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BS 00476-24 1987 Iso 06944 1985 (En) PDF
BS 00476-24 1987 Iso 06944 1985 (En) PDF
28 February 2005
UDC 614.841.332:620.1:69.01:697.922
BS 476-24:1987
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
National foreword ii
0 Introduction 1
1 Scope and field of application 1
2 Reference 1
3 Principle 1
4 Apparatus 2
5 Test conditions 2
6 Preparation of test specimens 3
7 Test arrangements 3
8 Procedure 4
9 Performance criteria for expression of fire resistance 5
10 Test report 6
Annex Explanatory notes 15
Figure 1 — Test arrangement for vertical ducts 7
Figure 2 — Test arrangement for horizontal ducts 8
Figure 3 — Test arrangement for measuring restraint force for
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BS 476-24:1987
National foreword
This Part of BS 476 has been prepared under the direction of the Fire Standards
Committee. It is identical with ISO 6944-1985 “Fire resistance tests — Ventilation
ducts” published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Terminology and conventions. The text of the international standard has
been approved as suitable for publication as a British Standard without
deviation. Some terminology and certain conventions are not identical with those
used in British Standards; attention is drawn especially to the following.
The comma has been used as a decimal marker. In British Standards it is current
practice to use a full point on the baseline as the decimal marker.
Wherever the words “International Standard” appear, referring to this standard,
they should be read as “Part of BS 476”.
Cross-references. The Technical Committee has reviewed the provisions of
ISO 834-1975, to which reference is made in the text, and has decided that they
are acceptable for use in conjunction with this standard. A related British
Standard to ISO 834 is BS 476-20.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
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Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 22, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
ii © BSI 06-1999
BS 476-24:1987
of test and criteria for the determination of the fire NOTE The method described in this International Standard
resistance of vertical and horizontal ventilation should be used solely to measure and describe the properties of
ducts and their supports in response to heat and flame under
ducts under standardized fire conditions. controlled laboratory conditions and should not by itself be
1.2 The general purpose of this test is to measure considered or used for the description, appraisal or regulation of
the ability of a representative duct or duct assembly the fire hazard of such ducts or supports under actual fire
conditions.
to resist the spread of fire from one fire
compartment to another without the aid of fire 2 Reference
dampers.
1.3 It is applicable to vertical and horizontal ducts, ISO 834, Fire-resistance tests — Elements of
with or without branches, taking into account joints, building construction.
air supply and exhaust openings, as well as
suspension devices, etc.
3 Principle
1.4 This International Standard is not applicable to: 3.1 The test consists of measurement of the length
of time for which test specimens, of specified
a) ducts above fire-resisting suspended ceilings
dimensions, satisfy specified criteria under
(horizontal membranes) in those cases where the
prescribed conditions during the period of exposure
ducts rely for their fire resistance on the
to fire.
performance of the ceiling;
NOTE Other tests are necessary for these ducts.
3.2 If a rigid restraint is not provided (see 7.2.9),
measurements shall be made of any elongation or
b) ducts containing fire dampers at points where
shortening of the duct which occurs during the test,
they pass through fire separations.
in order to provide an indication of allowances for
NOTE In order to assess the fire resistance of fire dampers, elongation or shortening which are to be made in the
other tests are required. A method of test for fire dampers is
under consideration as a subject for a future International design of the duct system in practice.
Standard. 3.3 The following measurements are optional and
1.5 This International Standard is not appropriate are not to be considered an integral part of this test
for the following ducts unless the further criteria method.
described in the Annexare established to the a) gas leakage rates, to provide an indication of
satisfaction of the appropriate authority: the potential smoke leakage through the duct;
a) ducts of materials which are extremely b) the release of smoke from the unexposed face,
sensitive to thermal shock; to provide an indication of smoke generated by
NOTE Thermal shock may affect such ducts in a way that duct covering and lining materials;
would differ from the effect in this test, but the test may still
be used where it can be established that sensitivity to thermal
shock is within acceptable limits.
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BS 476-24:1987
c) restraint forces at the penetration point in the 4.3 Thermocouples, for measuring the internal
furnace wall opposing horizontal expansion of the temperature of the furnace and internal and
ducts, to provide an indication of potential external temperatures of the test specimens in
structural failure of lightweight partitions conformity with the requirements given
through which the ducts may pass; however, if in 5.1.2, 5.1.3 and 5.1.4 and, if necessary, a movable
the duct specimen at the penetration point is thermocouple (see 8.3.1.2).
fire-stopped with mineral wool or other flexible 4.4 Equipment for measuring gas pressures in the
fire-stopping, there will not be any full restraint furnace and in the ducts.
at this point (see 7.2.9 and the Annex), and if the
4.5 Fan, for extracting gas from ducts B in Figure 1
duct is restrained outside the furnace (see 7.2.9),
and Figure 2 with a suction capacity of
it will not be appropriate to measure restraint
at least 2 × Vn (required
forces at the penetration point.
capacity:Vn = 3 m/s × 1 m × 0,25 m = 0,75 m3/s),
3.4 The test takes into account the effect of fire i.e. sufficient to produce an air velocity in the ducts
exposure from the outside as well as the effect of fire of at least 3 m/s, measured at ambient temperature
entering the ducts in conditions where forced air before the test.
movement may or may not be present.
The characteristic curve of the fan shall be
3.5 The test specimens incorporate the usual joints horizontal for the actual air flow. The capacity of the
and exhaust openings and are suspended as they fan shall not change by more than 10 % in the event
would be in practice. The specimens are supplied of a drop in pressure of up to 50 Pa.
with air in a manner which is indicative of the NOTE The regulation of the gas flow can be arranged by a flow
“fan off” and “fan on” situations which could arise in rate controller, installed just before the fan. This provides a
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practice. sufficient gas flow even when deformations of the duct reducing
its cross-sectional area by not more than 25 % occur. The case
As the load-bearing capacity of suspension or fixing where the duct collapses in such a way that its cross-sectional
devices is often critical in a fire, additional separate area is reduced by more than 25 % can be disregarded in
evaluation of these devices is required. This determining the fan capacity because, before this happens, a
stability failure or an integrity failure at the fire-stopping would
evaluation may be carried out in a separate furnace. have already occurred.
For the suspension and fixing devices, the
For horizontal ducts, a second fan is required to
evaluation procedure may be separated into parts,
produce and maintain an underpressure of 300 Pa
such as tests for the device for fastening to the floor,
ceiling or wall, tests for the device for fastening to in duct A (see Figure 2).
the duct and tests for the hangers. After having
chosen the correct fastening device and hanger, the
5 Test conditions
complete assembly can be evaluated. 5.1 Fire exposure
3.6 If specified by the sponsor, part of the test may 5.1.1 Temperature rise
be omitted if the duct concerned is not required, in The temperature rise shall be controlled in
practice, to meet all the conditions envisaged by the accordance with ISO 834, subclause 4.1.1.
test; for example a duct designed for use only in the
vertical position need not be tested in the horizontal 5.1.2 Measurement of furnace temperature
position. Any such deviations from the full test The furnace temperature shall be measured in
procedure shall be clearly described in the test accordance with ISO 834, subclause 4.1.2.
report. The positions of the thermocouples shall be as
shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
4 Apparatus
5.1.3 Tolerances
The main items of apparatus are as follows:
Tolerances shall be assessed in accordance with
4.1 Furnace, capable of subjecting a ventilation duct ISO 834, subclause 4.1.3.
to the standard heating and pressure conditions
specified in clause 5, suitable for testing ducts in the 5.1.4 Measurement of temperature of test
vertical (see Figure 1) or horizontal (see Figure 2) specimens
position. The temperature of the test specimens shall be
4.2 Device, if applicable (see 3.3), fixed to the measured in accordance with ISO 834,
furnace wall, for measuring the forces which subclause 4.1.4.
restrain thermal elongation in horizontal ducts.
A test arrangement for this purpose is shown in
Figure 3. Details are described in the Annex.
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BS 476-24:1987
The positions of the thermocouples shall be as 6.1.3 If applicable, specimens having a ratio of
shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7.1) Thermocouples shortest side to longest side of 1/4 shall be tested.
for estimating average temperature shall be placed The longest side shall be 1 m or as near to 1 m as the
in such a way as to give information representative dimensions of the furnace allow (see the Annex).
of the normal heat transfer through the walls of the 6.2 Conditioning
ducts.
Test specimens containing hygroscopic materials, or
5.1.5 Measurement of temperatures of flue other materials which can be affected by moisture,
gases shall be conditioned to equilibrium with the
The gas temperatures inside the ducts shall be prevailing conditions in the laboratory, which shall
measured at the locations shown in Figure 6 and be within the following limits:
Figure 7. The hot junctions of the thermocouples — temperature (dry bulb): 25 ± 15 °C;
shall be placed centrally in the ducts and at the
— relative humidity: 40 to 65 %.
centre of the top edge of the opening in the vertical
duct A (see Figure 6). Further details are given in
ISO 834, subclause 4.1.2.3.
7 Test arrangements
5.2 Pressure conditions 7.1 Details of test specimens
The furnace pressure shall be maintained according The test shall be made on a test specimen
to ISO 834, subclause 4.2. representative of the complete duct assembly,
including integral or intended insulation, on which
The neutral plane shall be below the horizontal information is required. Each type of duct requires
specimen. The pressure inside horizontal duct A
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1)
Additional bare wire thermocouples may be placed on supports or in other positions on the ducts to obtain additional data for
use in assessments.
© BSI 06-1999 3
BS 476-24:1987
7.2.2 Ducts shall be arranged as in practice Such restraint shall be full in the direction of the
(see Figure 1 and Figure 2). Both horizontal ducts duct, so as to resist all expansion forces in this
shall abut against the furnace wall at one end and direction, but there shall be no restraint (at ambient
shall penetrate the furnace wall at the other. Both temperature) to movement in the vertical direction.
the end of the horizontal duct A (see Figure 2) In these cases, the measurement of restraint forces
within the furnace and the end of the branch duct and elongations are not applicable. In other cases,
attached thereto shall be closed independently of the parts of specimens outside the furnace shall be
any furnace enclosure by materials and construction unrestrained.
similar to the remainder of the duct.
7.3 Materials and workmanship
7.2.3 Vertical ducts (see Figure 1) shall be tested
standing on the furnace floor and penetrating the The materials and standard of workmanship of the
furnace roof slab; the ducts shall be fixed at the test specimens shall be representative of good
furnace roof level as they would be fixed in practice practice, as defined by national codes and
when penetrating a floor. standards.
7.2.4 For horizontal ducts, the test arrangement 8 Procedure
shall include at least two joints inside the furnace
and at least one joint outside it. One joint shall be at 8.1 Test conditions
the centre of the span between the supports both Parts of ducts within the furnace shall normally be
inside and outside the furnace, if this is possible in exposed to fire from all sides over their whole
practice. length. Ducts shall only be exposed on less than four
7.2.5 For vertical ducts, the test arrangement shall sides if this is likely to occur in practice. Tests can
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include at least one joint inside and one joint outside be performed on assemblies of ducts (see Figure 1).
the furnace (see Figure 1). Alternatively, tests can be performed with a duct
7.2.6 The openings of all ducts shall have an area positioned close to a wall or floor if it is desired to
which is at least half the cross-sectional area of the represent this condition in practice.
ducts. Such openings shall be in the positions shown 8.2 Control of conditions to permit assessment
in Figure 1 and Figure 2. of integrity
7.2.7 The horizontal duct A (see Figure 2) shall Twenty minutes after the start of the test, stop the
include one sharp bend of the same cross-sectional fan in duct B (see Figure 1 and Figure 2) and, where
area as the main duct and a T-piece to form a short it is intended to evaluate the “fire outside duct”
branch duct. All specimens including this branch situation with the duct only in the horizontal
shall be mounted with the suspension or fixing position (see 3.6), stop the fan in horizontal duct A
devices as would be provided in practice. (see Figure 2) for about 5 min to enable an
7.2.8 There shall be a clearance of 500 ± 50 mm assessment of integrity of the duct assembly outside
between the top of the horizontal duct and the the furnace to be carried out under stable conditions
ceiling, and also at least 500 mm between the in the “fan off” situation. Then start the fan in
underside of the horizontal duct and the floor. duct B and, where applicable, in horizontal duct A,
Similarly, there shall be a clearance of and stop it for a 5 min period 10 min before the
at least 500 mm between the sides of ducts and the completion of every 30 min period of the test. Make
furnace walls, except in the case of assemblies of assessments of integrity in the “fan on” situation at
ducts as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. all other times.
7.2.9 When, in practice, horizontal ducts and/or the 8.3 Test measurements and observations
applied fire protective insulation outside the fire 8.3.1 Assessment of fire resistance
compartment is likely to be subject to rigid restraint
against elongation forces, either from building Make the following measurements and observations
works (walls, etc.) against which the duct abuts, or to enable the criteria of stability, insulation and
where the rest of the duct assembly outside the fire integrity (see clause 1) to be assessed.
compartment could afford such rigid restraint (such 8.3.1.1 Stability
as may be afforded by ducts with short, rigid Record the time when the suspension or fixing
supports), full restraint shall be produced in the devices can no longer retain a duct in its intended
specimen at points 2 000 ± 50 mm from and outside position or when sections of the duct collapse.
the furnace enclosure.
4 © BSI 06-1999
BS 476-24:1987
8.3.1.2 Insulation (temperature of unexposed face) 8.4.2 In tests other than those on test specimens
Measure the average and maximum temperatures judged only by the criterion of stability (see 9.2.1),
of the unexposed faces of the test specimens as testing may be continued after failure under either
specified in 5.1.4 and ISO 834, subclause 6.2.2.1, of the other two criteria (see 9.2.2 and 9.2.3) by prior
using a movable thermocouple to locate points of agreement between the sponsor of the test and the
high temperature. testing authority, until failure occurs under the
other criterion, provided that collapse of the
8.3.1.3 Integrity specimen has not already occurred.
a) Record any cracks and openings which indicate 8.4.3 Alternatively, the test may be concluded after
loss of integrity. a period determined by prior agreement between
b) Determine the time at which the passage of the sponsor and the testing authority, even if no
flames or of hot gases outside the furnace occurs failure under any of the criteria has occurred at the
according to ISO 834, subclause 6.2.3.1, the end of that period.
cotton pad being applied to the openings outside 8.4.4 The length of time from the commencement of
the duct, if provided, and to any crack or hole heating for which the test specimen complies with
which develops. the relevant requirement(s) shall be expressed in
c) Measure and record the temperature of the minutes.
gases issuing from openings in the ducts outside 8.5 Calibration
the furnace and at penetration points inside the
ducts. (See Figure 6 and Figure 7; The instrumentation used for measuring
thermocouples 1 and 2 are used.) temperature, pressure, air velocity and force shall
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BS 476-24:1987
b) 180 °C as a maximum value read by any e) details of construction and conditioning of the
surface thermocouple. test specimens, including detailed information
NOTE See also the Annex, clause A.1 d) in respect of insulation on the relevant physical and mechanical
failure of ducts A in Figure 1 and Figure 2 within the furnace properties of the materials used, together with
where such ducts contain combustible materials, clause A.7.1, drawings illustrating the essential features and
regarding the need for care in siting openings into ducts close to
fire separation walls. including the number of sides of the test
specimens exposed to fire in the furnace
9.2.3 Integrity
(see 8.1);
The presence and formation in the test specimen of f) whether the duct was considered restrained or
cracks, holes or other openings outside the furnace unrestrained, including methods of fixing,
through which flames or hot gases can pass shall support and mounting, as appropriate for the
constitute integrity failure. type of specimen, and a description of the
Integrity failure shall also be deemed to have method and materials used to seal the opening
occurred when the cotton pad referred to in ISO 834, between the duct and cut-out provided in the
subclause 6.2.3.1, is ignited or when sustained wall to accommodate the duct;
flaming, of duration at least 10 s, appears on the g) the force (if measured) due to restraint at the
unexposed face of the test specimen outside the furnace penetration point as a function of time,
furnace. presented as a graph;
9.3 Precision and accuracy h) the thermal elongation or shortening
No quantitative data for precision and accuracy are (if measured) of ducts A in Figure 1 and Figure 2
available at present. (see 8.3.2);
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Figure 1 — Test arrangement for vertical ducts
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BS 476-24:1987
© BSI 06-1999
© BSI 06-1999
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BS 476-24:1987
Figure 3 — Test arrangement for measuring restraint force for horizontal ducts at the furnace penetration point
9
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BS 476-24:1987
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Figure 5 — Location of furnace thermocouples for ducts in horizontal position (see also Figure 2)
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necessary to complement a fire resistance test by below the floor structure and protected against fire
other tests for the determination of the relevant by a suspended ceiling of sufficient fire resistance,
properties of materials, for example thermal where other tests for the fire performance of the
conductivity, specific heat, and strength and suspended ceiling may be used.
deformation properties in the temperature range
The method described in this International
associated with fires.
Standard is also not appropriate in the following
Since the duct, in practice, will be attached to fixed contexts, unless the further criteria described are
building members (floors, walls, etc.), the established to the satisfaction of the appropriate
anticipated effects of their expansion, contraction or authority:
deflection should be considered in a complete
a) A ventilation duct constructed of materials
evaluation of fire performance.
which are extremely sensitive to thermal shock,
It may also be necessary to carry out additional tests for the case when cold air passes through a fire
of the load-bearing capacity and resistance to compartment; the duct is thus attacked by fire
elongation or other deformation of hangers under from the outside whilst being cold on the inside.
fire conditions. Here the thermal shock or other phenomena may
A.1 Notes on scope and field of application cause the behaviour of the duct to be worse in
Ventilation duct systems are well known for practice than in the fire test, but if the sensitivity
creating hazards by facilitating the spread of smoke to shock is within agreed acceptable limits, the
and hot gases in the case of fire. Systems of this type method of test described may still be used.
are often complicated and extensive in modern
buildings and their influence on the fire hazard has
to be considered carefully. The fire hazard can be
reduced either by providing fire dampers (tests on
which are not covered by this International
Standard) at the points where the ducts pass
through fire separations, or by the provision of ducts
which, themselves, are fire-resisting.
© BSI 06-1999 15
BS 476-24:1987
b) Ventilation duct systems intended solely for e) In the case of a fire inside a horizontal duct
the evacuation of smoke, which are intended to (duct B in Figure 2), duct hangers outside the
maintain their integrity and cross-sectional area furnace are liable to be attacked by the fire,
within the fire compartment in order to enable for example where they cannot be well insulated
the maximum quantity of smoke to be extracted on the side nearest to the duct. In this case a
throughout the fire period. In this case, any separate test, in addition to those mentioned in d)
excessive leakage through the walls of the duct above, may be necessary on representative
within the fire compartment (as well as outside hangers, together with a section of the duct
it), and any restriction of the cross-sectional area loaded as in practice.
of the duct due to twisting or buckling may impair A.2 Notes on principle
the ability of the duct to extract the amount of
A.2.1 Smoke production
smoke for which it was designed. It is considered
that any restriction of the cross-sectional area of In 8.3.3, additional observations during the test,
the duct to 75 % or less of its original area should for example the emission of smoke or noxious fumes
be deemed to constitute failure in this case. It from the unexposed face of a duct, are required to be
should be noted that, in practice, such ducts may reported. This has been specified in order to
cause movement of the smoke at higher velocities facilitate the assessment of the overall fire hazard in
than in normal ventilation ducts (disregarding a building.
the noise). The high under-pressure in such As the combustion by the burners of the furnace
situations may cause collapse of the duct. does not produce visible smoke, and as it may be
c) Ducts lined on the inside with combustible difficult to distinguish between smoke and any
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materials or ducts, such as kitchen extract ducts, steam produced, the test gives no full and reliable
which are likely to accumulate combustible indication of the quantity of smoke which could be
deposits. These may be tested in accordance with passed by the duct from the burning room to other
this International Standard if additional rooms of a building. The estimation of this has to be
thermocouples are fixed at points on the inner based on observations in accordance with 8.3.1.3.
surface of the duct within the furnace where hot In the case of ducts constructed of, or lined with,
spots are anticipated. Combustible linings (either combustible materials, smoke can be produced by
external or internal) may be subject to certain thermal decomposition of the duct or lining material
requirements regarding spread of flame, fire and can enter other rooms. The estimation as to
propagation, etc. It has been found most whether this represents a hazard depends on the
convenient to exclude these properties from the amount and density of the smoke. A quantitative
test and to test them separately. method of measuring this does not exist at present,
d) Special problems may occur when adjacent but the following simple aid to assessment has
structural members (for example floors), from proved to be suitable. This shall not, however, be
which horizontal ventilation ducts are allowed to interfere with measurements and
suspended, deflect due to the thermal influence of observations required by this International
the fire. The test results may then be difficult to Standard, such as observations of integrity failure.
interpret. The problem is of the same nature as A second room with the duct passing through it is
mentioned in ISO 834 for non-load-bearing constructed alongside or, as the case may be, on top
partitions and reference should, therefore, be of the furnace. The walls and the ceiling of this room
made to the Annex to ISO 834, A.6.1, note can be constructed of simple light elements as the
concerning 6.1.1.5. room is not heated by the burners. The room should
Due to composite reactions caused by deflections be completely enclosed in order to collect the smoke
of the ventilation duct and of the adjacent which is emitted by the duct. From visual
structural member, suspension and fastening observation, the time can be established at which
devices, bolts, etc. may fail. However, it is the density of smoke in the room is estimated to be
emphasized that the method of test specified in such that it represents a danger for escaping
this International Standard is not primarily persons. In order to have a common basis for this
intended to test such devices but the ventilation estimation the suggested dimensions of the room
duct itself. Devices of this type should normally are 3,5 m × 3,5 m × 2 m. It can be assumed that an
be evaluated separately. This means that failure acceptable smoke level in a room of this size will be
of one or more fastening devices which are not at least as acceptable in a larger room.
specific to the particular duct assembly should
not automatically be interpreted as a failure of
the whole duct assembly.
16 © BSI 06-1999
BS 476-24:1987
In relation to integrity it is recognized that the rise In the case of horizontal ducts where the
in temperature of thermocouple 1 at the furnace installation cannot ensure the required space for the
penetration points will only give a rough indication elongation of the ducts or sufficient flexibility in the
of integrity failure of ducts A, within the furnace, duct supports, a test with full restraint inside and
although it will give some indication of insulation outside the duct has to be performed if the
failure within the furnace. The introduction of a laboratory cannot judge by experience that the
tracer gas into the furnace and measurement of it restraint has no negative influence on the results.
within the duct may be a more precise method of Duct B, in this case, should be fully restrained in the
measuring integrity failure. Also, the measurement direction of the duct at the end inside the furnace
and comparison of the amount of carbon dioxide and at a point 2 m outside the furnace, but there
within the furnace and within the duct may enable should be no restraint in a vertical direction. This
a rate of gas leakage to be ascertained. will represent the “worst case” condition where,
Another method for estimating the leakage under for example, a duct butts against a corridor a short
fire conditions as an indication of integrity failure is distance away from the fire compartment, or where
the measurement of under-pressure in duct A; the “cold” portions of the duct system outside the fire
see 5.3. compartment act as a rigid restraint to the
expansion forces. A suitable method of restraining
A.3 Notes on apparatus
the duct specimen outside the furnace is shown in
A.3.1 Reproducibility Figure 8.
At present, no information is available concerning If applicable, details of the arrangement for
the reproducibility of this method of test. In order to measuring the restraint force at the penetration
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© BSI 06-1999
See national foreword.
Publication referred to
BS 476-24:1987
BS 476-24:
1987
ISO 6944-1985 BSI — British Standards Institution
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This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard,
of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these
details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior
written permission of BSI must be obtained.