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CHAPTER 2

PROBLEM FORMULATION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

In deregulated energy market, reduction of congestion and methods

of congestion management are very necessary. A method to determine the
optimal location of TCSC is also proposed to enhance the transfer capability
which is needed to meet the rapidly changing demand of competitive markets.
Power system load growth is increasing at a faster rate as compared to the
increase in transmission capability. The electric power provider firm’s main
objective is to earn customer goodwill, minimize generating cost and
minimize emission. Other objectives are minimizing transmission loss, stable
operation and quality of power supply. Transmission lines are often driven
close to or even beyond their thermal limits in order to satisfy the increased
electric power consumption and trades due to increase of the unplanned
power exchanges. If the exchanges were not controlled, some lines located on
particular paths might become overloaded. This phenomenon is called
congestion. The management of congestion is somewhat more complex in
competitive power markets and leads to several disputes.

2.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In this proposed work, the prime objective is the optimal location of

Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC) at a better place in the test
system considered is a prime factor in removing congestion to improve the
voltage stability of the system. Optimal location of TCSC helps in better
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usage of the present functioning transmission lines. The FACTS-device TCSC

should be optimally located on the most sensitivity bus or line. In this
proposed work TCSC is located in the line having fewer losses compared with
the other lines being overloaded. The literature survey shows that no work has
been reported regarding power quality improvement with fourteen bus system
and thirty bus system involving TCSC. This research work does not report

Fuzzy Logic controlled TCSC in thirty bus system. Hence the proposed work

focuses on the comparison of closed loop controlled TCSC system using PI,
PID, FOPID and FLC in nine bus and fourteen bus system.

2.3 THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR (TCSC)

Generator Companies and Distribution Companies must submit

their progress on hour basis and the demand bids to International
Organization for Standardization (ISO). An ISO gives the dispatch schedule
of market which is based on the incremental social welfare which subjected to
the system working security parameters. The supplying or consuming of
energy of incremental price at any bus in a specific period is called Locational
Marginal Price (LMP) and it is obtained from the solution of this optimization
problem. The Distribution companies can pay to the Generation companies to
maintain the uniform price based on the LMPs at their respective areas. In
order to give compensation to the generator industries for reactive power
supply, the economic energy must be supplied for energy consumers of
reactive power at various locations. The illustration of simplified simple
Thyristor-Controlled-Series-Capacitor (TCSC) is shown in Figure 2.1.

The adjustable series capacitive reactance is obtained by parallel

series compensating capacitor with Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)
which forms the basic construction of TCSC. Primitive compensators can be
connected in series to obtain the rated voltage rating and operating
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performance in a practical TCSC circuit. By locating optimal place of TCSC

in the transmission line, the inductive reactance of the transmission line can
be compensated and resultant is reduced exchange reactance between the
overloaded buses of the transmission lines. The FACTs controller is
implemented to reduce the congestion and increase the capacity of flow of
power in the system and this is the main aim of this research work.

Figure 2.1 Equivalent circuit of TCSC

2.4 MODELLING OF TCSC

Generally different types of FACTs controllers are implemented in

the transmission line to solve congested condition and to improve the voltage
stability of power system. The basic equivalent representation of transmission
line with TCSC device between two buses is shown in Figure 2.2. This
elementary model is having two buses and it is represented by bus ‘a’ and bus
‘b’. The two buse’s voltages are assumed as Va   a and Vb   b . The flow of
real power between two buses is represented by the mathematical Equations
(2.1) & (2.2) given below:

Figure 2.2 Elementary model of transmission line

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Pab  Va2 Gab VaVb [Gab cos( ab )  Bab Sin( ab )]

(2.1)

where,  ab   a   b

Similarly the true power flow from bus-a to bus-b (Pba) is

Pba  Vb2Gab  VaVb [Gab cos( ab )  Bab Sin( ab )]

(2.2)

The Modelling of transmission line incorporated with TCSC device

is shown in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3 Model of transmission line with TCSC

It is assumed that the power system network has a stable condition

and the TCSC is considered as fixed reactance  jxc . In the transmission line,

the real power flow from bus ‘a’ to bus ‘b’ is  P k  and from bus ‘b’ to bus
 ab 

‘a’ is  P k  and the series impedance is Z ab  rab  jx ab and series reactance is

 ba 

 jxc . These are represented by Equations (2.3) & (2.4) given below:

PabK  Va2G' ab VaVb [G' ab cos( ab )  B' abSin( ab )]

(2.3)

PbaK  Vb2G' ab VaVb [G' ab cos( ab )  B' abSin( ab )]

(2.4)

rab
where, Gab 
r 2   x ab  xc 2
ab
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 x ab  xc 
B'ab 
r 2   x ab  xc 2
ab

In the transmission line, the abnormal conditions of power flow due

to the presence of series capacitance effect is compensated by infusing more
complex power to the transmission line at sending end S ac  and receiving end
Sbc  without series capacitance. The mathematical representation of power
flow is represented by Equations (2.5) and (2.6).

Pac  Pab  Pabc  Va2 Gab  VaVb [ GabCos ab  Bab Sin ab ] (2.5)
Pbc  Pba  Pbac  Vb2 Gab  VaVb [  Gab Cos  ab   Bab Sin  ab ] (2.6)

xc rab (xc  2xab )

where, ΔGab 
 r 2  x 2  r 2  x  x 2 
 ab ab  ab ab c 

 xc  r 2  x 2  xc xab 
ΔBab   ab ab 
 r 2  x 2  r 2  x  x 2 
 ab ab  ab ab c 

2.4 SUMMARY

Developing a model and simulation for TCSC device with the

congestion management investigation to relieve congestion and to increase
the power transfer capability in the power system deregulation was discussed.
The mathematical representation of real power, reactive series impedance and
power flow were also presented in this chapter.