif; (28-29)vtxd
• Mo*kwf/ qufrjywf &Gmygu wpfcgwpf&H (1) pifwD cdkatmif;Edkifojzifh rdk;aESmif;
• pufwifbm/
rI d M uD ; xG m ;rI aumif ; rDwmtxd&Sdaom bJOyHk x,fa&;^ rdk;MudK x,fa&;
(wdrfxlxyfjyD;rdk;tquf aomaMumif h a&m*g tndKa&mif ajymufrsm; rsm;0ifyg/
rjywf &Gmaom umv ysH U yG m ;rI j ref a ponf / udk awGY&onf/ • a&m*gaqmif xm;aom rsdK;
rsm;/) • tpuftajymufrsm;onf aphudk toHk;jyKí ysdK;axmif
a&ajrobm0/ tpydkif;ü c&rf;a&mif? ygu ysdK;yifemusa&m*g jzpf
• pGwfpdkaomajrxuf tndKa&mif&SdjyD; MuD;vm Edkifonf/ xdakY Mumifh a&m*g
ajcmufaoGUaomajr onfESifhtrQtndKa&mif uif;aompdkufcif;rS&&Sdaom
wGif a&m*g ydkrdkjyif; tem;&pfESifh rD;cdk;a&mif rsdK;aphudkom toHk;jyKyg/
xefonf/ A[dkuGufrsm;jzpfvmjyD; • obm0ajrMoZm ESifh "mwf
t&Gufrsm; ajcmufí ajrMoZmudktcsdK;nDpGmtoHk;
• ajrMoZmnHhzsif;aom aooGm;onf/ jyKyg/
ajrwGif ykvJajrMoZm • taphcGHay:wGif teuf • a&m*guspdkufcif;rSa&udk vTJ
(Edkufx&dk*sif)EIef;xm; a&mifodkYr[kwftndK&ifh
ajymif;toHk;rjyK&yg/
rsm;ygu a&m*gydkrdkus a&miftpuftajymuf
a&mufEdkifonf/ rsm; awGY&jyD; qefaph ZD0enf;/
tay:xdyiftrJajymuf • tdrfoHk;qm; (5)ydóm udk
• [dkufj'dK*sifqmvzdkuf rsm; awGYEdkifonf/ tESH
"mwfaiGU xGufaom cufrsm;wGifvnf;tndK a&(10)*gvHjzifh a&mí rsdK;
pdkufcif;rsm;wGif þ a&miftuGufrsm; awGY& aphrsm;udk (48)em&D pdrfyg/
a&m*g usa&mufEdkif onf/ tqefratmif a&oefYjzifh (3)MudrfcefY pif
onf/ Mu,fpGmaq;í pdkufyg/
yg/
a&m*goHo&m/
• rsdK;aphaqmif a&m*gjzpf
onf/
• rIdpydk;rsm;avjzifh ysHUyGm;
ul;pufEdkifonf/
• a&m*g& tyiftpdwf
tydkif;wGif (2-3)ESpfcefY
cdkatmif;Edkifonf/
ajrxJwGif (28-29)v
txd &SifoefEdkifonf/

12
 &GufndKajymuf&Snfa&m*g
(Narrow Brown Leaf Spot)

a&m*gjzpfaMumif;ouf&Sd - Cercospora janseana (Sphaerulina oryzina)

&GufndKajymuf&Snfa&m*g
(77) &GufzHk;ay:wGif awGU&aom a&m*gvu©Pm?
(78) tacsmif;&SnfyHk 'PfemuGufudk teD;uyfawGU&yHk?
(79) t&Gufay:wGif awGU&aom a&m*gvu©Pm/

13
 &GufndKajymuf&Snfa&m*g/

usa&mufwwfonfh usa&mufEdkifonfh a&m*gvu©PmESifh

umuG,fESdrfeif;enf;
a'o^umv tajctae a&m*goHo&m
a'o/ a&ajrobm0/ a&m*gvu©Pm/ pdkufysdK;enf;pepfjzifh
• jrefrmjynfpyg;pdkuf • ajrqDMoZm nHhzsif; • &Gufjym;ay:wGif &Guf umuG,fjcif;/
&m a'o rsm;wGif aomajrrsm; txl; aMumrsm;ESifhtjydKifao; • a&m*gustyiftpdwftydkif;
tenf;ESifh trsm; ojzifh Edkufx&dk*sif &Snf&Snf tndKa&mif rsm;ESifh aygif;jrufrsm; udk
awGU&SdEdkifonf/ "mwfcsdKUwJhaom ajr tajymufrsm; jzpfay: okwfoif&Sif;vif;yg/
rsm;wGif tjzpfrsm; vmonf/ tus,f(1.5) • rdk;aESmif; x,fa&;^ rdk;MudK
umv/ onf/ rDvDrDwm ESifh tvsm; x,fa&;0ifyg/
• tyifMuD;xGm;csdef/ (3.5)rD v Dr Dw mtxd & SdE dki f • a&m*gus pdkufcif;rS rsdK;aph
jyD; tv,fwGif ndKeuf
• &ifhrSnfhcsdef/ rsm;udk rsdK;tjzpf toHk;rjyK
a&mif&Sdonf/
&yg/
• &GufzHk;ESifh pyg;cGHrsm;
tay:wGifvnf;tpuf • tyif tm[m&"mwf vdktyf
tajymufrsm; jzpfay: csufudk jznfhqnf;ay;yg/
Edkifonf/ • pyg;yifrsm; a&iwfjcif;rjzpf
• t&Gufay:wGif tuGuf
ap&/
tajymufrsm; rsm;vm
ygu t&Gufxdyfzsm;rSp
í t&if;odkY ajcmufjyD; • qm; (5)ydómudk a&(10)
nSdK;oGm;onf/ *gvHjzifha&mí rsdK;aphrsm;udk
• tyifMuD;xGm;rI aemuf
(48)em&Dpdrfyg/ a&oefYjzifh
ydkif;ü tuGuftajymuf (3)MudrfcefY pifMu,fpGmaq;
rsm; ydkrdkrsm;vmavh&Sd í pdkufyg/
onf/
a&m*goHo&m/
a&m*g&tyifrS pydk;rsm;
onf avaygufrSxGuf
vmjyD;wpfyifrSwpfyifodkY
avjzifh a&m*gul;puf
onf/

14
 bufwD;&D;,m;&Gufajcmufa&m*g
(Bacterail Leaf Blight)

a&m*gjzpfaMumif;ouf&Sd - Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

bufwD;&D;,m;&Gufajcmufa&m*g I
(80) yifnd§K; (Kresek) vu©Pm?
(81) yifnd§K; (Kresek) vu©Pm teD;uyfawGU&yHk/

15
 bufwD;&D;,m;&Gufajcmufa&m*g
(Bacterail Leaf Blight)

bufwD;&D;,m;&Gufajcmufa&m*g II
(82) pyg;&Gufxdyfzsm;wGif a&pdkemuGuf pwifjzpfay:
vmyHkESifh bufwD;&D;,m;pdrfhxkwf&nfrsm; xGufaeyHk?
(83) &Gufajcmuf (Leaf Blight) vu©Pm/

16
 bufwD;&D;,m;&Gufajcmufa&m*g/

usa&mufwwfonfh usa&mufEdkifonfh a&m*gvu©PmESifh

umuG,fESdrfeif;enf;
a'o^umv tajctae a&m*goHo&m
a'o/ &moDOwk/ a&m*gvu©Pm/ pdkufysdK;enf;pepfjzifh
• jrefrmjynf pyg;pdkuf • rdk;oufavjyif;rsm; yifnSdK;tqifh/ umuG,fjcif;/
&m a'orsm; wGif ESifh rkefwdkif;rsm;us • þtqifhudk ysdK;cif;ESifh • a&m*guif;aom pdkufcif;rS
tenf;ESifh trsm; a&mufavh&Sdaom pdkufjyD;(1)vcefYtwGif; rsdK;aphudk toHk;jyKyg/
awGU&SdEdkifonf/ umvrsm;/ awGYEdkifonf/ tyifi,f • tdrfoHk;qm; (5)ydóm udk
• wdrfxlxyfjyD; ae pOf atmuft&Guf \ a& (10)*gvHjzifh a&mpyfí
umv/ a&mifjcnf&&SdrI enf; &Gufzsm;^&Gufem;üao; rsdK;aphudk pdrfyg/ a&oefYjzifh
• Mo*kwf/ aomtajctaersm;? i,faom a&pdkemuGuf (3)MudrfcefY pifMu,fatmif
• pufwifbm/ pwif jz pf a y:j y D ; &G u f aq;jyD;pkdufyg/
(,if;vrsm;twGif; jzpf pdkufpepf/ Mum;wpf a vQ m uf us , f • wdkwkwfoefrmaom ysdK;rsm;
ay:aom rdk;oufav • aumufuGufpdyfjcif;/ jyef Y o G m ;onf / t&G u f &atmif ysdK;axmifyg/
jyif;rsm;ESifh rkefwdkif;rsm; • pyg;udkpOfqufrjywf rsm; 0gajcmuf v monf / • aumufuGufusJusJpdkufyg/
aMumifh þa&m*gtrsm; (rdk;MudK? rdk;? aEGpyg;) a&m*gonf y if p nf t xd • a&m*g&tyifESifhaygif;jruf
tjym;usa&mufEdkifyg pdkufysdK;jcif;/ ul;pufjyD; xGufcgp rsm;udk &Sif;vif;yg/
onf/) t&Gufonf &Gufvdyfr
• ykvJajrMoZm (Edkufx&dk*sif)
• ysdK;cif;rSpwifítESH a&ajrobm0 / ajyyg/ a&m*gaMumif h
EIef;udk avsmhoHk;yg/
jzpfonftxda&m*g • pyg;&moD wpfckESi fh pd k u f j yD ; (2-4)ywf t wG i f ;
usa&mufEdkifonf/ wpfcktwGif;Mum;um nSdK;íaoEdkifonf/ "mwkaA'enf;/
vü ajrtpdk"mwf r &Gufajcmuftqifh/
jywfjcif;/ • awmhqif M75% WP ESifh
• tyifyGm;pD;csdef aemuf umqlrifaq;jzifh yufzsef;
• a&MuD;jcif;? a&vTrf;
ydkif;ü &Gufzsm;^&Gufem; EdSrfeif;Edkifygonf/
jcif;/
rSpía&pdkemuGufpwif
jzpfay:jyD; &Gufjym;wpf cHEdkif&nf&SdrsdK;/
avQmuf us,fjyefYvm • &wematmif? a&qif;-2?
onf/ t&Gufrsm;aumuf a&qif;-3? qif;od*Ø? qif;
&dk;ajcmufa&mifodkY ajymif; oD&d?
vmjyD; aemufqHk;jzLazG;
aom ta&mifodkYajymif;
vmonf/ toifhtwifhcHEkdif&nf&SdrsdK;/
• tdkiftm-72 a&qif;? ,m-
t0gazsmha&miftqifh/ 2? ,m-8? qm;iHcH-4?
• tyifMuD;xGm;csdef aemuf a&euf-4? qif;{u&D-3?
ydkif;ü wpfyifvHk;t0g qif;{u&D-4? a&Twqkyf?
azsmha&mifjzpfay:onf/ pdefwav;/
a&m*goHo&m/
• rdk;a&? oGif;a&? ESif;?
avjyif;/
• a&m*gustyif? rsdK;aph/

17
 pyg;yifpnfykwfa&m*g
(Stem Rot)

a&m*gjzpfaMumif;ouf&Sd - Helminthosporium sigmoideum (Magnaporthe salvinii)

yifpnfykyfa&m*g I
(84) yifpnfay:wGif awGU&aom a&m*gvu©Pm?
(85) tESHt&if;ay:wGif a&m*gpydk;rsm; awGU&Sd&yHk?
(86) yifpnfudk cGJMunfhvQif awGU&aom a&m*gvu©Pm/

18
 pyg;yifpnfykwfa&m*g
(Stem Rot)

yifpnfykyfa&m*g II
(87) yifpnfay:wGif awGU&aom rIdrQifrsm;?
(88) a&m*gaMumifh tyifrsm;? ,dkifvJaeyHk/

19
 pyg;yifpnfykwfa&m*g/

usa&mufwwfonfh usa&mufEdkifonfh a&m*gvu©PmESifh

umuG,fESdrfeif;enf;
a'o^umv tajctae a&m*goHo&m
a'o/ a&ajrobm0/ a&m*gvu©Pm/ pdkufysdK;enf;pepfjzifh
• jrefrmjynf pyg;pdkuf • a&ae a&xdkifrsm; • tyif MuD;xGm;rI aemuf umuG,fjcif;/
&m a'owdkif;üf t aom pdkufcif;rsm;/ ydkif; umvrsm;wGif a&m • a&m*gusa&mufaom tyif
enf;ESifhtrsm;awGU& • umv Mum&SnfpGm *g vu©Pmudk awGY& rsm;udk EIwf,l zsufqD;yg/
avh&Sdonf/ a&0yfavh&Sdaomajr onf/ • aygif;jrufrsm;udk&Sif;yg/
rsm;/ • a&rsufESmjyifESifhxdpyf • ykvJESifh wDplyg ajrMoZm
umv/ • ykvJESifhwDplygajrMo aeaom &GufzHk;wGif eIef;udkavsmhoHk;yg/
• ysdK;axmifcsdefrS pí Zm (Edkufx&dk*sifESifh trnf;a&miftemuGuf • pufzGJjym^ ydkwufajrMoZm
&dwfodrf;csdef txd azmhpzdwf) trsm;t rsm; pwifjzpfay:onf/ wdkYudk wwfEdkiforQxnhfyg/
pyg; pdkufysdK;&moD jym; xnfhoGif;aom temuGufonf us,f • a&m*guspyg;cif;rSwpfqifh
umv wpfavQmuf pdkufcif;rsm;/ jyefYvmjyD; &GufzHk;wpfck a&wifoGif;jcif;rjyK&yg/
vHk;twGif; awGY&SdEdkif • qpfydk; usa&muf vHk; odkYr[kwf wpfydkif; • a&udk vHkavmuf&Hkom ay;
onf/ aom pdkufcif;rsm;/ wpfpykyfoGm;onf/ xdk jcif;jzifh þa&m*gudk xd
• tyif,dkifvJjcif;rsm;/ tajctaewGif trJvHk; a&mufpGmumuG,fEdkifonf/
rsm;udk &GufzHk;ay:wGif
awGYEdkifonf/
• a&m*gonf yifpnfodkY
qufvuful;pufoGm;jyD;
ndKrJa&mif temuGufrsm;
jzpfay:vmonf/ yifpnf
udk cGJMunfhygu trnf;
a&mif rIdrQifrsm;udk awGY
Edkifonf/ qpfMum; (1-
2)ck aysmhykyfjyD; tyif
,kdifvJonf/
• ysdK;yifwGif a&m*gusyg
u t&Gufrsm; 0gvmrnf/
xdkYaemuf tndKa&mif
ajymif;jyD;aooGm;onf/
a&m*goHo&m/
• rdk;onfpGwfpdkaom pyg;
pdkufajrtwGif; (133)
&uftxd &SifoefEdkif
onf/ aumuf&dk;rsm;
wGifvnf; cdkatmif;Edkif
onf/ ,if;wdkUrSwqifh
a&m*gul;pufjyefYyGm;Edkif
onf/

20
 yif&Snfa&m*g? ysdK;yifemusa&m*g
(Bakanae Disease)

a&m*gjzpfaMumif;ouf&Sd - Fusarium moniliforme (Gibberella fujikuroi)

yif&Snfa&m*g
(89) a&m*g&tyifpdrf;0ga&mifajymif;jyD; yHkrSeftyifxuf
&SnfxGufaeyHk?
(90) pdkufcif;xJwGifawGU&aom a&m*gvu©Pm/

21
 yif&Snfa&m*g? ysdK;yifemusa&m*g/

usa&mufwwfonfh usa&mufEdkifonfh a&m*gvu©PmESifh

umuG,fESdrfeif;enf;
a'o^umv tajctae a&m*goHo&m
a'o/ &moDOwk/ a&m*gvu©Pm/ pdkufysdK;enf;pepfjzifh
• pyg;pdkufysdK;&m a'o • tylcsdefedrfYusygu • ysdK;cif;ESifhpdkufcif;rsm;&Sd umuG,fjcif;/
wdkif;üf tenf;ESifh a&m*gusa&mufrI a&m*g&tyifrsm;rSmpdrf; • a&m*g& pdkufcif;rS rsdK;aphudk
trsm; awGU&avh&Sd enf;yg;onf/ 0ga&mif&SdjyD;tyifonf toHk;rjyK&yg/
onf/ yHkrSefxuf&Snfonf/ • tdrfoHk;qm; (5)ydómudk
a&ajrobm0/ • ysdK;cif;wGif a&m*gjyif; a&(10)*gvHjzifh a&mpyfí
umv/ • ajrtpdk"mwfrsm;ygu xefygu ysdK;yifrsm;ao rsdK;aphudkpdrfyg/ a&oefYjzifh
• ysdK;axmifcsdefrS pwif a&m*g& tyifrsm; qHk;onf/ (3)MudrfcefY pifMu,fatmif
&ifhrSnfhcsdeftxd a&m onf &SnfxGufvmjyD; • a&m*g& ysdK;yifrsm;udk aq;jyD;pkdufyg/
*gusa&mufEdkifonf/ ajcmufaoGYyguykvm pdkufcif;odkY ajymif;a&TU • a&m*g&tyifESifhaygif;jruf
onf/ pdkufysdK;jyD;aomtcgwGif wdkYudk okwfoif&Sif;vif;yg/
• ykvJ "mwfajrMoZm vnf; &SifoefrIr&Sdyg/ • ykvJajrMoZm(Edkufx&dk*sif)
(Edkufx&dk*sif) eIef; • a&m*g& tyifrsm;onf eIef;xm;udk avsmhoHk;yg/
xm;rsm;ygu a&m*g yifyGm;enf;onf/atmuf • pufzGJjym^ydkwufajrMoZm
wdk;wufrIudktm;ay; ajct&Gufrsm;rSpíwpf wdkYudk wwfEdkiforQxnhfyg/
onf/ &GufjyD;wpf&Guf ajcmuf
aoGYjyD; &ufowåywf "mwkaA'enf;/
tenf;i,ftwGif; ao • [dkrdkif; (80)'AvQLyD aq;
qHk;oGm;onf/ (5)*&rfudk rsdK;aph(5)uDvdk
• tESHrsm; ay:wGif pyg; *&rfESifh vl;e,fpdkufysdK;yg/
aph rjzpfay:yg/ a&m*g
&pyg;aphrsm;wGif tpGef;
uGufrsm; jzpfay: ae
onf/
a&m*goHo&m/
• rsdK;aphwGif a&m*gyg&Sdyg
u tyifaygufjyD; (3)
&uftwGif;a&m*g vu©
Pmudk awGY&onf/
• ajrtwGif;ESifh tjcm;
vufcHyif ay:wGif cdk
atmif;jyD; a&m*gul;
pufEdkifonf/
• avrSvnf; ul;pufEdkif
onf/

22
 pyg;bufwD;&D;,m; yifajcykwfa&m*g
(Bacterial Foot rot)

a&m*gjzpfaMumif;ouf&Sd - (Erwinia chrysanthemi)

yifajcykyfa&m*g
(91) a&m*gvu©Pm/

23
 pyg;bufwD;&D;,m; yifajcykwfa&m*g/

usa&mufwwfonfh usa&mufEdkifonfh a&m*gvu©PmESifh

umuG,fESdrfeif;enf;
a'o^umv tajctae a&m*goHo&m
a'o/ a&ajrobm0/ a&m*gvu©Pm/ pdkufysdK;enf;pepfjzifh
• a&oGif;a&xkwfcufcJ • pyg;cif;wGifa&vTrf; • a&m*gonf t&GufESifh umuG,fjcif;/
aoma'orsm;/ cH&ygu tcsdefra&G; &GufzHk;qufpyf&m &Guf • pufzGJjym^ydkwufajrMoZm
• a&0yfí pdrfhpGJaom a&m*g usa&mufEdkif vQmrSpwif0ifa&muf wdkYudk wwfEdkiforQxnhfyg/
pyg;pkdufajrrsm;/ onf/ onf/ • a&m*g usa&mufzl;aom
• a&oGif;a&xkwfcuf • &GufzHk;rSm ndKrnf;jyD; pdkufcif;wGif (1){uvQif
umv/ cJjyD; prf;aygufygu ykyfoGm;onf/ &Gufjym; *spfyqef(6)ydómodkYr[kwf
• yifyGm;trsm;qHk;xGuf a&m*gusa&mufEdkif rSm t0ga&mif orf;í razmufxHk;(15- 20)ydóm
csdef/ onf/ aooGm;jyD; idkufusvm xnfhyg/
onf/ • a&m*g usa&mufaeaom
• tqpfrsm;? tlwdkifrsm;? pdkufcif;rSwpfqifh a&oGif;
yifpnftajcydkif;rsm;ESifh jcif;rjyK&/
tjrpfrsm;txd a&m*g • a&m*g usa&mufaeaom
jyefYyGm;vmjyD; ykyfaqG; aygif;jrufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;
oGm;onf/a&m*g&tqpf okwfoifyg/
ESifh tjrpfrsm;rSmtrnf;
a&mif&Sdonf/
• tlwdkifudk t&Snfvdkuf
cGJMunfhygu ndKrnf;ykyf
aqG;jyD; teHUqdk;rsm;
xGufonf/
• a&m*g\ rlvvu©Pm
rSm t&Gufrsm;t0ga&mif
ajymif;jcif;? yifyGm;rsm;
tndK&ifha&mifajymif;jyD;
ykyfaqG;jcif;? &dk;wH rsm;
aysmhvmjyD;ykyfaqG;jcif;?
teHYqdk; xGufjcif;ESifh
,dkifvJjcif;jzpfonf/
a&m*goHo&m/
• qnfa&aomuf a'o
rsm;wGifoGif;a&rSt"du
ul;pufonf/

24
 pyg;,lz&ma&m*g (odkUr[kwf) pyg;avmifrD;a&m*g
(Ufra disease)
a&m*gjzpfaMumif;ouf&Sd - Ditylenchus angustus

pyg;,la&ma&m*g
(92) wDydk;pm;oHk;rIaMumifh tESHrsm; rxGufEdkifyHk?
(93) tapmydkif; a&m*gvu©Pm pdrf;0ga&mif tpufrsm;?
(94) a&m*gaMumifh t&Gufrsm; wGefUvdrfí xGufvmyHk/

25
 pyg;,lz&ma&m*g (odkUr[kwf) pyg;avmifrD;a&m*g/

usa&mufwwfonfh usa&mufEdkifonfh a&m*gvu©PmESifh

umuG,fESdrfeif;enf;
a'o^umv tajctae a&m*goHo&m
a'o/ &moDOwk/ a&m*gvu©Pm/ pdkufysdK;enf;pepfjzifh
• &efukefwdkif;/ • avxk pdkxdkif;qjrifh • aumufpdkufjyD; (6)ywf umuG,fjcif;/
• {&m0wDwdkif;/ rm;jyD; rdk;a&csdefjrifh cefYwGif &Gufjym;ESifh&Guf • a&m*gusa&mufcJhaom pdkuf
• rGefjynfe,f/ rm;jcif;/ zHk;xdpyfaom ae&mü cif;rS yif<uiG f;yifusefESifh
tjzLa&miftpuf?tpif; aygif;jruftm;vHk; rD;&SdKU
umv/ a&ajrobm0/ ESifh tuGufrsm;udk awGU zsufqD;yg/
• ZlvdkifvrS Edk0ifbmv • urf;&dk;wef;a'orsm; &onf/4if;aemuftndK • a&m*g usa&mufaom pdkuf
txd/ (rdk;pyg;) • a&csdK?a&iefpyfaom a&mifodkY ajymif;oGm; cif;wGif oD;vSnhfpepf pdkuf
• ysdK;axmifcsdefrSpwif v,fajrrsm;/ onf/ ysdK;yg/
í tESHxGufjyD; &ifh • oJqefaomv,fajr • 'kwd,tqifh taejzifh • a&m*g& pdkufcif;rS a&udk
rSnfhcsdeftxd a&m*g rsm;/ t&Gufrsm;wGefYvdrfjcif;? &,l toHk;rjyK&yg/
usa&mufEdkifonf/ • tvSnhfusvufcHyif &GufzHk;rsm;yHkrrSefjcif;?yif • pufzGJjym^ydkwufajrMoZm
rsm;ESifh aygif;jruf ajctqpfrsm;azmif;um; wdkYudk wwfEdkiforQoGif;yg/
rsm;aMumifha&m*gydkrdk jc if;? yHkr rSe fa omyifyGm;
jzpfapEdkifonf/ rsm;xGufjcif;udk awGY& "mwkaA'enf;/
• pyg;udktanSmuf
onf/ • a&m*g usa&mufcJhaom
azgufí pdkufysdK;jcif;? • wwd,tqifhtaejzifh pdkufcif;wGif wpf{uvQif
ysdK;cif;wGifrsdK;aphEIef; tESHrsm;ao;i,fjyD;wGefY 'dkif,mZDEGef(10)*sD aq;cJ
ydkrdkoHk;pGJjcif;wdkYonf vdrfaumufauG;jcif;? (10)aygifEIef;jzifh ajrcHt
vnf;a&m*gusa&muf taphratmifjcif;? wpf jzpf xnhfay;jcif;jzifh xd
rIudk ydkrkdqdk;&Gm;ap cgwpf&HtESHwpfvpfjzpf a&mufpGmumuG,fEdkifonf/
onf/ jc if;rsm ;j zpf jy D; a&m*g
jyif;xefygu pdkufcif;
wpfckvHk;rD;avmifuRrf;
ouJhodkY ajcufaoGUoGm;
onf/
a&m*goHo&m/
• a&m*g jzpfapaom eDr
wkwfonf yif<uif;yif
usefrsm;? vufcHyifrsm;?
a&m*g uscJhaom ysdK;cif;?
pkdufcif;rsm;? oGif;a&ESifh
xGefx,f ud&d,mrsm;rS
wpfqifh wpf&moDrSwpf
&moD? wpfae&mrSwpfae
&m ul;puf jyefYyGm;avh&Sd
onf/

26
 pyg;&Gufzsm;jzLa&m*g
(White tip Disease)

a&m*gjzpfaMumif;ouf&Sd - Aphelenchoides besseyi

pyg;&Gufzsm;jzLa&m*g
(95) ysdK;cif;tqifhwGif awGU&aom a&m*gvu©Pm?
(96) tESHxGufcsdefwGif awGU&aom a&m*gvu©Pm?
(97) tESHxGufcsdefwGif awGU&aom a&m*gvu©Pm/

27
 pyg;&Gufzsm;jzLa&m*g/

usa&mufwwfonfh usa&mufEdkifonfh a&m*gvu©PmESifh

umuG,fESdrfeif;enf;
a'o^umv tajctae a&m*goHo&m
a'o/ &moDOwk/ a&m*gvu©Pm/ pdkufysdK;enf;pepfjzifh
• rEåav;wdkif;/ • avxkpdkxdkif;q (70) • rsdK;aphaqmif eDrwkwf umuG,fjcif;/
• {&m0wDwdkif;twGif;&Sd &mcdkifEIef;&Sdygu ydkrdk a&m*gjzpfonf/ • &dk;jzwf? aumuf&dk;ESifh aygif;
awmif,m pyg;pdkuf usa&muf zsufqD;Edkif • eDrwkwfygaom rsdK;aph jrufwdkYudk pyg;rpdkufrD rD;&SdKY
a'o/qnfa&aomuf onf/ udk pdkufaomtcg t zsufqD;yg/
a'oESifh a&eufuGif; opfxGufvmaom pyg; • a&m*guif;aom pdkufcif;rS
a'o rsm;/ &Gufxdyfzsm;rsm;ü (2) rsdK;udk toHk;jyKyg/
vufrcefY jzLvmjyD; • tdrfoHk;qm; (5)ydómudk
umv/ aemufqHk;üvdrfaumuf a&(10)*gvefjzifh a&mpyfjyD;
• ZGefvrS Edk0ifbmv íajcmufaoGYoGm;onf/ rsdK;aphudk (48)em&D pdrfyg/
txd/ (rdk;pyg;) ,if; vu©Pmudk pdkuf a&oefYjzifh (3)MudrfcefY pif
jyD; (2-3)vtMumwGif Mu,fpGm aq;aMumjyD; pdkuf
• 'DZifbmvrS {jyDv awGY&onf/ ysdK;yg/ a&m*gjzpfrIudk (40)
txd/(aEGpyg;) • a&m*g jyif;xefygu &mcdkifeIef;cefY avsmhenf;ap
tvH &Gufonf vdrf Edkifonf/
• ysdK;axmifcsdefrSpwif aumufaejyD; tESHrsm; • rsdK;anSmufrazmufbJ wdkuf
í tESHxGufjyD; &ifh wpfvpfjzpf aeonf/ &dkufcspdkufysdK;yg/
rSnfhcsdeftxd(rdk;pyg;^ xG u f v myguvnf ; tES H
aEGpyg;tm;vHk;/) apGYonf/ taphtqef "mwkaA'enf;/
rwnfyg/ • 'dkif,mZDEGef (40 %) tD;pD
aq;&nfxrif;pm;ZGef; (10)
a&m*goHo&m/ ZGef;udk a&(10)*gvef jzifh
• eDrwkwfonf pyg;cGHESifh vnf;aumif;? yg'ef (50)
tqefMum;wGifacGvsuf tufpyD aq;rIefY (1)aygif
aexdkifjyD;aemufwpf&m vQifa&(10)*gvefjzifhvnf;
oDwGifpdkufysdK;aomtcg aumif; a&mpyfí rsdK;aphudk
qufvufwdkufcdkufzsuf (24)em&D a&pdrfjyD; pdkufysdK;
qD;onf/ jcif;/
• tvSnfhus vufcHyif
rsm;wGif cdkatmif;aejyD;
aemuf wpf&moDwGif
qufvuf wdkufcdkuf
onf/þenf;jzifhwpf&m
oDrSwpf&moDa'owpf
ckrSwpfckokdY ul;pufysYHESHU
oGm; onf/

28
 pyg;jrpfzka&m*g
(Rice Root Knot Disease)

a&m*gjzpfaMumif;ouf&Sd - Meloidogyne incognita (M. javanica, M. graminicola, M. oryzae)

pyg;jrpfzka&m*g
(98) pdkufcif;wGif awGU&aom a&m*gvu©Pm?
(99) a&m*gaMumifh pyg;yif tuGufvdkufykaeyHk/

29
 pyg;jrpfzka&m*g/

usa&mufwwfonfh usa&mufEdkifonfh a&m*gvu©PmESifh

umuG,fESdrfeif;enf;
a'o^umv tajctae a&m*goHo&m
a'o/ &moDOwk/ a&m*gvu©Pm/ pdkufysdK;enf;pepfjzifh
• {&m0wDwdkif;/ • aEGpyg;pdkufysdK;&moD/ • pyg;yiftjrpfrsm;onf umuG,fjcif;/
• awmif,mpyg;pdkufysdK; a,mifaejcif;?zkaejcif;? • pyg;&dwfodrf;jyD;csdefü&dk;jzwf
&ma'orsm;/ a&ajrobm0/ txHk;rsm;jzpfaejcif;udk rsm;? tjrpfrsm;udk rD;&SdKUyg/
• a&m*g usa&mufcJh awGYEdkifonf/ • jrpfzkeDrwkwfrsdK;pdwf(1)ckrS
umv/ aom v,fuGufrsm; • usa&mufaomeDrwkwf ty usefrsdK;pdwfrsm;onf
• Edk0ifbmvrS rwfv wGif qufvufpdkuf trsdK;tpm;udk vdkufí a&0yf'PfudkrcHEdkifyg/ xdkY
txd/ ysdK;jcif;/ t&Gufrsm;0gjcif;?yifyGm; aMumifh a&m*g&pyg;cif;wGif
(aEGpyg;pdkufysdK;&moD/) • pyg;cif;ü a&jywf txGufenf;jcif;? t&yf a&rjywfoGif;xm;yg/
jcif;/ ykjcif;ESifh ratmifjrif • pufzGJjym^ ydkwuf"mwfajr
• a&m*gusa&mufaom aom tESHrsm;xGufjcif; MoZmudk wwfEdkiforQ xnfh
pyg;cif;rSwpfqifh a& rsm;udk tuGufvdkuf yg/
wifoGif;jcif;/ xif&Sm;pGm awGYjrifEdkif • eDrwkwfqdk;&Gm;pGm usa&muf
onf/ aom pdkufcif;rsm;wGif
a&m*goHo&m/ oD;vSnfh pdkufyg/
• a&m*g jzpfapaom eDr
wkwfonf pyg;yif\ "mwkaA'enf;/
tjrpftwGif;ESifh ajrxJ • 'dkif,mZDEGef(10)*sD(10)uDvdk
wGif MuD;xGm;yGm;rsm;jyD; *&rf^{ueIef; odkYr[kwf
ajrMuD;rS wqifhaomf jzL&m'ef (5)*sD (10)uDvdk
vnf;aumif;? tjrpf *&rf^{ueIef;udkajrcHtjzpf
t<uGif;tusefrsm;rS w xnfhoGif;yg/
qifhaomf vnf;aumif;
wpf&moDrS wpf&moD
ul;pufysHUyGm;onf/

30
 usrf;udk;tnTef;/(References)

- oD;ESHumuG,fa&;XmecGJ?jrefrmhpdkfufysdK;a&;vkyfief;? v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;ESifhqnfajrmif;0efMuD;Xme?pyg;oD;ESH
wGif usa&mufwwfaom ydk;rTm;a&m*gESifh umuG,fESdrfeif;enf;rsm;/

- oD;ESHumuG,fa&;XmecGJ? jrefrmhpdkfufysdK;a&;vkyfief;? v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;ESifhqnfajrmif;0efMuD;Xme? yef;wdkif

txGufEIef;&&Sda&;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdaom t"duoD;ESH(8)rsdK;wGif usa&mufwwfonfh ydk;rTm;a&m*grsm;/

- International Rice Research Institute, Field Problems of Tropical Rice, Revised Edition.

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32