Ssc-Je/Rrb-Je/Rsmssb-Je/Dmrc/Psu: by - Vikash Singh Verified Star Educator

SSC-JE/RRB-JE/RSMSSB-JE/DMRC/PSU
https://t.me/vikash_SSCJe
https://unacademy.com/@vbanna1508
BY – VIKASH SINGH VERIFIED STAR EDUCATOR

Measurement and Instrumentation (Cathode Ray-oscilloscope)
Peak To Peak Measurement
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The cathode-Ray oscilloscope (CRO)
1.Common laboratory instrument that provides accurate time and

amplitude measurements of voltage signals over a wide range of
frequencies.
2.Its reliability, stability, and ease of operation makes it suitable as a

general purpose laboratory instrument.
A general purpose oscilloscope consists of the

following parts:
1. Cathode ray tube (CRT)

2. Vertical amplifier
3. Delay line
4. Time base generator
5. Horizontal amplifier
6. Trigger circuit
7. Power supply
Cathode Ray Tube (Heart of the oscilloscope. )
When the electrons emitted by the electron gun strikes the

phosphor screen, a visual signal is displayed on the CRT.
Vertical Amplifier - The input signals are amplified by the vertical

amplifier. Usually, the vertical amplifier is a wide band amplifier
which passes the entire band of frequencies.
Delay Line - As the name suggests, this circuit is used to delay the signal
for a period of time in the vertical section of CRT. The input signal is not
applied directly to the vertical plates because the part of the signal gets
lost, when the delay time is not used. Therefore, the input signal is
delayed by a period of time.(About 200nsec
Time Base (Sweep) Generator - Time base circuit uses a uni-junction
transistor, which is used to produce the sweep
Horizontal Amplifier - The saw tooth voltage produced by the

time base circuit is amplified by the horizontal amplifier before it
is applied to horizontal deflection plates.
Trigger Circuit - The signals which are used to activate the trigger
circuit are converted to trigger pulses for the precision sweep
operation whose amplitude is uniform. Hence input signal and
the sweep frequency can be synchronized.
Power supply - The voltages required by CRT, horizontal amplifier,

and vertical amplifier are provided by the power supply block. It is
classified into two types -
(1) Negative high voltage supply

(2) Positive low voltage supply
The voltage of negative high voltage supply = -1000V to -1500V.

Range of positive voltage supply = 300V to 500V.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

Cathode ray tube, CRT is the heart of CRO which generates images
when electron beam from the back of the tube strikes the fluorescent
screen with sufficient energy. CRT technique was basically employed
in conventional TV and computer screens
Constructional details of Cathode Ray Tube

CRT consist of the following parts:
1.Electron gun
2.Deflection plate assembly
3.Fluorescent screen
Construction of Electron Gun

1. Heating Elements –
• Used to heat up the cathode
• Required 6.3 volt and 600 mA supply
2. Cathode-
• Cylindrical in shape
• Layer of strontium and barium oxide is deposited which emit the high emission of
electrons at the end of the tube.
2. Control Grid –
• Material-Nickel cylinder shape.
• The control grid is negative biasing due to which it controls the intensity of
electrons beams.
3. Pre-Accelerating & Post Accelerating Anode –

The pre-accelerating and post accelerating anode accelerated the beams
passing through the gun. These anodes are connected to the high potential
(1500 V)for accelerating the electrons.
4. Focusing Anode –
After passing through the pre-accelerating and accelerating electrodes, The
focusing anode responsible for electrostatic focusing system, for that this is
held at 500 V
Note- CRT of CRO –Electrostatic focusing system

CRT of TV PICTURE TUBE-Electromagnetic focusing system which has
more resolution.
Deflection system
The deflection system consists of two pairs of parallel plates called X-
plates and Y-plates.
Between the electron gun and the fluorescent screen are two pair of metal
plates - one oriented to provide horizontal deflection of the beam and one
pair oriented to give vertical deflection to the beam
MODE OF CRO
1. NORMAL MODE
2 DUAL MODE OR XY MODE
Normal mode-
In this mode ,output of sweep generator(ramp wave) is given to horizontal
deflecting plate and sinusoidal signal is given to vertical deflecting plate. Then
we can obtain a sinusoidal wave.
Dual mode or X-Y mode

In X-Y mode of operation, the output of sweep generator is
disconnected from the horizontal deflecting plate and X-input
channel is connected and Y-Channel signal is given to vertical
deflecting plate.
Dual trace v/s Dual beam
Dual trace- one electron beam , two input supply
Dual beam- two electron beam, two electron gun, two input
signals
TEST YOURSELF
1. A 10MHz CRO has
(a) 5MHz sweep
(b) 10MHz vertical oscillator
(c) 10MHz horizontal oscillator
(d) 10MHz supply frequency
TEST YOURSELF
2.In a CRT the highest positive potential is given to
(a)focusing electrodes.
(b)cathode
(c)vertical defection plates.
(d)post deflection accelerating anode.
.
TEST YOURSELF
3. One cycle of a square wave signal observed on an
oscilloscope is found to occupy 6 cm at a scale setting of 30
us/cm. What is the signal frequency ?
(a) 1.8 kHz (b) 5.55 kHz (c) 18 kHz (d) 55.5 kHz
TEST YOURSELF
4. The purpose of providing acquadag in CRT is to
(a) increase fluorescence.

(b) increase phosphorescence.
(c) protect burning of screen.
(d) remove electrostatic charge accumulation.
TEST YOURSELF
5. In CRT aquadag carries
(a) aqueous solution of graphite.

(b) sweep voltage.
(c) secondary emission electrons.
(d) none of the above
TEST YOURSELF
6. Which one of the following measuring devices has minimum
loading effect on the quantity under measurement ?
(a) PMMC. (b) CRO.

(c) Hot wire. (d) Electrodynamometer
TEST YOURSELF
7. What is the approximate input impedance of a CRO ?
(a) Zero
(b) 1 M 
(c) 10 K 
(d) 10 
TEST YOURSELF
8. Oscilloscope is basically a
(a) voltmeter.
(b) ammeter.
(c) wattmeter.
(d) energy meter
TEST YOURSELF
9. A CRO cannot be used for direct measurement of
(a) Voltage (b) Current.

(c) Frequency (d) Power.
TEST YOURSELF
10. Horizontal deflection plates of CRO are placed generally
(a) Horizontal. (b) Vertical.

(c) Diagonal (d) a or b
TEST YOURSELF
11. The screen of CRO has 10 division on horizontal scale.if a
voltage signal 5sin(314t+45) volt is examined with a time base
setting of 5msec per division then the no of cycles of signal
displayed on the screen will be
(a) 4.5 (b) 2

(c) 4 (d) 2.5
TEST YOURSELF
12.In a CRT ,the focussing anode is located
(a) After accelerating anode

(b) Between pre and post accelerating anodes
(c) Before pre accelerating anode
(d) Just after electron gun.
TEST YOURSELF
13. An oscilloscope indicates
(a) Peak to peak value of voltage

(b) DC value of voltage
(c) RMS value
(d) Average value
TEST YOURSELF
14. In a CRT , the focussing anode is located
(a) After accelerating anode

(b) Between pre and post accelerating anodes
(c) Before pre accelerating anode
(d) Just after electron gun.

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SSC-JE/RRB-JE/RSMSSB-JE/DMRC/PSU

BY – VIKASH SINGH VERIFIED STAR EDUCATOR

Peak To Peak Measurement

The cathode-Ray oscilloscope (CRO)

1.Common laboratory instrument that provides accurate time and

2.Its reliability, stability, and ease of operation makes it suitable as a

A general purpose oscilloscope consists of the

1. Cathode ray tube (CRT)

Cathode Ray Tube (Heart of the oscilloscope. )

When the electrons emitted by the electron gun strikes the

Vertical Amplifier - The input signals are amplified by the vertical

Horizontal Amplifier - The saw tooth voltage produced by the

Power supply - The voltages required by CRT, horizontal amplifier,

(1) Negative high voltage supply

The voltage of negative high voltage supply = -1000V to -1500V.

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

Constructional details of Cathode Ray Tube

Construction of Electron Gun

3. Pre-Accelerating & Post Accelerating Anode –

Note- CRT of CRO –Electrostatic focusing system

Dual mode or X-Y mode

(a) increase fluorescence.

(a) aqueous solution of graphite.

(a) PMMC. (b) CRO.

(a) Voltage (b) Current.

(a) Horizontal. (b) Vertical.

(a) 4.5 (b) 2

(a) After accelerating anode

(a) Peak to peak value of voltage

(a) After accelerating anode

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