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Design of Formwork
Design of Formwork??
ε = 0.003 0.85
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ε = 0.003 0.85
YES = = −
2
= = − −
2 Ɛ = Ɛ
ℎ 10.5
Ø Ɛ Ɛ
≥ Ø ≥ ??
ℎ ℎ ℎ
For beams with multiple layers of bars on the bottom calculate “d” by:
∑
=ℎ− =ℎ− ∑ Where: is distance from centroid of bar to bottom of beam.
Example: Above has 6 #9 bars. h=20”, 2.5” from beam bottom to center of bottom rebar layer, and ACI 7.6.2 spacing over 1”min.
∑ AsY . " . "
= ℎ − = 20− bar =20" − #
=
∑ As
3 1 2.5 + 3 1 4.625"
20" − = 20" − 3.5625" = 16.438"
6 1
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ε = 0.003 0.85
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ε = 0.003 0.85
Flanged Sections
• Effective Flange Width (ACI 8.12) ε
⁄4
• Slab extending on both sides ≤ + 2 8ℎ
, ℎ 10.5
+ +
+ ⁄12 ≥
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• Use design example from MacGregor (663 to 667) and CERM 51-7 to get design moments.
• Then design slab similar to a one-way slab.
• Check specialized shear strength also.
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DDM Given:
Further Distribute into Column Strips & Middle Strips Check Shear Strength of Slab ∅=0.75
1. Loading (DL & LL & Slab Weight) • CERM Table 51.4 • Controlled by Either
2. Column distances • Caveat of 85% beams if they’re in column strip. • Wide Beam Shear Occurs in longer span at
3. Material properties • SEE MacGregor (662) for the process! distance from supports
• = −
Select Reinforcing Steel for Moment
Identify the Section in Question • ∅ = 2∅λ
• The section span direction determines Estimate • B Center to Center supports in
• spanning length (center to center of supports) transverse direction
First Iteration for
• transverse width (center to center of supports)
• Assume Tension Controlled • Punching Shear See little PPI book (63)
• face to face clear distance along span length
• = ℎ−1 ℎ
• = −∑ ( ℎ )
• = 0.1( ) 4∅λ
= ⁄
2+ ∅λ
. . . • ∅ =
Isolate Column Strips and Middle Strips (CERM 51-6)
Isolate w/ the Area of concrete required 2+ ∅λ
( ) to balance the area of steel
• = ℎ
Calculate the total Statical Moment • 40 for interior column, 30
= = exterior, 20 for corner.
= where: .
• = • =
0.25 ( . ) Transfer of Moment to Columns
0.25 ( .
PPI little book (65)
Find Adjusted Steel Area ∅=0.9
Divide into Positive and Negative Portions ∅ =∅ −
• Depends on conditions & relative section location ,
• USE 65/35 spread or CERM Table 51-3 = ∅
• Whichever is applicable for span location
• MacGregor (656) defines exterior & interior supports Check Minimum Steel ACI 7.12.2
= 0.00## ℎ
SELECT BARS
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Torsion
General Information Ø=0.75 per ACI 318 Section 9.3.2.3
• ACI 318: Section 11.5 Governs Torsion In pure torsion, cracks w/ angle off hor. ACI 11.5.3.6 allows = 45
• After torsional cracking: Closed stirrups resist vert component. Long reinf to resist horiz. Components of
torsional stresses
• Gross area enclosed by shear flow = 0.85 where = area inside centerline of
outermost torsional reinforcement/stirrups. It includes open spaces and are inside flanges w/ stirrups.
Ø
• Threshold Torsion: Torsion may be neglected if < Øλ = ACI 11.5.1
• = Area enclosed by perimeter of the section. = perimeter of the section
• Uniform Shear Flow: =
• Applied Torsion is resisted by moment of shear flow in walls about section centroid: = 2
• Shear Stress in the walls: = • ACI 11.5.3.7 & R11.5.3.10 Required area of Long. Reinf.
( )
• Cracking is assumed to occur when principle tensile stress 4λ = τ • =
( )
• Cracking Torsion/Torque = = 4λ
• ACI 11.5.5.3 ( ) = −
• When threshold is exceeded, reinforcement must resist full torsion, concrete is neglected. ( )
• ACI 11.5.2.4: critical section is located “d” from the end of the section at a support. • Where: ≥
( )
• Except when a concentrated torsion is applied within “d”, then the critical section is at the joint face.
• ACI 11.5.6.2 Minimum diameter long reinf bar
• Stirrup Area: Steel area to account for Shear and Torsion ACI 11.5.3.8
• = 0.042 ≥ ⁄
• accounts for two stirrup legs, while only accounts for one, resulting in: ∑ = +2 • To prevent concrete crushing combined torsion and shear forces
• The spacing of the reinforcement is limited by the minimum required by shear or torsion. limited by ACI 11.5.3.1.
• ACI 11.4.5 Shear spacing max for ≤4 for <4 • Dimensions of section must be:
• ACI 11.5.6 Torsion spacing max = but less than 12”. 12”max spacing default + ≤∅ +8 ACI 11.5.3
.
• When threshold torsion is exceeded: closed stirrups and long. reinf. Must be provided.
• ACI 11.5.3.6 Required are of 1 leg of closed stirrup: = Ø = Ø = . Ø For hollow sections:
• ACI 11.5.5.2 Min. Combined area of shear & torsion stirrups: + ≤∅ +8
1.7
=
• = 0.75 ≥
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NO @ from support
Compression struts control:
+ ≤∅ +8 REDESIGN SECTION
1.7
Different for
HOLLOW SECTIONS!
? Design Long. Reinf. For Torsion
= 45
Compute ratio of stirrup area required for Shear
See Previous Slides Last step for = ≥ Where ≥
Or a known stirrup size at spacing “s”
Design Variables ∅ = 0.75
= outside perimeter of cross section Check min Long Reinf. For Torsion
= area of the cross section Compute ratio of stirrup area required for Torsion 5
≥ −
= perimeter along centerline of outermost =∅ =∅ = . ∅
closed transverse torsional reinforcement bar. • ACI 11.5.6.2 Longitudinal bars have to be
spaced less than 12 inches around perimeter.
Add stirrup areas and verify min. rqd: Min. Governs: Use larger value of • ENTIRE PERIMETER. Even mid height.
. • Must be within stirrups
. NO
Min + ≥ 11.5.5.2 + ≥
Select Stirrups:
( )
Use value of + =#
Considering #3 ( ) = 0.22 & #4 bars ( ) = 0.40
( )
=
( )
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Column Design
General
• Interaction Diagrams indicate failure envelopes that columns should stay within. (CERM Appendix 52.N)
• General breakdown of strain corresponding to points on interaction diagram PPI little book (39 to 41) & MacGregor (510 & 516)
• Pertinent ACI Codes (See CERM 52-2 & section 6 small PPI book)
• ACI 10.9.1 Longitudinal reinforcement ratio = must be:0.01 ≤ ≤ 0.08 (0.06 for special moment frames)
• Typically is between 1 to 3 percent for tied columns and 2.5 to 5 for spirals.
• ACI 7.6.6 & 12.14.2.2 Bundled bards to resist high axial loads
• ACI 10.9.2 Min. bars in a rectangle column is 4. Spiral columns need 6.
1.5
• ACI 7.7.1 Min. clear distance btw longitudinal bars ≥ 1.5 ℎ Typ. governs at splice locations
1 ⁄
• ACI 10.10.6.5 MINIMUM END MOMENT = , = (0.6 + 0.03ℎ)
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• Moment Magnification for BRACED/NON-SWAY frames (CERM 53-5 & PPI book (44) & MacGregor (581))
• Moment Magnification for UNBRACED/SWAY frames (see comprehensive design example MacGregor (610)
• Also see CERM 53-6 example & little PPI book (47)
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Column Design
Beam Column Joints (pg 953 Textbook)
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• Bundled Bars
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3.
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Bar Development and Longitudinal Continuous Bars (Ch 9 ppi book & Ch 8 Textbook
• ACI 7.13.2.2: perimeter beams shall have continuous reinforcement at columns
• At least 1/6th tension steel for negative moment. Not less than 2 bars
• At least 1/4 of tension steel for positive moment at mid-span. At least 2 bars
• Fir discontinuous supports: Use hooks to develop at face.
• Failure due
• d
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