University of Baghdad

‫جامعة‬
‫بغداد‬
College of Engineering ‫كلية‬
Aeronautical Department
‫الهندسة‬
‫قسم‬
‫هندسة‬
‫الطيران‬

Final Examinations (2019-2020)

Research Report

(Oblique Shocks of Cone Body)

Student Name: mohammed luai kadhum.

Class: third class.

Subject: gas dynamics.

E-Mail: M.kadhum1713@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq

Date: 2020/07/19
Abstract:
In this report we will talk about Oblique Shocks of Cone Body as:
 Introduction about the oblique shocks
 Demonstration about conical shocks with figures
 Example
 References

Introduction:
An oblique shock wave is a shock wave that, unlike a normal shock, is inclined with respect to
the incident upstream flow direction. It will occur when a supersonic flow encounters a corner
that effectively turns the flow into itself and compresses. The upstream streamlines are
uniformly deflected after the shock wave. The most common way to produce an oblique shock
wave is to place a wedge into supersonic, compressible flow. Similar to a normal shock wave,
the oblique shock wave consists of a very thin region across which nearly discontinuous
changes in the thermodynamic properties of a gas occur. While the upstream and downstream
flow directions are unchanged across a normal shock, they are different for flow across an
oblique shock wave.
It is always possible to convert an oblique shock into a normal shock by a Galilean
transformation.

Figure 1 An oblique shock at the nose of a T-38 aircraft

Conical shocks:
We will talk about the conical shocks because of its practical importance in many design
problems. For example, many supersonic aircraft have diffusers with conical spikes at their air
inlets. Figure 2 shows the YF-12 aircraft, which is an excellent example of this case. In addition
to inlets of this type, the forebodies of missiles and supersonic aircraft fuselages are largely
conical in shape. Although detailed analysis of such flows is beyond the scope of this book, the
results bear great similarity to flows associated with planar (wedge-generated) oblique shocks.
We examine conical flows at zero angle of attack. For the continuity equation in axisymmetric
(three-dimensional) flows to be satisfied, the streamlines are no longer parallel to the cone
surface but must curve. After the conical shock, the static pressure increases as we approach
the surface of the cone, and this increase is isentropic. Conical shocks are weak shocks, and
there is no counterpart to the strong oblique shock of wedge flow.

Figure 2 YF-12 plane showing conical air inlets.

If the angle of the cone is too high for an approaching Mach number to turn, the flow will
detach in a fashion similar to the two-dimensional oblique shock.
A comparison of the detached flow limits between these two types of shocks is shown in
Figure 3. The cone can sustain a higher flow turning angle because it represents less blockage
to the flow. Thus it also produces a weaker compression or flow disturbance in comparison to
the two-dimensional oblique shock at the same Mach number. Note that the flow variables
(M, T , p, etc.) are constant along any given ray.
 Figure 3 Figure 4 Conical shock with angle definitions.

In Figure 4 we show the relevant geometry of a conical shock on a symmetrical cone at zero
angle of attack. In this section the subscript c will refer to the conical analysis and the subscript
s to the values of the variables at the cone’s surface. The counterpart to Figure 4 is Figure 5,
which shows the shock wave angle θc as a function of the approaching Mach number M1 for
various cone half-angles δc. Notice that only weak shock solutions are indicated. In Appendix E
you will find additional charts which give the downstream conditions on the surface of the
cone. Notice that we are only depicting the surface Mach number and surface static pressure
downstream of the conical shock because these variables are not the same across the flow.

Figure 5 Skeletal conical-shock relations

among θc, M1, and δc
Examples:
Example1: Air approaches a 27° conical diffuser at M1 = 3.0 and p1 = 0.404 psia. Find the
conical-shock angle and the surface pressure.
Solution:
We enter the chart in Appendix E with M1 = 3.0 and δc = 13.5° and obtain θc ≈ 25°. Also
from the appendix we get pc/p1 ≈ 1.9, so that
pc = (p1)/(pc/p1) = (1.9)(0.404) = 0.768 psia.

References:
 Robert D. Zucker Fundementals of Gas Dynamics Second Edition 2002
 S.M. Yahya Fundementals of compressible flow with aircraft and rocket propulsion 2006
 NASA oblique shock wave calculator
 ‫‪University of Baghdad‬‬
‫جامعة‬
‫بغداد‬
‫‪College of Engineering‬‬ ‫كلية‬
‫‪Aeronautical Department‬‬
‫الهندسة‬
‫قسم‬
‫هندسة‬
‫الطيران‬

‫االمتحانات االلكترونية للعام الدراسي ( ‪) 2020-2019‬‬

‫تقرير بحثي‬

‫)الصدمات المائلة لجسم المخروط)‬

‫محمد لؤي كاظم‬ ‫أسم الطالب ‪:‬‬

‫الثالثة‬ ‫المرحلة‪:‬‬
‫ديناميك الغازات‬ ‫المادة‪:‬‬
‫العنوان البريدي‪:‬‬
‫‪M.kadhum1713@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq‬‬
‫‪19/7/2020‬‬ ‫التاريخ‪:‬‬