ME 6201: Applied Elasticity and Plasticity

STRESS FUNCTION
Cartesian coordinates-Applications

Prof. S.K.Sahoo
Summary: Solutions to Plane Problems in Cartesian Coordinates
Biharmonic Governing Equation

Plane Stress Plane Strain

 4  (1  ) 2  0 1  2 2

4
 0
1 

If there is no body force,

Airy Representation for stresses
 4  4  4 4
 2    0  2  2  2
x 4 2
x y 2
y 4
 xx  2 ,  yy  2 ,  xy  
y x xy

Boundary Conditions
y
S X  l xx  m yx
R
Y  l xy  m yy
X  f x ( x, y ) , Y  f y ( x, y )
x
Example 1: Bending of a simple supported narrow beam by a
distributed loading.
P per unit length
1 W
h/2
h/2
O +X
h/2 h/2

S S
L/2 L/2
W/2
+Y
Distribution of  yy

Height = h, loading P per unit length.

Boundary conditions are:

 h
 yy   xy  0 at y  …(1)
2
h
 yy   P,  xy  0 at y   …(2)
2
L
At x
2
h
2
PL
h
  xy dy  S  
2 ……… (3)
2
h
2
…….... (4)

h
 x dy  Fx  0 W=1
2
z
h
2 y ……….(5)
dy
 y
h
x dy  M z  0
y σxx
2
 It would seem logical to assume that one boundary condition
would be   0 at the ends of the beam.
x
This will later be proved not to be true. However, the net end
load, given equation (4) will be zero.

A considerable more complex equation would have been taken

to exactly satisfy the condition that  x  0 at x   L
2
Reactions
h
at both ends are shear force at both ends, that is,
2


h
xy dy
with bending moments zero at these sections.
a) 2The bending moment & consequently  xx increase with
increase in both positive & negative value of x. So we can
assume that  should contain even functions of x.
b)  yy must go form a maximum of  P at y   h 2 , to zero at ,

yh
2 so  should contain odd function of y.
Let assume fifth order equation that satisfy the above
requirements,
  ax 2  ex 2 y  gy 3  hx 4  qx 4 y  rx 2 y 3  ty 5
…………. (6)
This should satisfy    24h  24qy  24ry  120ty  0
4

 24h  y (24q  24r  120 y )  0

It can be zero for all value of x & y, only when,
h=0 & 24q+24r+120t=0 …………. (7)
 2  2  2
We have,  xx  2 ,  yy  2 ,  xy 
y x xy
With h=0  xx  6 gy  6rx 2 y  20ty 3
 xy  2ex  4qx 3  6rxy 2 ………….. (8)

 yy  2a  2ey  12qx 2 y  2ry 3

σyy cannot be a function of x; therefore q=0, &

from equation (7) r=-5t
 xx  6 gy  20 y 3  30 x 2 y t
So equation (8) becomes;
 xy  2ex  30txy
2

 yy  2a  2ey  10ty 3
From boundary conditions (1) & (2)
1 3 P 1 P 
a P e   t  3
4 4 h  5h 
These values are also identically satisfying equations (3) & (4).
P
From equation (5), g 
240 I
 2
5 L  2h 2
 I
h 3

Where 12
Moment of inertia of the beam of unit thickness and height h.

Now our final stress equation then becomes,

P 2 P
 xx 
8I
 
2
L  4x y  
60 I

20 y 3  3h 2 y
P
 yy  
24 I

h 3  3h 2 y  4 y 3 ……………….(9)
P
 xy 
8I
 
4y2  h2 x
 P
The first term of σxx , i.e. 8I L2  4 x 2 y is the usual strength of
material solution for the bending stress in a simple supported
beam subjected to a uniformly distributed load as obtained from
M y
the equation .  xx  P
Second term of σxx i.e.
I
60 I
20 y 3
 3h 2
y  is a correction term
which comes from a consideration of the σyy stress acting on
the surface y=-h/2 and from the fact that the compatibility
equation have been satisfied for the conditions considered. This
correction is independent of x and is small in comparison with
L
maximum bending stress provided 2
 h . For such beams
the elementary theory of bending gives a sufficiently accurate
value for σxx .
It must be remembered that the stress distribution at the support
point (x= ±L/2) must agree with that given by the equation (9).
But we can prove (Saint Venant principle) that departure from a
specific load distribution at the support points will affect only the
stress near the support and stress distribution throughout the
rest of the beam will be unaffected.
Additional terms in  (equation 6) can be added to get a closer
approximation to the stress distribution at the support if
desirable.
It should be noted that the expression σxx is an exact
solution only if at the ends (x= ±L/2) the normal forces are
distributed according to the law, P
X 
60 I
3
20 y 2
 3h y 
That is, if the normal force at the ends are same as σxx for x=
±L/2 from the obtained equation. These forces have zero
resultant force & zero resultant couple.
The discrepancy between the exact solutions of & the
approximate solution of σxx given by the first term of due to
assumption that the longitudinal fibers of the beam are in a
condition of simple tension, But our solution for σyy indicate that
there is compressive stress between the fibers. These stresses
are responsible for the correction represented in σxx . The
distribution of over depth are shown in fig. the distribution of
shear stress matches that obtained by simple beam theory.
Displacement Equations:
Knowing the complete stress distribution as in equation (9),
we can determine the displacements of the beam by means
of stress-strain relationships.
 w
 xx 
1
 xx  yy   u  zz    xx   yy  
 x  z ….(10)
 xy v u
1 v
 yy   yy  xx    xy  2 xy 
G
 
x y
 y

From equations (9), equations (10) become

E u
   
 15 L2  4 x 2 y  2 20 y 3  3h 2 y  5 h 3  3h 2 y  4 y 3  ..(11)
A x
E v
   
  5 h 3  3h 2 y  4 y 3  15 L2  4 x 2 y  2 20 y 3  3h 2 y   … (12)
A y

G  v u  … (13)

    15 4 y 2  h 2 x
A  x y 

P
Where A
120 I
 Integrating equation (11), we have
E
A

u  15 L 2 xy  20 yx 3  40 y 3 x  6 h 2 xy  5 h 3 x  3 h 2 yx  4 y 3 x  f 1  y   …(14)
Where f1(y) is a function of y only. Integrating equation (12), we
have E ... (15)
A

v  5h3 y  7.5h2 y2  5 y4  7.5L2 y2  30x2 y2 10y4  3h2 y2  f2 x 
Where, f2(x) is a function of x only.
Substituting equation (14) & (15) on equation (13), we have
1  f 2  x  f1  y  

21   
 
60 xy 2
 x
 15 L2
 x   20 x 3
120 y 2
x  6 h 2
x  512 y 2
x  3h 2

x 
y   
 15 4 y 2  h 2 x

.. (16)
Expanding & separating variables gives the following two
equations in x and y :
f1  y  df1  y 
  K1 ... (17)
y dy
f 2 x  df 2 x 
  20 x 3  15L2 x  24h 2 x  15h 2x  K 2
x dx
K1  K 2  0
Where
 K1   K 2
Equations (17) become, upon integrating,
f1  y   K1 y  
f 2  x   5 x 4  7.5 L2 x 2  12h 2 x 2  7.5h 2 x 2  K1 x  
And the displacement equations are then equal to
E
A
 
u  15 L2 xy  20hx 3 y  40 y 3 x  6h 2 xy  5 h 3 x  3h 2 yx  4 y 3 x  K1 y  . (18)
E
and A
v  5 x 4  7.5L2 x 2  12h 2 x 2  5h 3 y  7.5h 2 y 2  5 y 4 . (19)
 
 7.5L2 y 2  30 x 2 y 2  10 y 4  3h 2 y 2  7.5h 2 x 2  K1 x  
Where  ,  & K1 are coefficients to be determined by the
boundary conditions, may be given as
u=0 at x=0 & y=0
v
 0 at x=0 & y=0 , due to symmetry.
x
v= + at x=0 & y=0.
From these boundary conditions E
, we can find that
K1=-K2=0  =0 and  
A
The deflection curve of the beam is given by the value of v along
A
the line y=0 or v y 0  5 x 4  7.5 L2 x 2  12h 2 x 2  7.5h 2 vx 2   
E . (20)
If it is assumed that Centre-line deflection is zero at the point of
support, i.e., that vy=0 =0 at (x= ±L/2)
Then 5 PL4  12 h 2  4  …..  (21)
  1 2 
 
5 PL4 384 EI  5 L  5 2 
The first term 384 EI correspond to maximum deflection as
calculated from the simple beam theory;
1 PL4 h 2  4 v 
The second term 32 EI L2  5  2  is a correction
 
term which arises from taking into account the distribution of σyy
in the Y-direction. Since it has an appreciable value only for
beams that are very short and deep, i.e., where the value of h
approaches length of beam, that are very short & heavily loaded
& deformation is preliminarily due to shear.
Writing equation (21) as    0   
, where * is the correction
term, 0 is the maximum deflection as per simple beam theory
Ph 3 x Px u
u y 0   v 
Indicate u is not zero at y=0 . x x , so strain

24 EI 2e
P
along the Centre-line of the beam is equal to x 
2E

y 0
Pure bending of prismatic bar
2B

z
y
dy
y σxx

Length of bar = L , Width = 2B , Depth = 2C

Subjected to pure couple Mz along its length. It is of plane-stress
problem.  zz   xz   yz  0
Boundary conditions are:
a) at y =±c σyy =0
b) at y =±c σxy =0
c
c) 2 B  ydy = bending moment = constant
C xx
Let choose a third order stress function:   ax 3
 bx 2
y  exy 2
 dy 3
2
  2
 2bx  2ey      2ex  6dy
2
   0 ,  yy
4
 2  6ax  2by  xy  
x xy xx
y 2
Putting boundary conditions; σyy =0 at y =±c for all values of x
or 6ax±2by=0 or 6ax±2bc=0
This is possible when a=b=0
σxy =0 at y =±c for all values of x
=> -2bx-2ey=0 or 2bx±2ec=0 at for all values of x
b=0 => e=0 This indicates σxx = 6dy
Constant “d” can be found out with the help of 3rd B.C.
c
c c c
y 
3

M z  2 B   xx ydy 2 B  6d y. ydy 12 B  dy dy 2

 12 Bd    8 Bdc 3
C C C  3  c
Mz Mz Mz 4 3
d   d  Iz 
3
Bc  Moment area
8 Bc 3  4 Bc 3  6I z
 6
 3 
Mz
Which give,  xx  y
Iz
 yy  0
 xy  0
Which is same as that obtained from simple bending theory.
 Displacement
u  xx M z y
 xx    y ….. (a)
x E IE R
v M y
 yy    z y   ….. (b) .. (1)
y IE R
w M y
 zz    z y   ….. (c)
z IE R
u v v w w u
 xy  
y x
 0,  yz  
z y
 0,  zx  
x z
0 …….. (d)
EI
Where R  = Radius of the curve.
Mz
Integrating equations (a), (b) & (c), we get;
xy …. (a) y 2
u  f1  y, z  v    f 2  x, z 
R 2R …. (b) … (2)
yz
w    f  x, y 
3
…. (c)
R
u x f 1  y, z  v f 2 x, z 
  
From this, y R y x x
Substituting in equation 1(d), i.e., u v
 xy   0
y x

We have, x f 1  y, z  f 2  x, z 
  0
R y x
Separating the variables & equations each group to zero separately,
we get; x f x, z  f  y , z 
 2
0 1
0
R x y

Integrating, x2
f 2  x, z     f 4 z  f1  y, z   f 5 z 
2R
Substituting in u, v & w we have;
xy y2 x2
u  f 5 z  v     f 4 z 
R 2R 2R
Similarly, using v w
 0
z y

f 4  z   z f 3  x, y 
We can get   0
z R y
Separating the variables & equations each group to zero separately,
we have f z   z  z 2
 f 4 z   m
4
R 2R
f 3 x,  y 
and 0  f 3  x, y   f 6  x 
y
Substituting these in displacement expressions, we have
 z2
x2  z 2  yz
v   m w  f 6 x 
2R 2R 2R R
w v
Similarly using expression; 
x z
 0   xz

f 6 x  f 5 z  f 6 x  f 5 z 
 0 0  f 6 x   n  0  f 5 z   p
x z x z

So we have, u
xy
p
R
y 2 x 2 z 2
v     m
2R 2R 2R

yz
w n
R
Constant m, n, & p may be determined by the boundary condition
u  v  w  0 at x  y  z  0 This will give m  n  p  0
So we have xy  yz
u
R
v
2R

1 2
x   y 2  z 2  w
R

So deflection curve for the axis of the beam may be obtained by putting
yz0 x2 M z x2
v 
2R 2 EI
This expression is same as that obtained from simple bending theory.
1) Let find deformation of sides at x = a
ay
Then x  au  a
R
It implies, it does not depend on z,

so plane section remain plane, as assumed in simple bending theory.

 yb   y
2) At z  b z  B  w  B    B 1  
R  R 
It indicates that vertical axis rotated.
3) At y   c a2  c2  z 2
y  c  v  c   
2R 2R 2R
 c 
1 2
2R
 
a  c 2  z 2 
This deformation surface y  c z  b will be as shown

In this case the curvature of the longitudinal axis is concave upward &
the Z-axis is deformed with convexity upward. This effect is called
antielastic curvature. This antielastic curvature is small for beams with
depth comparable to width. From the above analysis it is clear that for
simple loading the deformation pattern need not be simple.
Bending of a narrow cantilever beam under an end load
1 σ σyy σyx
xy
c X+
2c σxx
c
P σyy
Y+ L
The cantilever has a narrow cross section assumed of unit width.
Load at end is “P”. The upper edge and lower edge are free from
load. Shearing forces having resultant P is distributed along the end
at x=0. The boundary conditions are:
a) σyy = 0 at y =±c for all values of x
b) σxy = 0 at y =±c for all values of x
c

c)    xy dy  P at x=0 [stress σxy on the end x=0

c
c is positive if it is upward]
d) 
c
xx
c
ydy  M  0 at x=0
e) 
c
xx dy  0 at x=0
Since σxy = 0 for y =±c , the stress function must be higher order
than the third degree. Let try for fourth order equation.

  ax 4  bx3 y  dx 2 y 2  exy3  fy 4  gx3  hx 2 y  ixy 2  jy 3  kx 2  mxy  ny 2

Applying compatibility condition  4  0
1
24a  8d  24 f  0  3a  d  3 f  0  f   d  3a 
3
 2
We have,  yy  2  12ax 2 6bxy  2dy 2 6 gx  2hy  2k  0
x
1 for all value of x
ab g 0 & f  d
3
2dc 2  2hc  2k  0
at y =±c
2dc 2  2hc  2k  0
2 2
 h  0 & 2k  2dc  k  dc

So, yy  2 dy 2
 2 dc 2
 2 d  y 2
 c 2
   yy  2 d  y 2
 c 2

1 4
   dx y  exy  dy  ixy 2  jy 3  dc 2 x 2  mxy  ny 2
2 2 3

3
  2
 xy   4dxy  3ey 2 2iy  m σxy = 0 at y =±c for all value of x
xy

d 0 so that f 0 & k 0
, and at y =±c
 3ec 2  2ic  m  0
i 0 & e   1 m2
 3ec 2  2ic  m  0 3c
So,   exy  jy  mxy  ny
3 3 2  2
 xx  2  6exy  6 jy  2n
y
c

We have 
c
xx dy  0 or 3exy 2  3 jy 2 2ny 
c
c 0  4nc  0 n0
c

We also have, M    xx ydy

c c
c
 y3  2c 3
  6exy  6 jy  2n ydy  6ex  6 j    6ex  6 j   I z 6ex  6 j 
c  3  c 3
= 0 at x=0  j0 I z  23 c 3 =Area moment
We have
c
 2 y2
P     xy dy  xy 2
  3ey  m  m 2  m
c
xy c
1m
as d=i=0 e 2
3c
3P
So on integration, P  4 mc Gives, m 
3 4c
Now we have final expression for stresses:
3 P P  yy  0
 xx   xy   xy
2c 2
Iz
3 P 2 P 2
 xy  
4 c3
c  y 2
 2I z
c  y 2
 
So if the end load P is distributes parabolically over the end section of
the cantilever as required  xy   P c 2  y 2 
 2I z 
then the expression for stress are same as that obtained by simple
bending theory. [Subject to assumptions of 4th order equations of
stress function].
 Determination of strain distribution
u  xx 3 P 1 P v   P
 xx    xy   xy  yy    xx  xy
x E 2 c2 E EI z y E E Iz
 xy 
u v  xy
  
1   P c 2  y 2 
y x G E Iz

Integrating; P 2 P
u x y  f1  y   xy 2  f1 x 
2 EI z 2 EI z
Differentiating & putting in xy expression
P 2 f1  y  P 2 f1 x  1   P 2 1   Pc 2 1   Py 2

2 EI z
x 
y

2 EI z
y 
x

EI z
c y 2
  EI z

EI z
Let this constant be equal to A+B. where A is This is the only constant term
associates with x terms & B with y terms.
P 2 f1 x  P 2 1   P 2 f1  y 
 x  A0 and y  y  B0
2 EI z x 2 EI z EI z y
Integrating, we get Px 3
f1 x    Ax  f 2  y 
6 EI z

f1  y  
2   Px 3
 By  f 2  x 
6 EI z
Putting the value of f1(x) & f2(y) in u and v;
Px 2 y 2   Py 3 Pxy 2
Px 3
u   By  f 2 x  v   Ax  f 2  y 
2 EI z 6 EI z 2 EI z 6 EI z
Putting the boundary conditions, x  L & y0 uv0
PL3
Giving f 2 x   0 f 2 y    AL
6 EI z
The other boundary conditions depend on mode of fixing of the beam.
Case (a) Axis of the beam is horizontal at X=L i.e. at x=L & Y=0, V  0
X
V P 2 Px 2
 y  A
X 2 EI z 2 EI z
PL2 PL2
Putting b.c.  A  0  A  
2 EI z 2 EI z
A B  
1  2
Pc  B  
1    2 PL2
Pc 
EI z EI z 2 EI z
PL3 PL3 PL3 PL3
f2 y     AL    
6 EI z 6 EI z 2 EI 2 3EI z
On substitution px 2 y 2    3  1    2 PL2 
u  py   pc   y
we have, 2 EI z ÊI z  EI z 2 EI z 
P 2 px 3 PL2 x PL3
v xy   
2 EI z 6 EI z 2 EI z 3 EI z
PL3
For the deflection of the central axis y=0 at x=0, i.e., v x 0 
y 0 3EI z

This agrees with the result given by simple theory of bending.

To illustrate the distortion of cross sections produced by
shearing stresses let us consider the displacement u at x=L.
PL2 y 2    3 1    2 PL2 y
u xL   py  pc y 
2 EI z 6 EI z EI z 2 EI z


2    py 3  1    pc 2 y
6 EI z EI z

In simple theory of bending it was assumed that planes remain plain.

But above equation indicates that the displacement is not a linear
function of y. the reason for this is the distortion due to shear stress
which was not considered in simple theory of bending.
 u  Py 2 Py 2 Pc 2
      E
 y  x  L 2 EI z 2 EI z 2GI z G
21   
 u 
  
1   Pc 2

Pc 2

3 P
2 3
 y  x L , y 0 EI z 2 I zG 4 cG I z  bc
3
 u 
 v     0
 0  y  3 P
 x  X
4 cG
X

3 P
(a) (b) 3P 3P
4 cG
 u 
   xy y 0
 
 3 c2  y2
4cG 4c

Negative(-ve) sign of  y  x  L , y 0
indicates the rotation of the vertical section in clockwise direction. The
shape of the cross section after distortion is as shown in the figure (a).
3P
Owing to shear stress  xy   at the point A, an element of the
cross section at A rotates in the4cxy-plane about the point A through an
angle 3 P in the clockwise direction.
4 cG
Case (b)
Vertical section of the beam is fixed at x=L, y=0
 u 
So in this case   0
 y  x  L , y 0
u Px 2 2   Py 2
  B
y 2 EI z 2 EI z
PL 2 1   Pc 2
A
1   Pc 2

PL2
Putting b.c.; B A  B   EI z 2 EI z
2 EI z EI z

V y 0 
Px 3

PL2
x
1  Pc 2
x
PL3

PL3 1  Pc 2 L

6 EI z 2 EI z EI z 6 EI z 2 EI z EI z


Px 3

PL2
x
1  Pc 2
L  x   PL3
6 EI z 2 EI z EI z 3EI z
E
V x, y 0  1   Pc
2 3
PL PL3
3 PL G
   21  
EI z 3EI z 3EI z 4 cG
3 PL
The extra term 4 cG is the deflection due to shear. Iz 
2 3
bc
3
 v 

1   Pc 2 3 P

 
 x  y 0, x  L EI z 4 cG
The distortion of the cross-section is given by
Px 2 2   Py 3 PL2 P L2  x 2  2   Py 3
u y  y 
6 EI z 6 EI z 2 EI z 2 EI z 6 EI z

u xL 
2   Py 3
6 EI z
This is the distribution caused by the shear stress across the section.
In practice the fixing condition is neither (a) or (b) but depends on
the degree of constraints which exists at the fixing. The fixed end
section is usually not free to distort & the distribution of forces at
this end is different from that given by the stress equation derived.
But according to St. Venant’s principle the deformation pattern given
by both situations exists for all sections which are away by a length
more than the depth of the beam. At this distance it is assumed that
the end disturbance die out. The above conditions of fixing are
difficult to achieve in practice one therefore above treatment gives
the technique of exact analysis only.
Example
Bending of a cantilever beam
(height: 2c ; thickness: 1)
caused by a concentrated
force P at the end.
Let ,   Axy 3