Ministry of high education

University of Kirkuk
Civil engineering department

Student name

Mustafa nadhom majed

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 Migration
migration can be defined as “the mass directional movements of large numbers of a
species from one location to another. The term is used to describe a diverse array of
patterns, from the intercontinental movements of Arctic terns and humpback whales
to the micro-movements of tiny shore animals following the tidal cycle. Migration
plays out over time, across scales, and in specific geographies. Biologists and
population ecologists often focus on seasonal, round-trip movements between discrete
locations. Such seasonal migrations are essential to the survival and resilience of
many populations, as communities respond to changes in resource availability or
habitat quality over the course of the year. For some long-lived species, individuals
make the journey between winter and summer ranges year after year. For others
species, monarch butterfly migrations can occur over multiple generations, with one
individual incrementally following the shifting season and accompanying resources

northward or southward, then passing the baton to its offspring to continue the
journey. For humans too, migration is a basic survival strategy. Humans have always
moved, and often over very long distances The large-scale movement of people goes
back more than a hundred thousand years when early homo sapiens began migrating
out from the African continent. Just as other species migrate in reaction to resource
availability, habitat quality, and stress or disturbance — human populations move
(voluntarily or involuntarily) for a wide range of motivations. Migration, therefore is a
broad construct that can describe flows of populations as diverse as the seasonal
patterns of migrant laborers and nomadic herders, the relocation of populations in
response to earthquakes or civil wars, the zealous journeys of missionaries or

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explorers, the voluntary seasonal travel of retirees, or the involuntary removal of
populations ensnared by mass incarceration. The framework of migration studies has
also been used to study complex and traumatic histories such as the forced migration
resultant of ethnic cleansing or the transatlantic slave trade. These large-scale
movements of individuals and communities from one location to another, or one way
of life to another, is now recognized as having far-reaching effects on culture,
language, genetics, law, economics and the environment.

The total number of international migrants today is estimated by both the United
Nations 2015 Migration Report and the at 244 million, or roughly three percent of
global population . the highest number of people on the move ever recorded, and a
41% increase compared to the year 2000 . Over 65 million people left their homeland,
and nearly 20 million of those individuals are refugees .Conflict, injustice and
systemic violence are not new to history, but today’s ongoing crises and inequalities
occur amidst a context of increased human mobility, globalization and
interconnectedness. Nations hosting large refugee populations bear a disproportionate
burden as long-term responses to crises around the world remain incomplete and
uncoordinated. Furthermore, the impacts of large-scale movement of refugees and
migrants, are felt at every point across the diverse landscapes that serve as places of
origin, transit, or destination. In pursuing a better life, migrants take incredible risks
and travel at great expense. In their countries of destination, the arrival of foreigners
in large numbers have been met with the full spectrum of human emotions and actions
from deep solidarity and charity to racist protest and a sharp uptick in hate crimes and
discrimination.to summit people and counters should help them because they are
people in need of aid and assistant because it is not there felt that they migrated they
wear frost to Margret knowingly.