P.E.

Civil Exam Review:

Design and Construction

J.P. Mohsen

jpm@louisville.edu

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Table of Contents
 Concrete stress-strain relationship 5

 Concrete Modulus of Elasticity 11

 Cracking Moment 15

 Reinforcing Steel 18

 Nominal Moment (Theoretical Ultimate Moment) 19

 Value of Beta1 Factor 23

 Ultimate Moment Capacity 32

 Concrete Strength Reduction Factor phi 33

 Load Factors 39

2
Table of Contents (continued)

 Minimum Percentage of Steel for Slabs 41

 Steel Design Manual 46

 Structural Steel Basic Design Requirements 49

 ASCE 7 Load Combinations 57

 Euler’s Buckling Equation 62

 References 66

3
NCEES Topics
Means and Methods
A. Construction loads
B. Construction methods
C. Temporary structures and facilities

Materials
C. Concrete (e.g., nonreinforced, reinforced)
D. Structural steel

Structural Mechanics
H. Beams
I. Columns
J. Slabs

4
Concrete Stress-Strain Relationship
Stress Strain Diagram

Ultimate strength

Rupture
Yield point

Elastic limit
Stress

Proportional limit Typical for Ductile Materials

STEEL

∆σ

∆ε

Strain

5
Stress Strain Diagram

Typical for Brittle Materials

CONCRETE
Stress

Strain

6
Stress Strain Diagram

Methods for approximating modulus of elasticity

Initial
tangent Tangent
modulus modulus

Chord
modulus
Stress

Secant
modulus

Strain

7
Stress Strain Diagram

Different types of elastic moduli and the method by which these are
determined for Portland Cement Concrete
CALCULATING THE ELASTIC MODULI
σULT = 3600 psi; 40% σULT = 1440 psi = SO
Secant Modulus: Slope of the line
T1 corresponding to stress SO =
1440/(400x10-6) = 3.6 x 106 psi
Chord Modulus: Slope of the line
4000
corresponding to stress SC = (1440-
200)/(400-50) x 10-6 = 3.5 x 106 psi
Tangent Modulus: Slope of the line TT1
Stress, psi

3000
drawn tangent to any point on the σ-ε
curve = 2.5 x 10-6 psi
0.68 water/cement ratio,
6x12 in. concrete cylinder Dynamic Modulus
2000 T
(3000 psi designed strength), (Initial Tangent Modulus): Slope of the
s standard cured for 28 days. OD from the origin = 1000/200 = 5 x 106
D psi
1000

c
O 50 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Strain, x 10-6
8
Stress Strain Diagram (concrete)

9
Concrete
Stress-Strain Curve:
• Linear from zero to 0.4 fc’
• Beyond this range non-linear
• Ultimate Strength at strain of 0.002”/”
• Strain at rupture 0.003-0.004”/”
• At low fc’ strain at rupture 0.004”/”
• At high fc’ strain at rupture <0.003”/”
• Rupture strain for analysis 0.003”/”
• Lower strength concrete less brittle than higher strength

10
Concrete Modulus of Elasticity
Modulus of elasticity:

• Tangent modulus – tangent at 0.5 fc '

.
• ACI: for 90 to 155 pcf concrete

• ACI: for 145 pcf concrete

11
Concrete
Flexural Behavior of Concrete:

• As the load is applied, the beam undergoes three distinct stages

before collapse:

A. uncracked

B. cracked – elastic stage

C. ultimate strength stage

12
Concrete

strains stresses
13
Concrete
When failure occurs, concrete is
crushed here

Strains (steel stresses

has yielded)
14
Cracking Moment

• From flexure formula:

• Cracking moment is the moment when for normal weight

concrete, where is in psi

• Hence,
15
Problem 1
a. For a concrete with a compressive strength of 4000 psi, assuming the
concrete is uncracked, compute the bending stresses in the extreme fibers
of the beam if it is subjected to a bending moment of 25 ft-k.
b. Determine the cracking moment of the section.

As

Beam cross-section

16
Problem 1 (continued)
a. Bending stresses at extreme fibers

15”
18” 12 18 5832 in.
3#9
, .
(As = 3.00 in2) 463 psi
3”

12”

b. Cracking moment: modulus of rupture 7.5 4000 474 psi

307,152 in lb 25.6 ft k
.

17
Reinforcing Steel

• Rebars ---------

• Deformed bar sized range from #3 to #18.

• Up to #8, bar diameter is in eights.

• Area of #9, #10, and #11 corresponds to area of 1”

square, 1 1/8” square, and 1 ¼” square respectively.

18
Nominal Moment (Theoretical Ultimate Moment)
Problem 2
Determine , the nominal moment or theoretical ultimate moment
strength of the beam section shown if 60,000 psi and 3,000 psi.

0.85f’c

a C

d = 21”
24” d – a/2

3#9
(As = 3.00 in2) As
T
3”

b = 14”

19
Problem 2 (continued)
Compression and tension couple at nominal moment.

0.85f’c

C = 0.85f’cab
f’c
c β1 c = a

d
d – a/2

As
fy T = Asfy

(a) Beam (b) Actual compression (c) Assumed compression

stress variation stress variation
20
Concrete Theoretical Moment
Tensile force ·

Compressive force 0.85

• a = depth of stress block

• b = width of beam

• ; · 0.85
• · ⁄ 0.85
• Moment arm 0.5

21
Concrete Theoretical Moment

• Nominal moment

• or
•

22
Value of Beta1 Factor

Charles Whitney’s Theory:

• Per ACI (10.2.7.3) 0.85 for 4000 psi.

• For 4000 psi: 0.85 0.05 4000 ⁄1000

• shall be 0.65

23
Problem 2 (continued)
Computing tensile and compressive forces T & C.

0.85f’c

a C

d = 21”
24” d – a/2

3#9
(As = 3.00 in2) As
T
3”

b = 14”

24
Problem 2 (solution)
Solution:

3.00 60 180
0.85 0.85 3 14 35.7

for equilibrium
180 35.7
5.04 in

Computing ⁄2 and

.
21 18.48 in
180 18.48 3326.4 in · k 277.2 ft · k

25
 Problem 3

For the beam cross-section shown on the next page, slide 27,

1. Find the strain in the reinforcing steel when the strain at the
compression side, in this case the top surface of the
concrete, has reached 0.003 in/in.

2. For the same beam, find the nominal moment capacity.

3. Find the ultimate moment capacity for this beam.

26
 Problem 3 (continued)

0.003

c
21 in
d
24 in
d–c

3#8 bars
2.37 sq in
0.003

14 in
Strain Diagram

27
Problem 3 (solution)
Calculating the strain in the reinforcing steel -----

Determine values a, c, and for the beam shown.

Given: 60000 psi & 3000 psi
Solution:
⁄ 0.85 ; 2.37 60000 ⁄ 0.85 · 3000 · 14 3.98“
0.85 for 3000.0 psi concrete
⁄ 3.98⁄0.85 4.68“
0.003 ⁄
21.0 4.68 0.003 ⁄4.68 0.01046"/"

28
Problem 3 (observations)
Sections based on failure:
• Balanced section: concrete crushes and the steel yields at the same
time.
• Per ACI, 0.003; 0.002 for 60 ksi steel
• Tension controlled: per ACI 10.3.4, 0.003; 0.002 steel has
yielded.
• Compression controlled: 0.003; 0.002 concrete has
crushed.

29
Problem 3 (Continued): Moment Capacities

What is the nominal moment capacity ( ) for the beam?

a. 59.7 ft-k;
b. 183.6 ft-k;
c. 500.45 ft-k;
d. 225.27 ft-k

30
Problem 3 (continued):
Nominal moment capacity:

0.5

2.37 · 60000.0 · 21.0 0.5 · 3.98

2703.22 in k 225.27 ft k

31
Problem 3 (continued):

What is the ultimate moment capacity?

60000 psi, 3000 psi

Given:

3.98“, 4.68“, 0.01046"/“

Solution:

Ultimate moment capacity 0.90 · 225.27 202.74 ft k

32
Concrete Strength Reduction Factor phi
• Mu, ultimate strength ·
nominal strength
strength reduction factor
• accounts for uncertainties in material strength, dimensions and
workmanship
• Usable flexural strength ·
• varies from 0.90 for beams to 0.65 for columns

33
Concrete
Strength Reduction Factors :

• . for tension controlled beams and slabs

• . for shear and torsion
• . or 0.70 for columns
• . or 0.70 or 0.90 for columns with small axial loads
• . for bearing on concrete

34
Problem 4
Problem 4: Concrete Beam Capacity Analysis
The beam shown spans 30.0’ and carries a live load of 418.5 plf. Is the
strength adequate?

LL = 418.5 p/ft

30 ft

ACI 9-2: 1.2 1.6

35
Problem 4 (continued):

c
Reinforcing steel 3 #8;
d 40,000 psi
t 4,000 psi, normal weight
10.0“; 16“; 19“
As

36
Problem 4 (continued):

LL = 418.5 p/ft

30 ft

DL of beam 0.833 · 1.5833 · 150 198.0 plf

418.5 plf

M at mid-point ⁄8

1.2 · 198 1.6 · 418.5 907.2 plf

⁄ 8 0.9072 · 30 ⁄ 8 · 0.9 113.4 .

37
Problem 4 (solution):
Problem 4 (continued): Beam capacity analysis
Depth of stress block
⁄0.85
3 0.79 40000 ⁄ 0.85 4000.0 10 2.79“

⁄2
3 0.7 40000 16 2.79⁄2
115.3 ft. k 113.4 ft. k (O.K)

38
Load Factors
Concrete: Design of Rectangular Beams and Slabs
Load factors:
• ACI 9-1: 1.4
• ACI 9-2: 1.2 1.6 0.5 or or
• ACI 9-3: 1.2 1.6 or or 1.0 or 0.5
• ACI 9-4: 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.5 or or
• ACI 9-5: 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.2
• ACI 9-6: 0.9 1.0
• ACI 9-7: 0.9 1.0

39
Concrete
Load Factors: Where
• U = the ultimate load on the structural element
• D = dead load
• L = live load
• Lr = roof live load
• S = snow load
• R = rain load
• W = wind load
• E = seismic or earthquake loads

40
Minimum Percentage of Steel for Slabs
One way slabs:
• Slabs are flat plates supported by beams, walls
• If supported on two opposite sides, it is a one way slab
• Slab assumed to be a rectangular beam 12” wide
• Main reinforcement placed perpendicular to supports
• Maximum spacing of reinforcement 3x thickness or 18” (ACI 7.6.5)
• Place shrinkage reinforcement perpendicular to main reinforcement
• Min. 0.002 for 60 ksi
• Min. 0.0018 for 60 ksi
• Shrinkage reinforcement maximum spacing 5x thickness or 18”

41
Minimum Percentage of Steel for Slabs
One way slab

42
Concrete

Note: some of + As
continues into supports
Continuous Beam
  
     

Moment Diagram

43
Problem 5
For the cantilever beam with a rectangular cross-section and the loading
shown, which reinforcing bar location would you specify?

A)

B)

C)

D)

44
Problem 6
For the retaining wall shown, what reinforcement location would you
specify to resist the bending moment caused by the soil pressure?

A) B) C) D)

45
Steel Construction Manual (SCM), Fourteenth Edition

46
Miscellaneous
Properties of Geometric Sections – Tables 17-27, Page 17-36

Cross-Reference Table
SCM 13th Edition Manual of Steel Construction – LRFD
- 3rd Edition
Table 3-2 Table 5-3, Page 5-42
Table 3-10 Beam Design Moments, Page 5-71
Table 3-23 Table 5-17, Page 5-161
Table C-C2.2 Table C-C2.1, Page 16.1-189
Table 4-1 Table 4-2, Page 4-21
Table 4-22 Tables 3-36 (Page 16.1-143) and 3-
50 (Page 16.1-145)
Table 5-1 Table 3-1, Page 3-17

47
Steel Construction Manual Organization
• Part 1 – Dimensions and Properties
• Part 2 – General Design Considerations
• Part 3 – Design of Flexural Members
• Part 4 – Design of Compression Members
• Part 5 – Design of Tension Members
• Part 6 – Design of Members Subjected to Combined Loading
• Part 7 – Design Considerations for Bolts
• Part 8 – Design Considerations for Welds
• Part 9 – Design of Connection Elements
• Part 10 – Design of Simple Shear Connections
• …
• Part 16 – Specifications and Codes

48
Basic Design Requirement

LRFD ASD

→ required strength → required strength

→ capacity reduction factor Ω → safety factor
→ nominal resistance → nominal resistance

Calculation of is identical for both methodologies.

49
Structural Steel Basic Design Requirements
Structural Steel
- specified minimum yield stress
- specified minimum tensile stress

ASTM A992
50 ksi; 65 ksi
ASTM A36
36 ksi; 58 ksi Note
KSI is kips per square inch
1 k = 1000 lbs

50
Table 1-1

51
 Steel Design Manual

Wide flange (W): Page 1-18 SCM

Web Flange Distance
Area, k
Depth, d Workable
Shape A Thickness, tw tw/2 Width, bf Thickness, tf k1 T
kdes kdet Gage

in.2 in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.

W18x46c 13.5 18.1 18 0.360 3/8 3/16 6.06 6 0.605 5/8 1.01 1 1/4 13/16 15 1/2 3 1/2g

x40c 11.8 17.9 17 7/8 0.315 5/16 3/16 6.02 6 0.525 1/2 0.927 1 3/16 13/16 15 1/2 3 1/2g

x35c 10.3 17.7 17 3/4 0.300 5/16 3/16 6.00 6 0.425 7/16 0.827 1 1/8 3/4 15 1/2 3 1/2g

W18x40
Nominal depth = 18 in
Weight = 40 lb/ft
Area = 11.8 in2
Actual Depth = 17.9 in

52
W Section Dimensions
width

Y
k

depth

X X d
T

k
Y
53
 W Section Properties

Strong (x) axis Weak (y) axis

properties properties

Compact Section Torsional

Axis X-X Axis Y-Y
Nominal Criteria Properties
rts h0
Wt.
l S r Z l S r Z J Cw
bf/2tf h/tw
lb/ft in.4 in.3 in. in.3 in.4 in.3 in. in.3 in. in. in.4 in.6

Moment of Radius of Plastic

inertia lx gyration rx section
modulus Zx

54
 Channel (C): Pages 1-36 SCM

Web Flange Distance

Area, A Depth, d Workab
Shape Thickness, tw tw/2 Width, bf Thickness, tf k T rts h0
le Gage
in.2 in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
C12x30 8.81 12.0 12 0.510 1/2 1/4 3.17 3 1/8 0.501 1/2 1 1/8 9 3/4 1 3/4g 1.01 11.5
x25 7.34 12.0 12 0.387 3/8 3/16 3.05 3 0.501 1/2 1 1/8 9 3/4 1 3/4g 1.00 11.5
x20.7 6.08 12.0 12 0.282 5/16 3/16 2.94 3 0.501 1/2 1 1/8 9 3/4 1 3/4g 0.983 11.5

C12x30
Nominal depth = 12 in
Weight = 30 lb/ft

55
 Angle (L): Pages 1-44 SCM

Axis X-X Flexural-Torsional Properties

k Wt. Area, A
Shape l S r ȳ Z yp J Cw r0
in. lb/ft in.2 in.4 in.3 in. in. in.3 in. in.4 in.6 in.
L6x3
1 15.3 4.50 16.6 4.23 1.92 2.07 7.49 1.48 0.386 0.779 2.88
1/2x1/2
x3/8 7/8 11.7 3.42 12.9 3.23 1.93 2.02 5.74 1.41 0.168 0.341 2.90
x5/16 5/16 9.80 2.87 10.9 2.72 1.94 2.00 4.84 1.38 0.0990 0.201 2.92

L6x3 1/2x1/2
Long leg length = 6 in
Short leg length = 3 ½ in
Thickness = ½ in

56
ASCE 7 Load Combinations
(see SCM pages 2-10 [LRFD])
1. 1.4
2. 1.2 1.6 0.5 or or
3. 1.2 1.6 or or or 0.5
4. 1.2 1.0 0.5 or or
5. 1.2 1.0 0.2
6. 0.9 1.0
7. 0.9 1.0

57
ASCE 7 Load Combinations
• D = dead load
• L = floor live load
• Lr = roof live load
• S = snow load
• R = rainwater load
• W = wind load
• E = earthquake load

58
Problem 7: Load Combinations Example
Analysis of a building column indicates that the following loads are
present: D = 100 k; L = 150 k; Lr = 50 k. Determine the loads for which
this column must be designed, according to the ASCE 7 load
combinations.
1.4 1.4 100 k 140 k
1.2 1.6 0.5 1.2 100 k 1.6 150 k 5 50 k 385 k Controls
1.2 1.6 0.5 1.2 100 k 1.6 50 k 0.5 150 k or 0 275 k
1.2 1.0 0.5 1.2 100 k 1.0 0 k 1.0 150 k 0.5 50 k 295 k
1.2 1.0 0.2 1.2 100 k 1.0 0 1.0 150 k 0.2 0 270 k
0.9 1.0 0.9 100 k 1.0 0 90 k
0.9 1.0 0.9 100 k 1.0 0 90 k

59
Problem 8: Load Combinations Problem
The figure shows a roof beam which may be subjected to loads D, and
Lr. Analysis indicates that the following moments are produced in the
beam for each of the loads. MD = 25 k-ft and MLr = 18 k-ft. Use the
ASCE load combinations to determine the moment that should be used
to design the beam.
a. 35.0 k-ft
b. 39.0 k-ft
c. 58.8 k-ft
d. 40.2 k-ft

60
Problem 8 (solution)

1.4 1.4 25 ft. k 35.0 ft. k

1.2 1.6 0.5 1.2 25 ft. k 1.6 0 ft. k 5 18 ft. k 39.0 ft. k

1.2 1.6 1.0 1.2 25 ft. k 1.6 18 ft. k 1.0 0 58.8 ft. k

1.2 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.2 25 ft. k 1.6 0 ft. k 1.0 0 ft. k
0.5 18 ft. k 39.0 ft. k
61
Euler’s Buckling

Critical Buckling Load

⁄ radius of gyration

100 Slenderness Ratio

Critical Buckling Stress

62
End Conditions

Buckling modes

Theoretical Ke value 0.5 0.7 1.0 2.0

Fixed-Fixed Fixed-Pin Pin-Pin Fixed-Free

63
Problem 9: Radius of Gyration
A rectangular shape has cross-sectional dimensions of 30 cm wide and
60 cm in height. The least radius of gyration for this shape is nearest to:

a. 10 cm
⁄
b. 15 cm
c. 20 cm
d. 25 cm

64
Problem 9 (solution)

⁄ 30 cm 60 cm 1800 cm

⁄12 60 cm 30 cm ⁄12 135000 cm

⁄12 30 cm 60 cm ⁄12 540000 cm

y
8.66 cm

x x
60 cm

y
30 cm
65
References
Pytel and Kiusalaas, “Mechanics of Materials,” Thomson, 2003.

McCormac and Nelson, “Design of Reinforced Concrete,” Wiley, 2003.

Thank you, and good luck!

66