Reinforced Concrete Design (Part 2) : Structural Engineering Prep Course

Reinforced Concrete Design (Part 2)
Structural Engineering Prep Course
© 2017 Professional Publications Inc.

Reinforced Concrete Design
Lesson Overview
• Concrete Columns
• Development and Splice Length of
Reinforcement
• Two-Way Slab Systems
• Anchoring to Concrete
© 2017 Professional Publications Inc. 2

Learning Objectives
You will learn
• R/C column design
• R/C slab design
• design of anchorage to concrete
• how to avoid potential SE exam pitfalls
• tricks to speed up problem solving on the exam

Prerequisite Knowledge
You should already be familiar with
• statics
• mechanics of materials
• structural analysis
• basic reinforced concrete terminology
• basic reinforced concrete design concepts
• Reinforced Concrete Design (Part 1)

Referenced Codes and Standards
• International Building Code (IBC, 2012)
• Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318, 2011)
• Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI7, 2010)
• Steel Construction Manual (AISC, 2011)

Example: Exam Strategy
You’ve spent six minutes on a problem and
you aren’t finished yet. You think you know
the procedure to finish the problem, but it is
going to take a few more minutes. What
should you do?
(A)Finish the problem.
(B)Weed out a few choices if possible at this
point and then guess.
(C) Leave it blank and move on to the next
problem.

Example: Exam Strategy
You’ve spent six minutes on a problem and
you aren’t finished yet. You think you know
the procedure to finish the problem, but it is
going to take a few more minutes. What
should you do?
(A)Finish the problem.
(B)Weed out a few choices if possible at this
point and then guess.
(C) Leave it blank and move on to the next
problem.
The answer is (C).
Concrete Columns
ACI defines a column as
• member with height-to-least lateral dimension ratio > 3
• used primarily to support axial compressive loads

Concrete Columns
longitudinal reinforcement
• minimum of 1% Ag
• maximum of 8% Ag
• for column with rectangular or circular
ties, minimum of 4 longitudinal bars
• for columns with spirals, minimum of
6 longitudinal bars

Concrete Columns
transverse reinforcement
spiral reinforcement requirements
(ACI Sec. 7.10.4)
• minimum volume ratio,
• 1 in ≤ clear space ≤ 3 in
• db,min = 3/8 in

Concrete Columns
transverse reinforcement (continued)
Fig. 1.17 Column Ties
tie reinforcement
• minimum size
no. 3 for longitudinal bars of no. 10 or smaller
no. 4 for longitudinal bars larger than no. 10
• maximum spacing

Example: Concrete Columns
CSCO Example 6.4

CSCO Example 6.4


Concrete Columns
effective length Fig. 1.18 Alignment Charts for k2
To use the chart, calculate

the stiffness ratio at the end
of the column.
For a non-sway (braced)

frame, may assume k = 1.0.

Concrete Columns
slenderness ratio
klu
• slenderness ratio =
r
• k = effective length factor (1.0 or from charts)
• lu = unsupported length of compression member
•

Example 1.15
For this example, determine only the slenderness

ratio of column 12.

Example 1.15
For this example, determine only the slenderness

ratio of column 12.

Adapted with permission from Building Code Requirements for Structural

Concrete and Commentary (ACI 318-11) Fig. R10.10.1.1, copyright © 2011,
by the American Concrete Institute


Concrete Columns
short column with axial load
• column in sway frame is short column and slenderness ignored if ACI Eq. 10-6
• column in non-sway is short column if ACI Eq. 10-7
• if column bent in single curvature, and M1/M2 are positive

Concrete Columns
design axial capacities for short columns
• spiral reinforcement

 Pn  0.85 0.85 f c'  Ag  Ast   Ast f y    0.75 ACI Eq. 10-1
• tie reinforcement

 Pn  0.80 0.85 f c'  Ag  Ast   Ast f y    0.65 ACI Eq. 10-2

CSCO Example 6.3

CSCO Example 6.3


Concrete Columns
short column with end moments
Axial capacity decreases as end moments are applied.
• For approximate values, see STRM App. C – App. H.
• For refined values, use a computer (this can’t be covered on the exam).

Concrete Columns
long column without sway
requires consideration for secondary bending stresses (P-delta)
• 2nd order frame analysis (computer)
• approximate method
• Perform 1st order analysis (standard analysis).
• Multiply by moment magnifiers.
• Design for axial + magnified moments with short column procedure.

Concrete Columns
long column without sway (continued)
• magnification factor • moment correction factor
ACI Eq. 10-12 ACI Eq. 10-16
• Euler critical load

• design for magnified moment
ACI Eq. 10-13
ACI Eq. 10-11
• flexural rigidity
ACI Sec. R10.10.6.2

Concrete Columns
long column with sway
• magnification factor • Combine non-sway moments and
magnified sway moments.
ACI Eq. 10-21
ACI Eq. 10-18
ACI Eq. 10-19
Summations apply to all columns in

a story.

Development and Splice Length of Reinforcement
straight bars in tension
general equation
ACI Eq. 12-1

straight bars in tension (continued)
transverse reinforcement index, Ktr Fig. 1.19 Derivation of Ktr

straight bars in tension (continued)
bundled bars excess reinforcement
• 2-bar bundle: same as individual bar •
• 3-bar bundle: individual bar • not applicable when full yield

development + 20% strength is required
• 4-bar bundle: individual bar

development + 33%

Example: Development and Splice Length of Reinforcement
CSCO Example 9.1



straight bars in compression
• calculate basic development length
• multiply by

CSCO Example 9.4

CSCO Example 9.4

hooked bars in tension
• basic development length • for epoxy-coated reinforcement
• for lightweight concrete • multiply basic development, lhb, by

additional factors

hooked bars in tension (continued)
additional factors
• Cb = 0.7 for bars ≤ no. 11, with side covers ≥ 2.5 in, and end covers ≥ 2.0 in.
(Otherwise, Cb = 1.0)
• for db ≤ 11 and ties at s ≤ 3db,
• excess reinforcement factor,

hooked bars in tension (continued)
For a hook at discontinuous end of member
with cover < 2.5 in, ties are required over
full development length at s ≤ 3db.
minimum value for development length
(after modifiers)

CSCO Example 9.3



curtailment of reinforcement Fig. 1.20 Curtailment of Reinforcement
• length that reinforcement must extend

beyond the theoretical cutoff point
• not required at ends of simple support
span
• not required at end of cantilever

curtailment of reinforcement (continued)
At physical cutoff point, must also meet one of these conditions.
• Vu ≤ ⅔ϕVn
• stirrups provided with minimum area of 60bws/fyt over distance 0.75d, spaced at
s ≤ d/8βb
• for #11 bars or smaller, continuing bars provide 2Mu and Vu ≤ ¾ ϕVn.

A beam is made of 5 ksi concrete and is reinforced at midspan with four deformed #8
bars. The bars are not epoxy coated. The bars have 2 in of cover and 6 in of clear
spacing. The effective depth of the beam is 24 in. The moment demand at 3 ft away
from midspan is half of the demand at midspan. At what distance from midspan can 2 of
the bars be terminated?
(A) 36 in
(B) 42 in
(C) 48 in
(D) 60 in

Table 1.4 Values of ld/db for Grade 60 bars with
Ψe = Ψt = λ = 1.0 option A
36 in = distance away from midspan
that the moment is halved
option B
42 in = development length from
STRM Table 1.4.
 in 
d  3 ft  24 in   3 ft  12  option C
 ft   in 
12db  3 ft  12 1 in    3 ft   12 
 60 in  ft 
The answer is (D).  48 in
positive moment reinforcement
Fig. 1.21 Positive Moment Reinforcement
The steel area extends a minimum of 6 in
into the support as shown.

positive moment reinforcement (continued)
Fig. 1.21 Positive Moment Reinforcement
bar size required such that
• for beam framing into girder,
ACI Eq. 12-5
• for beam framing into column,
• at point of inflection,

negative moment reinforcement
Fig. 1.22 Negative Moment Reinforcement
The steel area extends beyond PI as shown.

splices in tension
lap splices
• may not be used for bars larger than #11 or bundled bars
• in flexural members, transverse spacing between splices may not exceed 1/5 lap
length or 6 in

splices in tension (continued)
Table 1.6 Tension Lap Splices
class A splice
• may be used when both
• As ≥ (2)(area required)
• ≤ ½ of total reinforcement is spliced

within 1 lap length
• else, class B is required

splices in tension (continued) Fig. 1.23 Value of cs for Lap Splices
•
• minimum length = 12 in
• all modifiers used to calculate ld except
for Ext
• cs values used for calculations as
shown

Fig. 1.24 Value of cs in Slabs and Walls

splices in compression
• length of splice (minimum 12 in)
• increase length by 33% if fc’ < 3 ksi

When bars of different diameters are spliced in compression or in tension, use larger
value of
• splice length of smaller bar
• development length of larger bar
splices in compression (continued)
Column lap lengths may be reduced by
• 17% when ties are provided with an effective area of 0.0015hs
• 25% when spirals are used

splices in compression (continued)
• For columns that see tension, a class A tension lap splice is adequate if all of the
following are met.
• tension stress ≤ 0.5fy
• ≤ ½ of bars spliced at same location
• alternate splices are staggered by ld
• Otherwise, use a class B tension lap splice.

Under extreme load cases, a column sees
negligible tension forces. What sort of
splice is required for the longitudinal
reinforcement?
(A) compression splice
(B) class A tension splice
(C) class B tension splice

Under extreme load cases, a column sees
negligible tension forces. What sort of
splice is required for the longitudinal
reinforcement?
(A) compression splice
(B) class A tension splice
(C) class B tension splice
The answer is (C).

Two-Way Slab Systems
design techniques
types of slab systems design methods for two-way slabs
• one-way slabs • direct design method
• two-way slabs • equivalent frame method
• flat plates • yield line method
• flat slabs
• waffle slabs

direct design method Fig. 1.26 Details of Design Strips
• See STRM or ACI Sec. 13.6.1 for

conditions of applicability.
• divide slab into design strips as shown

design for flexure
• total factored static moment
ACI Eq. 13-4
• Determine the positive and negative

moments as shown in Fig. 1.27 (on
next slide).

Fig. 1.27 Mo Distribution Factors

design for flexure (continued)
• Positive and negative moment are
distributed to strips based on relative
stiffness.
• Stiffness is determined using equivalent
dimensions as shown in Fig. 1.25.

Fig. 1.25 Equivalent Beam and Slab Dimensions
αf = ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of a slab width bounded
laterally by center lines of adjacent panels (if any) on each side of the beam = EcbIb/EcsIs
ln = length of clear span in direction that moments are being determined, measured face-to-
face of supports = l1−c1 > 0.65l1
Is = moment of inertia about centroidal axis of gross section of slab = h3/12 times width of slab
defined in symbols α and βt
design for flexure (continued) Table 1.8 Percentage Distribution of Exterior Negative
Moment to Column Strip
• Distribute moments to strips as shown
in STRM Table 1.7 – Table 1.9.
• The remaining moment is sent to the

middle strip.
Table 1.7 Percentage Distribution of Interior Negative Table 1.9 Percentage Distribution of Positive Moment
Moment to Column Strip to Column Strip

design for flexure (continued)
Edge beam moments are shown in Table 1.10 Percentage Distribution of Column Strip
Moments to Edge Beam
STRM Table 1.10.

Example: Two-Way Slab Systems
CSCO Example 8.2


CSCO Example 8.3





design for shear Fig. 1.28 Critical Sections for Shear
must consider both

• flexural (one-way shear)
• punching (two-way shear)

design for shear (continued)
• flexural shear capacity (parallel to l1)
• critical perimeter for punching shear
• interior column
• edge and corner column (Fig. 1.29)
• reduction for openings (Fig. 1.30)

Fig. 1.29 Corner and Edge Columns Fig. 1.30 Reduction in Critical Perimeter

design for shear (continued)
punching shear capacity
ACI Eq. 11-33
ACI Eq. 11-31
ACI Eq. 11-32

Anchoring to Concrete
code requirements
• governed by ACI App. D as amended by IBC Sec. 1905.1.9
• transmission of loads by tension, shear, or a combination of both

code requirements (continued)
Fig. 1.32 Tensile Failure Modes

Fig. 1.33 Shear Failure Modes

IBC Sec. 1905.1.9 modifies ACI as follows.
• design strength of concrete = 0.75ϕNn and 0.75ϕVn (assuming concrete cracked)
• strength of connection governed by steel or ductile attachments (For exceptions, see

STRM or IBC Sec. 1905.1.9.)

anchor bolts in tension (steel strength of anchor)
• nominal strength
• tensile strength
• strength reduction factor

anchor bolts in tension Fig. 1.34 Concrete Breakout of
Anchor in Tension
(single anchor concrete breakout strength)
• for single anchor away from edges of
concrete, projected area =
• for single anchor close to edge, reduced
area = ANc
• nominal breakout strength

anchor bolts in tension (single anchor concrete breakout strength, continued)
nominal breakout strength modification factors
• edge effects when
• edge effects when
• cracked concrete
• post-installed anchors

anchor bolts in tension (single anchor concrete breakout strength, continued)
• basic breakout strength • when
• coefficient for concrete breakout • For normal weight concrete,

strength

anchor bolts in tension (multiple anchor
Fig. 1.35 Concrete Breakout
concrete breakout strength) Surface for an Anchor Group
projected area (shown in Fig. 1.35)
n = number of anchors in the group

a = distance between outside anchors
in the group
b = distance between outside anchors
in the group perpendicular to a
anchor bolts in tension (multiple anchor
Fig. 1.35 Concrete Breakout
concrete breakout strength, continued) Surface for an Anchor Group
• nominal breakout strength
• eccentric loading modification factor

anchor bolts in tension (pullout strength of anchor)
• nominal strength (typical)
ACI Eq. D-13
• nominal strength (headed bolt of stud)
ACI Eq. D-14
• nominal strength (hooked bolt)
N p  0.9 f c eh d a ACI Eq. D-15
• cracked concrete modification

anchor bolts in tension (side-face blowout strength of anchor)
• If ca2 < 3ca1, the value Nsb is multiplied by the factor (1 + ca2 / ca1)/4, where
1.0 ≤ ca2 / ca1 ≤ 3.0.
• only applicable when hef > 2.5ca1

anchor bolts in tension (concrete splitting)
unless supplementary reinforcement is provided to control splitting
• minimum center-to-center spacing of anchors
• 4da (untorqued cast-in anchors)
• 6da (torqued cast-in anchors)
• minimum edge distance
• same as normal cover requirements (untorqued cast-in anchors)
• 6da (torqued cast-in anchors)

anchor bolts in shear (steel strength of anchor)
• nominal strength of headed stud,
• nominal strength of headed bolt and hooked bolt,
• specified tensile strength of anchor
• strength reduction factors
fya = specified yield strength of the anchor

anchor bolts in shear (single anchor
concrete breakout strength)
Fig. 1.34 Concrete Breakout Surface in Shear
• projected area of failure surface
ca1 = distance from center of anchor rod

to edge of concrete in the direction of
the shear force
• when failure surface is limited by edge
of concrete, reduce projected area by Avc

anchor bolts in shear (single anchor concrete breakout strength, continued)
nominal strength

modification factors
• edge effects • member thickness (ha < 1.5ca1)
• cracked concrete

• basic concrete breakout strength (smaller of)
• le = load bearing length of anchor for shear (≤ 8da in all cases)

• hef = for anchors with constant stiffness over embedded section

anchor bolts in shear (multiple anchor
concrete breakout strength) Fig. 1.37 Concrete Breakout Surface for an Anchor
Group in Shear
• projected area, ha ≤ ca1
when limited, modify projected area

by AVc

anchor bolts in shear (multiple anchor
concrete breakout strength, continued) Fig. 1.37 Concrete Breakout Surface for an Anchor
Group in Shear
• eccentricity modification factor

concrete pryout strength of anchor in shear
• nominal strength (single anchor) • pryout coefficient
• nominal strength (group of anchors)

interaction of tensile and shear forces
• When Vua ≥ 0.2ϕVn and Nua ≥ 0.2ϕNn, the interaction expression of ACI Eq. D-42 applies.
ϕNn = governing tensile capacity
ϕVn = governing shear capacity

• When Vua < 0.2ϕVn, neglect shear effects and design strictly for tension.
• When Nua < 0.2ϕNn, neglect tension effects and design strictly for shear.

Example: Anchoring to Concrete
An anchor bolt has a governing tensile
capacity of 10 kips and a governing shear
capacity of 20 kips. Is the bolt acceptable
under an applied live load of 6 kips tension
and 3.5 kips shear?

An anchor bolt has a governing tensile Determine the factored loads and
capacity of 10 kips and a governing shear compare to 20% governing capacity.
capacity of 20 kips. Is the bolt acceptable
under an applied live load of 6 kips tension 0.2 N n   0.2 10 kips   2 kips
and 3.5 kips shear? N u  1.6  6 kips 
 9.6 kips
 2 kips consider tension 
0.2Vn   0.2  20 kips   4 kips
Vu  1.6  3.5 kips 
 5.6 kips
 4 kips  consider shear 
An anchor bolt has a governing tensile Since both tension and shear must be
capacity of 10 kips and a governing shear considered, use the interaction
capacity of 20 kips. Is the bolt acceptable equation.
under an applied live load of 6 kips tension
and 3.5 kips shear? Nu V
 u  1.2
 N n Vn
9.6 kips 5.6 kips
  1.2
10 kips 20 kips
1.24  1.2  unacceptable

Lesson Overview
• Concrete Columns
• Development and Splice Length of
Reinforcement
• Two-Way Slab Systems
• Anchoring to Concrete

Learning Objectives
You will learn
• R/C column design
• R/C slab design
• design of anchorage to concrete
• how to avoid potential SE exam pitfalls
• tricks to speed up problem solving on the exam

Reinforced Concrete Design (Part 2) : Structural Engineering Prep Course

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Reinforced Concrete Design (Part 2)

Structural Engineering Prep Course

© 2017 Professional Publications Inc.

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• minimum volume ratio,

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To use the chart, calculate

For a non-sway (braced)

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For this example, determine only the slenderness

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For this example, determine only the slenderness

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Adapted with permission from Building Code Requirements for Structural

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• column in non-sway is short column if ACI Eq. 10-7

• if column bent in single curvature, and M1/M2 are positive

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• 2nd order frame analysis (computer)

• Perform 1st order analysis (standard analysis).

• Multiply by moment magnifiers.

• Design for axial + magnified moments with short column procedure.

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• Euler critical load

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ACI Eq. 10-19

Summations apply to all columns in

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ACI Eq. 12-1

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• 2-bar bundle: same as individual bar •

• 3-bar bundle: individual bar • not applicable when full yield

• 4-bar bundle: individual bar

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• for lightweight concrete • multiply basic development, lhb, by

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• excess reinforcement factor,

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