LIST OF QUESTIONS FOR INTRODUCTION

Efficiency of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation on

Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain : A prospective Randomized Controlled Trial
Components Explanation Check
1. What is the data that has been Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) is a common poststroke complication with a √
presented to show the reported incidence of 16%-84%. HSP is associated with intensified pain, poor
magnitude of problems? functional recovery, reduced quality of life, depression, sleeping disorder, and
prolonged hospital stay.
2. What data that has been known The NMES and TENS are theoretically recommended for treating HSP. NMES is √
before (elaborated)? often used at frequency of 15-50 Hz and a pulse width of 200-400µs. TENS is used
with 75-100Hz, pulse width of <200µs. As demonstrated in another randomized
clinical trial. TENS was more effective than, safer than, and superior to ultrasonic
therapy in treating HSP.
3. Is ther any gap? Some studies showed that diverse potential etiologies were involved in the √
development of HSP. However, the precise pathogenesis of HSP is presently
unclear.
Because of the lack of controls and small sample sizes, strong evidence-based
studies regarding the effectiveness of NMES and TENS in treating HSP are yet
limited.
4. What is the major aims (primary To compare the efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and √
endpoints)? transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS) on hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP)
5. What are the minor aims To measure improvements in the mean shoulder AROM/PROM, FMA, BI, and √
(secondary endpoints)? SSQOLS scores at each assessment post treatment.
6. What is the study hypothesis? TENS and NMES can effectively improve HSP, and the therapeutic efficacy of NMES √
is superior to that of TENS.