Long Question

(1) MBA oath

The following are the reasons why MBA oath was created
-To lead people and manage resources to create value that no single individual can create
alone.
-To affect the wellbeing of individuals inside and outside my enterprise today and
tomorrow.
-To manage enterprise with loyalty and care and will not advance my personal interests at
the expense of my enterprise or society.
-To understand and uphold in letter and spirit the laws and contracts governing my
conduct and that of enterprise
-To refrain from corruption, unfair competition or business practices harmful to society
-To protect the human rights and dignity of all people affected by my enterprise and
oppose discrimination and exploitation.
-To protect the right of future generations to advance their standard of living and enjoy a
healthy planet
-To report the performance and risks of my enterprise accurately and honestly
-To invest in do developing self and others helping the management profession continue
to advance and create sustainable and inclusive prosperity

By exercising professional duties according to these principles, the behavior must set an
example of integrity, eliciting trust and esteem .It will remain accountable to the peers
and to society for my actions and for upholding these standards.

In my point of view, to some extent, MBA oath is still relevant and contribute to society
until nowadays. It helps the followers to lead and manage resources effectively and
efficiently. And, it encourage to loyalty and care to society and environment not the
personal interests. It helps in promoting laws and contracts governed by protecting
human rights and dignity of people .

(2) Utilitarism and its challenges

Utilitarism’s fundamental insight is that we should decide what to do by considering the
overall consequences of our actions and it is called consequentialist approach to ethics
and social policy. A decision that promotes the greatest amount of these values for the
greatest number of people is the most reasonable decision from an ethical point of view.
Utilitarianism is commonly identified with the rule of producing the greatest good for the
greatest number. The ultimate ethical goal is to produce the best consequences for all
parties affected by the decisions. Decisions that accomplish this goal are the right
decisions to make ethically. Utilitarianism has provided strong support for democratic
institutions and policies. Utilitarianism determines right and wrong in terms of
 consequences. Utilitarian acts are judged by their consequences for the general and
overall good. The good includes the well being of each individual affected by the action .
Challenges : There are two types of problems – problems from within and problems from
outside
Problems from within
-Finding ways to measure happiness
-Differing versions of the good and implications for human freedom
Problems from outside
-The principle of consequentialism means that the ends justify the means but there are
certain rules we must follow no matter what the consequences.
(3) Principle based ethics and its challenges
This approach must be supplemented with the recognition that some decisions should be a
matter of principle not consequences. In other words, the ends do not always justify the means
.Its main is what principles we should follow and how do we decide when a principle should
trump beneficial consequences. What principles or rules should guide our decisions? Legal
rules , obviously are one major set of rules that we ought to follow . Business should support and
respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights and make sure that they are not
complicit in human rights abuses.
There are many ethical duties that are more fundamental and that bind us in a stricter way than
the way we are bound by contracts or by professional duties.

(4)Write an essay on Business Ethics practices in your country / Society.

Ethical practices are essential to any successful business in any country or any society. Ethical
practices may be different from each other country, culture, society norm and beliefs. Everyone
should need to commit any obligations, rules or regulation that are undermined in entitled society
or environment. Mostly, it is generally said that most of developed countries act and follow their
activities basing on standard ethical behavior. However, developing countries still need to
emphasize on more important things such as earning high profit margin than the obeying ethical
standards in doing business. Moreover, there is no same ethical standard measurement in
different religious, country, citizens, culture and region. However, everyone should commit and
act entitled own ethical standards behavior and manner in doing business.

In our country/society, Myanmar, there is standard ethical standard for everyone to obey and act
accordingly in doing business such as earning money should be fair and justice and doing
business in good manner way . In business field, the government also encourage monopolistic
competition and perfect competition to reduce unfair price discrimination and price war.
Regarding with advertising, it needs to be ethical marketing, especially in medical field
sometimes the marketers cheats the public to buy more their intended products. And also,
sometimes, the marketers import their low quality not registering products such as whitening
cream, slim cream from Thai border or Chinese borders and sells high price in the market. Those
kind of cases are mostly found in cosmetic market and the consumers are facing the problems. In
some supermarkets and some restaurants, they are selling or using near expired products so that
it leads to unhygienic and health problems. Nowadays, online shopping market become popular
trend. Likewise, there are many unethical manners in most online shopping business such as
cheating the customers like difference between the online showing off one and the actual outside
one. Moreover, most of companies are doing Co-operate social responsibility (CSR) to make
their brand awareness and get the compensation from the government. Furthermore, regarding
with recruitment and selection, some companies are advertising their vacancy as in unfair
discrimination way such as race, age, gender, position and personality.

According to our society‘s situation, it is not possible to apply all ethical standards in currently
because our society is in developing stage. If we apply all ethical standards legally in business,
the business could not sustain in longer term. For example in recruitment and selection,
sometimes according to market situation, we need to make some discrimination such as in Hotel
industry, we need to recruit good appearance and personality, good English speaking. Likewise,
mostly HR in companies are doing security background check of the employees in written way
or verbal way without the consent of the employees cause if they inform the employees in
advance , it is assumed that the employees can cheat in some way. In addition to , according to
some requirements especially in Hospitality field , employees are examined the medical checkup
whether the employees would like to accept or not . Moreover, there are still corruption in some
cases cause even if the process is easier and faster.

In summary, it is inevitable that ethics is very to oblige but it much depends on situation, country
and other variables.
(6) Ethical sources of privacy
There are three aspects in privacy:
-We want to control intimate or personal information about ourselves and not permit it to be
freely available to everyone
-We don’t want our private selves to be on public display
-We value being able to make certain personal decisions autonomously
However there are many issues of organisational privacy interference in the workplace nowadays
because of the following reasons;
-Legitimate and illegitimate influence
-Involvement in civic activities
-Participation in wellness programs
Therefore , business often obtain information about their employees through testing and
monitoring .Informed consent its presence or absence is the main ethical issues in testing and
monitoring-it implies deliberation and free choices. Employees must be provided all key facts
concerning the information gathering procedure and understand its consequences. The decision
to participate must be voluntary and un –coerced.
Short Questions
(1) Consulting Engineer
This is a conflicting case needed to consider which side the engineer should stand
between buyer and owner. It all depends on persons’ attitude and mind not by his
profession. If the engineer isn’t concerned with construction and he is just the consultant
of the buyer side or the outside person, he should do tell the truth. Because it is the ethical
responsibility of an engineer. Otherwise, if he isn’t the buyer side, as responsible staff of
the boss / owner, he should keep the secret and at least he can just tell to check clearly
and carefully before buying.
Generally, ethical cases are many considerable cases and it is sometime difficult to
balance between the different opposite edges.

(2) Dishwasher
There are many different point of view about ethical cases. Sometimes, it is very deep
enough whom we should take ethic duties and how it was meaningful. In this dishwasher
cases, ethical responsibilities may differ basing on position and authority level.
Generally, the dishwasher / kitchen steward is the basic level in the kitchen / restaurant
and not have the right to tell directly to the boss or outsiders. In other side, I concerned he
has ethical responsibility cause he has already informed to the direct superior /manager.
By reviewing it , it lines with ethic and he is dutiful as per his position. In overall , for the
sake of dishwasher ‘s living , it is better to keep the secret and stay silently by obeying
the manager words.

(3) Secretary
In that ethical cases, there are many facts to consider such as we should prioritize
personal feeling or work. There should have a line between personal and work. In
secretary point of view, she is between the boss and his wife. For the sake of woman,
even if she can’t tell at all, she has the right to tell the hint about the boss. However, her
primary duty is to obey the boss words, she should have the ethical responsibilities to the
boss first. It is better to keep the secret as per boss said .