Ninhursag

Ninḫursaĝ,[a] also known as Damgalnuna or Ninmah, was the

Ninhursag
ancient Sumerian mother goddess of the mountains, and one of the
seven great deities of Sumer. She is principally a fertility goddess. Mother goddess, goddess of
Temple hymn sources identify her as the "true and great lady of fertility, mountains, and rulers
heaven" (possibly in relation to her standing on the mountain) and
kings of Sumer were "nourished by Ninhursag's milk". Sometimes
her hair is depicted in an omega shape and at times she wears a
horned head-dress and tiered skirt, often with bow cases at her
shoulders. Frequently she carries a mace or baton surmounted by an
omega motif or a derivation, sometimes accompanied by a lion cub
on a leash. She is the tutelary deity to several Sumerian leaders. Akkadian cylinder seal impression
depicting a vegetation goddess,
possibly Ninhursag, sitting on a
throne surrounded by worshippers
Contents (circa 2350-2150 BC)
Names Symbol Omega-like symbol
Mythology Personal information
Worship Consort Enki
See also Children Ninurta, Ninsar, Abu,
Notes Nintulla (Nintul), Ninsutu,
Ninkasi, Nanshe (Nazi),
References
Azimua, Ninti, Enshag
External links (Enshagag)

Names
Nin-hursag means "lady of the sacred mountain" (from Sumerian NIN "lady" and ḪAR.SAG "sacred
mountain, foothill",[9] possibly a reference to the site of her temple, the E-Kur (House of mountain deeps) at
Eridu. She had many names including Ninmah ("Great Queen");[9] Nintu ("Lady of Birth");[9] Mamma or
Mami (mother);[9] Aruru,[9] Belet-Ili (lady of the gods, Akkadian)[9]

According to legend, her name was changed from Ninmah to Ninhursag by her son Ninurta in order to
commemorate his creation of the mountains. As Ninmenna, according to a Babylonian investiture ritual, she
placed the golden crown on the king in the Eanna temple.[10]

Some of the names above were once associated with independent goddesses (such as Ninmah and
Ninmenna), who later became identified and merged with Ninhursag, and myths exist in which the name
Ninhursag is not mentioned.

Possibly included among the original mother goddesses was Damgalnuna (great wife of the prince) or
Damkina (true wife), the consort of the god Enki.[11] The mother goddess had many epithets including
shassuru or 'womb goddess', tabsut ili 'midwife of the gods', 'mother of all children' and 'mother of the gods'.
In this role she is identified with Ki in the Enuma Elish. She had shrines in both Eridu and Kish.
Mythology
In the legend of Enki and Ninhursag, Ninhursag bore a daughter to Enki called Ninsar ("Lady Greenery").
Through Enki, Ninsar bore a daughter Ninkurra ("Lady of the Pasture"). Ninkurra, in turn, bore Enki a
daughter named Uttu. Enki then pursued Uttu, who was upset because he didn't care for her. Uttu, on her
ancestress Ninhursag's advice buried Enki's seed in the earth, whereupon eight plants (the very first) sprung
up. Enki, seeing the plants, ate them, and became ill in eight organs of his body. Ninhursag cured him,
taking the plants into her body and giving birth to eight deities: Abu, Nintulla (Nintul), Ninsutu, Ninkasi,
Nanshe, Azimua, Ninti, and Enshag (Enshagag).

In the text 'Creator of the Hoe', she completed the birth of mankind after the heads had been uncovered by
Enki's hoe.

In creation texts, Ninmah (another name for Ninhursag) acts as a midwife whilst the mother goddess
Nammu makes different kinds of human individuals from lumps of clay at a feast given by Enki to celebrate
the creation of humankind.

Worship
Her symbol, resembling the Greek letter omega Ω, has been depicted in art from approximately 3000 BC,
although more generally from the early second millennium BC. It appears on some boundary stones—on the
upper tier, indicating her importance. The omega symbol is associated with the Egyptian cow goddess
Hathor, and may represent a stylized womb.[12] The symbol appears on very early imagery from Ancient
Egypt. Hathor is at times depicted on a mountain, so it may be that the two goddesses are connected.

Her temple, the Esagila (from Sumerian E (temple) + SAG (head) + ILA (lofty)) was located on the KUR of
Eridu, although she also had a temple at Kish.

See also
Ereshkigal
Eve
Arura

Notes
a. 𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒂅 DNIN-ḪUR.SAG Sometimes transcribed Ninkharsag.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

References
1. [King, L. W., Hall, H. R., History of Egypt Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria in the Light of
Recent Discovery, p. 117, The Echo Library, 2008.]
2. Jastrow, Morris (February 16, 1898). "The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria" (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=jlx2UA63_C0C&q=). Ginn – via Google Books.
3. Van Buren, E. Douglas (February 16, 1930). "Clay Figurines of Babylonia and Assyria" (https://
books.google.com/books?id=uTRhAAAAMAAJ&q=Ninkharsag&dq=Ninkharsag&hl=en&ei=gS
F4TYiFGojQhAeDx-WLBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBjg
U). AMS Press – via Google Books.
 4. Possehl, Gregory L. (February 16, 1979). "Ancient Cities of the Indus" (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=JqoXxwpzKGwC&q=Ninkharsag&dq=Ninkharsag&hl=en&ei=pB94Tc6CLoGZhQfF
ypmOBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBDgU). Carolina
Academic Press – via Google Books.
5. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (February 16, 1932). "Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland" (https://books.google.com/books?id=d74sAAAAIAAJ
&q=kharsag&dq=kharsag&hl=en&ei=6Bp4Te-CNYSAhQfE_N2KBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct
=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCQ). Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic
Society – via Google Books.
6. Clay, Albert T. (July 16, 1997). "The Origin of Biblical Traditions: Hebrew Legends in Babylonia
and Israel" (https://books.google.com/books?id=ob9Ze2UgizMC&pg=PA100&dq=kharsag&hl=
en&ei=MRx4TcHOCdO4hAfG-ISOBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCw
Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=kharsag&f=false). Book Tree – via Google Books.
7. Budge, E. A. Wallis (March 1, 2003). "Babylonian Life and History" (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=cP4dJfZrILMC&pg=PA233&dq=kharsag&hl=en&ei=MRx4TcHOCdO4hAfG-ISOBw&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=kharsag&f
=false). Kessinger Publishing – via Google Books.
8. "Edwardes, Marian & Spence, Lewis., Dictionary of Non-Classical Mythology, p.126, Kessinger
Publishing, 2003" (https://books.google.com/books?id=y01bQhAYSdEC&pg=PA126&dq=khars
ag&hl=en&ei=MRx4TcHOCdO4hAfG-ISOBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved
=0CDsQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q&f=false).
9. Dalley, Stephanie (1998). Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and
Others. Oxford University Press. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-19-283589-5.
10. Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976).
Eanna%20temple.&pg=PA109#v=onepage&q=Ninmenna,%20placed%20the%20golden%20cr
own%20on%20the%20king%20in%20the%20Eanna%20temple.&f=false The Treasures of
Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion (https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bZT57A8
ioCkC&lpg=PA109&dq=Ninmenna%2C%20placed%20the%20golden%20crown%20on%20th
e%20king%20in%20the%20). Yale University Press. p. 109. ISBN 9780300022919. Retrieved
25 October 2019.
11. Jeremy A. Black, Anthony Green, Tessa Rickards, Gods, demons, and symbols of ancient
Mesopotamia: an illustrated dictionary (1992), p. 56f. & 75
12. "Of Omegas and Rhombs by Johanna Stuckey" (http://www.matrifocus.com/LAM06/spotlight.ht
m). www.matrifocus.com.

Michael Jordan, Encyclopedia of Gods, Kyle Cathie Limited, 2002

External links
Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Mother Goddess (Ninmah, Nintud/r, Belet-ili) (ht
tp://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/mothergoddess/)
Gateways of Babylon: Enki and Ninhursag (http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/myths/texts/ret
ellings/enkininhur.htm)
Temple of Ninmakh in ancient Babylon (https://madainproject.com/ninmah_temple)

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