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كرار علي - ستيل
كرار علي - ستيل
Introduction
Due to many reasons, steel structure is becoming popular day by day throughout
the world. This structural steel may be damaged by overload, high wide load
impacts, fire or seismic effect. If this damaged condition is unrepaired, then the
condition of the components of this steel structure may be deteriorated. Due to this
reason, Repairing and retrofitting is needed to overcome such deterioration. It is
true that a large number of buildings made with steel and concrete may vulnerable
to seismic effect because of ignoring proper building code. So, if this steel
structure can be rearranged with special technique so that it can carry more loads.
So, this rearrangement of the steel structure is called strengthening.
Strengthening is such a kind of method where this is helped to increase the load
bearing capacity and update the steel structures. different methods of strengthening
are discussed. By welding additional angle shape profiles, The K type braced
frames were strengthened to the diagonal members of this K bracing frame. This
strengthening method is increased the cross-section area and reduced the bulking
probability of pre-existing K bracing members. Another method of strengthening
and updating of the steel structure is to create beam-column joint between existing
beam and existing column. It helps to increase the loading capacity of steel
structure. Welding additional plates on both sides of existing columns is used for
strengthening. This technique has helped to increase the load bearing capacity of
steel column. A mat foundation as shown in figure1 is considered, as a large
concrete slab is to carry many columns in several lines with base soil. At the type
of low bearing capacity of base soil and higher column loads, then the mat
foundation is suggested. It may go excessive settlement because of this reason.
Therefore, strengthening is required for this. According to this, Anchorage bars are
used to increase the strengthening of this mat foundation.
The tested beams were strengthened by a cover steel plate (8 x0. 6 cm) with weld
size 6mm, the two strengthen patterns (labeled as A and B) are shown in Figure2
Pattern A was to weld the cover plate to lower flange of the test specimen, where
pattern B was to weld the plate to the upper and lower flanges.
Figure2:
Strengthening pattern
while loaded is as follows: 1) The load is applied to certain load value Pstr then the
loading process is paused, 2) part of the beam deflection is reduced manually and
measured, 3) the strengthening cover plate is welded. 4) After that the load was
continued until failure happened as shown in Figure 4 and photo 2. Figure 5 shows
the welding sequences for strengthening pattern.
Since steel is also a material of high elastic modulus and strength, the use of FRP
in strengthening steel structures calls for innovative exploitations of the advantages
of FRP. The main advantage of FRP over steel in the strengthening of steel
structures is its high strength-to-weight ratio, leading to ease and speed of
transportation and installation, thus reducing disturbance to services and traffic. A
steel beam (or a composite steel-concrete beam) can be strengthened by bonding
an FRP (generally CFRP) plate to its tension face (i.e. the soffit if a beam in
positive bending is assumed, see Figure6 The bonded FRP plate can enhance not
only the ultimate load but also the stiffness of the beam (especially when a high
modulus CFRP is used).
Figure6: Strengthening of steel beams with a bonded FRP plate. (a) Side view.
Using stiffener is also a popular and most effective method to improve the
strengthening and bearing capacity of steel. Figure 7 shows the details of using
stiffener in steel beam or column
Figure 7: Details of using stiffener in steel beam or column
References
1. Islam, M., Ali, R. B., & Billah, M. (2019). Strengthening Techniques of Steel
Structure: An Overview. World Scientific News, 118, 181-193.
2. Yossef, N. M. (2015). Strengthening Steel I-Beams by Welding Steel Plates
before or While Loading. International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology (IJERT), 4(07).
3. Teng, J. G., Yu, T., & Fernando, D. (2012). Strengthening of steel structures
with fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Journal of Constructional Steel
Research, 78, 131-143.