Evolution of the Interdisciplinary Characteristics
of Information and Library Science
Rong Tang
School of Library and Information Science, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064.
Email: tangr@cua.edu
An empirical investigation of citations to 150
publications in the field of Information and Library
Science (ILS) has enabled mapping of the
development of the interdisciplinaryscope of the
ILS field. The publications were drawn randomly
in six years between 1975 and 2000, with 25
articles each from the selected years. Network-
based graphical presentation of number of
extradisciplinary citations show that the field
attracts a significant wide spectrum of disciplines
in the domains of science, social science, and the
humanities, and that the kinds of disciplines
interested in the field vary by year. ANOVA result
based on the number of extradisciplineswas
significant and the linear contract between the
year group of 1975,1980,1985 and the year group
of 1990, 1995, 2000 was highly statistically
significant. Interdisciplinary diversity was further
examined through measures of Citations Outside
Category and Brillouin’s Index. Kruskal Wallis test
showed significant results, however, when the
two measures were considered independently,
only the contrast of the year of 1990 to the prior
three years was significant.
Introduction
The interdisciplinary characteristics of Information and
Library Science (ILS hereafter, used in this paper as
interchangeable to Library and Information Science) is a
long debated issue and the discussion has been often
embedded in the exploration of the disciplinary nature and
intellectual structure of Library Science or Information
Science itself (Bates, 1999; Saracevic, 1999). The
bibliometric analysis of ILS interdisciplinarity, on the other
hand, often reaches the conclusion that ILS is a relatively
insular field with limited impact on other disciplines
(Broadus, 1971; Peritz, 1981; Bracken & Tucker, 1989).
Such a conclusion, nevertheless, ought to be accurately
validated through a detailed inspection with chronological
mapping. This study attempts to outline the
interdisciplinary breadth of the ILS field through studying
citations to journal publications within the field. Moreover,
the development of the ILS interdisciplinarity is captured
through examining citations to randomly selected articles in
six selected years from 1975 to 2000. The diversity and
change in the number of extradisciplinary citations over
three decades is greatly impressive, and the evolutionary
2004 Proceedings of the 67th ASIS&TAnnual Meeting, vol. 41
trend gives a very good indication of directions of future
development of ILS.
Literature Review
Numerous papers have declared that information science
is an interdisciplinary, meta-field (Brook, 1980; Bates,
1999; Saracevic, 1999), however, as suggested by Karki
(1 996), there has not been very much empirical evidence
either to support or to refute the interdisciplinarity of
information science. On the other hand, studies by Broadus
(1971), Gatten (1991), and Bracken & Tucker (1989) found
that library science is much less interdisciplinary than other
social science disciplines. The self-citation rate for ILS was
found to be in the range of 74-80% (Peritz, 1981; Bracken
& Tucker, 1989). In 1999, Buttlar’s data show a lowered
rate of self-citation, that of 50%. Buttlar examined 61
dissertations in Library and Information Science and found
that roughly half of the time the citations are to the field
itself. On the other hand, disciplines such as Education and
Computer Science were highly cited. The author thus
concluded, “Library and information science is definitely
an interdisciplinary field and has close relationships with
the fields of education, computer science, healthlmedicine,
psychology, communications, and business, among others”
(Buttlar, 1999, p241).
Multiple measures of interdisciplinarity such as Citations
Outside Category (COC), Brillouin’s Index, and Pratt Index
have been proposed and used in the literature to
quantitatively assess the openness of an academic
discipline (Choi, 1988; Hurd, 1992; Steele & Stier, 2000;
Morillo, Bordons, & Gomez, 2001). Among them, Pratt
index measures the concentration and scattering of
documents (Pratt, 1977). The COC approach calculates the
percentage of total citations that are outside the cited
journal’s subject category. When the citing journal has a
subject category that is different from that of the cited
journal, the citing document is perceived as coming from
an area of study that is extradiscipline. Steele and Stier
(1999) argue that the COC approach does not provide a
complete and accurate account of citation data. Instead,
they suggest that Brillouin’s diversity index (Brillouin,
1956) better captures the richness and relative abundance
of observations. The Brillouin’s index (H) is expressed
through the following equation:
log N!- C(logn,)
H=
N
54
 Where N is the total number of observations, and niis the
number of observations in category i.
Despite rich theoretical grounding and empirical studies
on interdisciplinary nature of various subject matters, such
research work on ILS scholarship lacks substantial data that
map the evolution of interdisciplinary breadth of the field
as shown through journal citations. This paper is motivated
by the idea of gathering evidence to capture the
developmental path of ILS intellectual structure and to
further perform statistical tests on the change in
interdisciplinary configuration of the ILS field.
Research Questions
I . The study addresses the following three questions:
2. What is the interdisciplinary breadth of
Information and Library Science (ILS) manifested
through citations to the ILS journal publications?
3. What is the trend of development of ILS
interdisciplinarity manifested through six years in
four decades?
4. Are there any statistically significant differences
in terms of the frequencies of extradiscipline
citations among the years selected?
Methods
The basic data used in this study were collected through
searching three citation indexes produced by Institute for
Scientific Information. In the following sections, the
description of the research methodology is progressed
through research design and data analysis methods.
Research Design
The sample data of the study include citation counts to
the publications in the subject category of “Information
Science & Library Science.” Science Citation Index (dialog
files 434 and 34), Social Science Citation Index (dialog file
7), and Arts and Humanities Citation Index (dialog file
439) were searched, with the publications limited to journal
articles (1imitalVart) and years of publications being 1975,
1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000. Duplicates were
removed. For each year, 25 publications were randomly
selected and citation frequency and subject category
distribution of the citing documents were recorded. Overall,
data are citations to 150 ILS documents, 25 from each of
the six years. For each publication, the total number of
citations was noted, as was the total number of self-
citations and extradisciplinary citations. For
extradisciplinary citations, the actual distribution of subject
categories was recorded. An extradisciplinary citation is
defined as the citation coming from a discipline outside the
discipline of the cited document. In this study, any citation
that is published in a journal that do not belong to
“Information Science & Library Science” IS1 subject
category is considered to be an extradisciplinary citation.
2004 Proceedings of the 67th ASIS&T Annual Meeting, vol. 41
The exact searching sequence is as follows:
(1) Searching ILS journal article publications. For
example, in searching citations to 1975
publications, the commands are:
b 434, 34, 7,439; IimitalVart
S sc=”information science & library science”
andpy=1975
rd
(2) Capturing selected publications. Six sets of 25
random numbers were generated. Selected
publications were typed or displayed and basic
bibliographic information of each document was
captured through dialoglink “capture file” option.
(3) Searching citation information. With each selected
publication, citation information was collected
through searching the CR (Cited Reference) field.
For example, in searching journal article citations
to the article below:
BIOCHEMICAL JOURNALS
AUTHOR(S): LINE MB
JOURNAL: JOURNAL OF DOCUMENTATION, 1975 ,
V31, N1, P36-37
Following commands were issued:
B 434, 34, 7,439; limitall/art
S cr=line mb, 1975, v31, ?
At the time of searching (November 2003), the system
retrieved 27 citations, with 25 citing documents from the
ILS field itself, and 3 from others. Extradisciplines
included communication, multidisciplinary sciences, and
veterinary medicine. Note that one citing document had
two subject categories -- “communication” and
“information science & library science,” and thus the total
of self-citation and extradisciplinary citation exceeds 27.
The data set contained many cases for which the total
citation count is more than the simple addition of self-
citation and extradisciplinary citation because the fact that
many items belong to multiple subject categories. In cases
where there are subdisciplines of a general discipline, only
the top-level discipline name was recorded. For example,
the label “Computer Science” represents all instances of
“Computer Science, Theory & Methods,” “Computer
Science, Interdisciplinary Applications,” “Computer
Science, Artificial Intelligence,” among others.
Data Analysis
The independent variable for the study is the year of
publication, whereas dependent variables include various
computed counts, such as total number of citations, number
of self-citations, number of extradisciplinary citations, and
other counts such as binary counts of extradisciplines (i.e.,
55
 counted 1 if an extradiscipline cited a given ILS publication
regardless of frequency, 0 if no extradisciplinary citations
for the publication).
Descriptive data analysis was performed to report
extradisciplinary citation distributions and change in
interdisciplinary citation patterns. Correlation analysis of
various dependent variables was performed. One-way
ANOVA, with the contrast of two year-groups embedded,
was conducted to test differences in extradisciplinary
citations to ILS publications. Both COC and Brillouin’s
Index were used to test year-wide structural change.
Results of analyses are outlined in the following section.

Results
The presentation of results will progress from reports of
descriptive data, to social network-based graphical charting
of interdisciplinary configuration, then to inferential
statistical tests on the significance of change in the years
included. Statistical tests on measures of interdisciplinary
diversity, namely, COC and diversity index, are also
presented.
Publication and Citation Distributions
Figure 1 displays the total frequency of ILS publications
in the year of 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000.
While there appears an increment of 500 more publications
Figure 2: Total number of citations to 25 publications in
the same years
Table 1 contains raw counts of citations in categories of
total citations, self-citations, and extradisciplinary citations.
It is worth noting that the three years prior to 1990 are all
below 20 whereas in and after 1990 the counts are all above
20. The year of 1990 saw the highest ratio of
extradisciplines versus self-citations.
Table 1. Raw Frequency of Citation Distributions
~~ ~ ~~

in 1980 as compared to 1975, the uprising peak of 1990 is Year Total Self Extra
~

more apparent, as it reaches nearly 2,600 publications. 1975 59 45 16

1980 49 42 10
1985 55 46 14
1990 51 33 34
1995 80 53 30
2000 77 59 23
~ ~~

Figure 1: Total number of publications of sample years
As a comparison, Figure 2 illustrates the total number of
citations to the 25 randomly selected ILS publications of
the six years. As it is shown, 1995 is the peak time for the
total number of citations, and 1990 received only 51
citations, which are almost 30 citations less than that of
1995. This could mean that in 1990 there are relatively
more noncitations of the publications than those in other
years.
Number of Extradisciplines
If counting the number of disciplines in extradisciplinary
citations of a given year, the year of 1990 again stands out
to be the one that received the highest number of
extradisciplinary citations per publication (1.16). While all
other years received less than 1 extradisciplinary citation,
the three years prior to 1990 received less than 0.5
extradiscipline per publications. Figure 3 illustrates the
distribution.

2004 Proceedings of the 67th ASIS&T Annual Meeting, vol. 41 56

 Table 2. Some Most Common Extradisciplines
Discipline 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Computer 2 3 2 21 8 3
Science
Communication 2 0 1 1 3 5
Education 0 I 4 3 6 0
Management 1 0 0 4 3 3
Business 4 0 0 I 2 0
Engineering I 0 0 0 I 1
Multidiscipli- 1 1 0 0 0 1
nary Sciences
Psychology 0 1 1 0 0 1

Figure 4 shows the proportion of extradisciplinary

Figure 3: Average number of extradisciplinary citations
per publication
The correlation analysis of absolute frequencies of total
citations, self-citations, and extradisciplinary citations
revealed that there are significant correlations between all
three dependent variables. While Pearson’s correlation
between self-citations and total citations is the strongest ( r
= 0.920), the correlation between the counts of total and
that of extradiscipline is also more than a random chance (r
= 0.613).
citations over total citation counts. Only four disciplines -
computer science, communication, management, and
education are included. It is clear that computer science
saw a dramatic climax in 1990. Apparently around the time
when the World Wide Web started, computer science
became greatly involved in the scholarly communication
exchange with library and information science researchers.
The involvement could take the form of collaboration with
ILS researchers or borrowingkiting from the ILS literature
(as per Klein, 1990).

Development of Interdisciplinary Configuration

The multiplicity of citation patterns in each year makes it
difficult to include all extradisciplines in one table. Table 2
includes only the citing disciplines that are common among
three or more years. Note that the close affiliation of ILS
and computer science is evidenced by the fact that for
every year selected, there are citations from computer
science to ILS publications. Communication also cites ILS
quite frequently, citing five out of six years. The next level
of disciplines includes education and management science.
Business, engineering, multidisciplinary sciences, and
psychology are the disciplines that cite ILS in three
different years. Note that the values here in each cell are
absolute citation frequencies.
Figure 4: Proportion of total citations that are from
computer science, communication, management, and
education

2004 Proceedings of the 67th ASlS&TAnnual Meeting, vol. 41 57

 Figure 5 illustrates the proportion of citations from the
four disciplines over the total number of extradisciplinary
citations. While computer science again has its highest
point in the year of 1990, education reaches its peak in
1985. Both communication and management science have
their highest point in the year of 2000.
Figure 5: Proportion of total extradisciplinary citations
that are from computer science, communication,
management, and education
The representation of the interdisciplinary citation traffic
within each year is actualized through a piece of software
for social network analysis (Borgatti, Everett, & Freeman,
1999). Using netdraw, both the direction and the frequency
of citations are illustrated in the graphics, and Figure 6 is
an example. An arrow pointing to ILS indicates one
discipline citing ILS. The thickness of the line is
proportional to the frequency of the citation. Figure 6
reflects the disciplinary distribution of citations to ILS
publications in 1990. Note that the thickness of the line is a
reflection of the absolute citation frequency. Citations to
1990 ILS publications consist of papers from 14
disciplines, including self-citations. There are a total of 30
self-citations, 20 citations from computer science, six
citations from mathematics, four citations from
management, and two citations from education as well as
from social science.
2004 Proceedings ofthe 67th ASIS&T Annual Meeting, vol. 41
Figure 6: Citation pattern to ILS 1990 publications
Overall Interdisciplinaly Citation Patterns. Figure 7
displays the full range of all the extradisciplines citing ILS
publications in six years. The total number of
extradisciplines are 34, ranging from scientific disciplines
such as physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics,
medical sciences, to social sciences such as sociology,
business, psychology, political science, and to arts and
humanities fields such as literary review, geography, and
history, to list but a few.
The nodes in the shape of square are the disciplines that
cite ILS for more than 10 times, and those in the shape of
diamond are the ones that cite ILS more than four times. In
terms of the total frequency, the top four disciplines that
often cite ILS are (1) computer science, which cited ILS 39
times, (2) education, 14 times, (3) communication, 12
times, and (4)management, 11 times. Disciplines that cite
ILS more than four times include business (7 times),
mathematics (7 times), and medical science, political
science, and urban studies (all 5 times respectively). Note
the frequency ratio used above is the absolute total
frequency, which is the sum of citation counts to all
sampling publications in six years. This measure is
indifferent with regard to whether the citation count is for
individual publications or across all publications. In the
next section, the measure of citation frequency is converted
to the binary count of citations, using publication as the
unit of analysis regardless the citing frequency of
individual publications.
58
 Figure 8: Extradisciplines that cite ILS in binary counts
Figure 7: Extradisciplines that cite ILS in absolute counts
Table 3 shows the proportion of ILS publications being
Binary Counts of Interdisciplinary Citations. Figure 8 cited by the four heavily interested disciplines. Note that in
illustrates the interdisciplinary breadth of ILS, using binary 1990, 40% of the ILS publications were cited by scholars
counts at the publication level. Note that ILS-Self is also from computer science.
included in the chart. ILS self citation binary counts are 89,
which means about 60% of publications received citations Table 3. Proportion of ILS Publications being cited
fiom within. Similar to the absolute frequency counts, other 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
disciplines that cite more than six ILS publications,
represented by the square node shape, include computer Computer
Science 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.4 0.12 0.12
science (binary counts = 21), communication (binary
counts = 11). education (binary counts = 9), and Communica
management (binary counts = 7). Disciplines that cite more -tion 0.08 0 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.2
than two ILS publications, namely, business, engineering, Management 0.04 0 0 0.08 0.04 0.12
economics, medical science, psychology, and
Education 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.12 0
multidisciplinary sciences, are represented in the diamond
shape. Note that at this level a slightly different set of citing The structure of citing disciplines is represented by
disciplines emerged. Instead of political science, urban Figures 9 and 10. The former illustrates those disciplines
studies, and mathematics, the disciplines that cite multiple that are common among a minimum of two independent
ILS documents are psychology, multidisciplinary science, years. The latter represents unique disciplines by each year.
engineering, and economics. Other disciplines are the same There are a total of 17 disciplines that are interrelated
as those based on the absolute frequency count. among the years. Disciplines that are on the left side of
Figure 9 are the ones that cite ILS publications of three or
more than three years.

2004 Proceedings of the 67th ASlS&T Annual Meeting, vol. 41 59


Figure 9: Interdisciplinary breadth based on common
citing disciplines
Figure 10: Interdisciplinary breadth based on unique
disciplines
As shown in Figure 10, the year of 1980 did not have any
disciplines that are unique. The range of unique
extradisciplines in the remaining five years shows that the
variety of disciplines interested in ILS has been growing.
The early years saw interests from a variety of domains but
mostly soft science (social sciences and the humanities),
the post 1990 years received citations from mostly hard
science, with 1995 publications attracting tele-
communication interests and 2000 publications gaining
interests from biology related areas. The trend of change
may be more comprehensive and accurately modeled in
Figures 11 and 12, where the interdisciplinary citation
structure is charted along two year groups: 1975, 1980, and
1985 (Figure 11) and 1990, 1995, and 2000 (Figure 12).
2004 Proceedings of the 67th ASIS&T Annual Meeting, vol. 41
Figure 1 1: Interdisciplinary breadth of ILS in years of
1975,1980, and 1985
Figure 12: Interdisciplinary breadth of ILS in years of
1990,1995, and 2000
A visual comparison of the two figures indicates that the
cross-disciplinary citation structures are much more
complex in the second year group than that of the first year
group. This may be an indication that the ILS discipline
became mature in or after 1990, and thus obtained attention
from a variety of extradisciplines. This observation is
further tested through inferential statistics, as reported in
the next section.
Year Contrasts of Interdisciplinaly Breadth
The ANOVA test on the number of extradisciplinary
citations of the six years yielded significant result
(F=2.384, d F 5 , p<0.05). The linear contrasts of year
between before and after 1990 are highly significant.
Tables 4 and 5 contain SPSS results, showing that while
contrasts 1 (1975, 1980, and 1985 vs. 1990, 1995, and
2000) and 3 (1980 vs. 1990) are significant, contrast 2
(1 975 vs. 1995) is not.
60
 Table 4. Contrast Coefficients Kruskal Wallis test based on both COC and diversity
I Contrast I YEAR index values was significant (x2 =15.165, d e 5 , p<.05).
However, since the calculation of both COC and diversity
index is based on the same information, they should be
used independently. When COC measure and diversity
index were separated, the Kruskal Wallis was no longer
significant. On the other hand, if the post-1990 years are
excluded, ANOVA tests produced significant results,
indicating a remarkable change of diversity taking place in
Table 5. Contrast Tests the year of 1990. In ANOVA of COC test (F=2.77, df-3,
contrast Std t df Sig. p<.05), the linear contrasts of the year 1990 to each of the
error (2-tailed) prior years are significant. On the other hand, even though
Assume 1 ,555 -3.09 144 .002 the ANOVA result is also significant for diversity index
equal (F=2.74, df-3, p<.05), only the linear contrast between the
2 ,321 -1.87 144 ,063
variances year of 1990 and the year of 1975 is significant.
3 .321 -2.62 144 .010
Does not 1 ,555 -3.09 109 .002 Discussion and Conclusion
assume 2 ,323 -1.86 38.5 .071
equal The study produced a rich set of results relevant to the
variances 3 ,348 -2.42 34.3 .021 evolutionary mapping of the interdisciplinary breadth of the
ILS field. With a total of 34 extradisciplines citing ILS
ILS Interdisciplinary Diversity publications sampled in six years of four decades, the data
When data were converted into two interdisciplinary appear to support the assertion that ILS has reached its
citation measures -- COC and Brillouin’s diversity index, scholarship maturity and that it is highly interdisciplinary
field that attracts learned interests from a variety of
the year contrasts present a slightly different picture. Both
disciplines from the domains of science, social science, and
COC and diversity index contain information of the
the humanities.
richness of extradiscipline citations, with individual
publications accounted for. Figure 13 displays the To address three research questions separately, it is clear
comparison of two sets of values, with the top line as that ILS has an abundance of intellectual substances that
average COC measure and bottom as average diversity are of interest to multiple extradisciplines, including
index measure. The COC measure shows a distinctively computer science, communication, education, and
high rising pike of the citation diversity in the year of 1990. management science. If a comparison of this study with
Buttlar’s data is made, a relatively full picture may occur.
Buttlar (1999) looked at ILS dissertations from 1994 to
1997, and found that 11.45% of the citations are to
education, 5.72% to computer science, and 3.79% to
medicine and to sociology. Relatively small proportions of
ILS citations were to communication (1.96%) or to
business (1.84% to economics). Figure 14 is the netdraw
chart of Buttlar’s original data. Only the disciplines that
received more than 1% of the total citations are included.
Buttlar found that publications from more than 29
extradisciplines were cited by the 61 ILS dissertations. The
disciplines that received less than 1% of the ILS citations
include engineering, mathematics, chemistry/physics, law,
and political science, among others. In Figure 14, the
disciplines that are in the square shape are the ones that
were cited by ILS dissertations for more than 3.5% of the
time.
Figure 13: Interdisciplinarydiversity of ILS as measured
by average COC and average diversity index

2004 Proceedings of the 67th ASIS&T Annual Meeting, vol. 41 61

 In answering the second and third questions regarding the
year contrast in interdisciplinary development of ILS, it is
clear that the year of 1990 is a high point and turning
period for the field. On one hand, statistical tests have
confirmed that 1990 was the year that holds the richest
level of diverse interests from extradisciplines to the field.
On the other hand, the period seems to echo the movement
of the Internet and Web technology, since it marked a
significantly high concentrated attraction from computer
science. Such a rich and high level of attention is an
indication of prominent correlation between computer
science and ILS. The impact of computer science to the ILS
field continues to be strong since 1990 till this day. There
are increasing interests from communication, with the year
2000 holding 20% of the citations from communication.
Management science also shows the highest level of
Figure 14: Citations from ILS publications (source: interest in 2000, whereas education has reduced to no
Buttlar, 1999) interest at all in 2000 from relatively high interests in prior
The results of this study, if combined with Buttlar’s data, years. Overall speaking in 2000, more citations were
reveal citation exchange between extradisciplines and ILS. coming from biosciences, it appears that the ILS is moving
The fields that have mutual scholarly communication with towards more technology oriented and being applied to
ILS include computer science, education, communication, highly specialized subject areas.
business, psychology, political science, chemistry, law, and Future studies on subject categories of references of each
biology, and many others. Table 6 contains comparative of the 150 publications, matched with the citation data
data between citation proportions based on this study covered in this paper, would help to establish a much well-
(Citing ILS %) and those from Buttlar’s paper (Cited by rounded assessment of the ILS interdisciplinary structure.
ILS %). The 18 fields of studies that hold mutual citation Such a project is currently under way.
dialogue with ILS range from science, social science, and
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