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The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield
related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were
studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping
season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among
genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability
among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients
of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant,
respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High
broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed
weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary
branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and
24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could
be improved easily through selection.
Key words: Chickpea, Genetic advance, Genotypic coefficients of variation, Heritability, Phenotypic coefficient of variation
INTRODUCTION
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) belongs to the family with increasing momentum. The market values, taste,
leguminosae. It is one of the most important cool season grain size, resistance to Ascochyta blight and productivity
food grain legumes in the world after common bean all make this type to gain importance.
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and field pea (Pisum sativum L.)
(Muehlbauer and Sarker, 2017). It is annual, self-pollinated Chickpea production was about 12 million tons across the
and diploid species with 2n=2x=16 chromosomes. world according to FAO, 2016. From these, Asia account
Chickpea is one of the first pulse crops domesticated in old for 80.3% of the global chickpea production and Africa
world and most probably originated in an area of South- account for 5.9%. The major producing countries in the
eastern Turkey adjoining Syria (Van der Maesen, 1987). world include India, Australia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Turkey,
The crop later spread to other parts of the world. Ethiopia, Russian Federation, Iran, Mexico and USA. From
these India is the largest producing country contributing to
Chickpea is a source of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, fiber, 64.6% of word production. In Africa, area under chickpea
minerals, vitamins and health-beneficial phytochemicals cultivation is 606.363 hectares with a production of
(Wood and Grusak, 2007; Ayasan et al., 2018). It also 712,317 tons. Ethiopia is the sixth largest producing
plays a significant role in maintaining soil fertility, and can country contributing to 3.67% of the world total production
be grown as a second crop using residual moisture, used and the first in Africa occupying about 62.3% of the total
as animal feed, as a fuel and as a source of cash (Legesse production (FAO, 2016). In Ethiopia chickpea is the
et al., 2005). Recently since two decades the importance second in terms of production (499,425.5 tons) next to faba
of kabuli chickpea is taking paramount importance. bean (921,761.53 tons) and the third in terms of
Asnake (2014) reported that kabuli has accounted for at productivity (2.05 ton ha-1), following soya bean (2.27 ton
least one-third of total chickpea production of the country ha-1 ) and faba bean (2.10 ton ha-1) (CSA, 2017).
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for Agronomic Traits at Central Ethiopia
Fasil H 711
Although the country is a major chickpea producer in The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis.
Africa, the national average productivity of chickpea is low. Analysis of variance were carried out for different
This is primarily due to cultivation of few improved varieties characters in order to partition variability due to different
for varied eco-edaphic rain fed systems, poor adaptation, sources. The total variability for each trait was quantified
poor crop management, biotic (Ascochyta blight, Fusarium using pooled analyses of variance over locations.
wilt, weed, cutworm and pod borer) and abiotic (drought, Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variations were
soil salinity and water logging) factors. expressed as percentage of the corresponding phenotypic
and genotypic standard deviations as described by
However, further development of desirable genotypes with Johnson et al. (1955). Broad-sense heritability (H2) for all
high yield potential is essential for the improvement of characters were quantified using the formula given by
production and productivity of the crop. These depend Falconer (1989). Expected genetic advance for each
upon the extent of genetic variability in the base character at 5% selection intensity was computed using
population. Genetic variability can be estimated from the methodology described by Johnson et al. (1955).
genetic parameters such as phenotypic and genotypic Genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) was
coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance. calculated to compare the extent of predicted genetic
Component of genetic parameters such as genotypic advance of different traits under selection using the
coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of formula suggested by Johnson et al. (1955)
variation have an immense importance in detecting the
amount of genetic variation that exist in the genotypes.
Selection is effective when there is a significant amount of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
genetic variability among the individuals in a population.
Determining the genetic components of phenotypic Analysis of Variance
variation jointly with heritability estimation help
researchers to improve crops for desirable traits because Mean squares of the thirteen traits combined with locations
genotypic and phenotypic components of variation are are presented in Table 2. The pooled analysis of variance
dominant factors for yield improvement. Therefore, the showed genotype effects was statistically significant for all
objective of present study was to estimate genetic traits. These highly significant differences indicate the
parameters of kabuli chickpea genotypes for yield and its existence of variability among genotypes for all traits
components in central Ethiopia. studied.
The experiment was conducted under field condition at Estimate of phenotypic variances (σ2p), genotypic
Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center and Akaki variances (σ2g), phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV)
Research Station during the 2018 main cropping season. and the genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) are
A total of forty-nine advanced breeding kabuli chickpea presented in Table 3. In this study the value of phenotypic
genotypes were taken from the Highland Pulse Research variance was relatively higher than the genotypic variance
Program, Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center for all the traits studied. The relative narrow gap between
(DZARC). These experimental materials are listed in Table the phenotypic and genotypic variance values indicate the
1. The field experiment was carried out using 7 x 7 simple smaller contribution of the environmental effects to the
lattice designs with two replications. The plot size was 4.8 phenotypic variance in the traits. Higher phenotypic and
m2 i.e., 4m length and 1.2m width with spacing of 0.3 m genotypic variances were recorded for biological yield,
and 0.1 m between rows and plants, respectively as per grain yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant,
research recommendations. Each plot had four rows and number of seeds per plant and days to flowering. Lower
the spacing between incomplete blocks was 1m and 0.6m phenotypic (σ2p) and genotypic variances (σ2g) were
distance was kept between plots to separate two observed for hundred-seed weight and day to maturity,
genotypes. Planting was done on randomly allocated plots number of seeds per pod, number of primary branches and
of each replication by hand drilling. Thinning after number of secondary branches.
emergency was done to maintain intra-row spacing of
0.1m. No fertilizer was applied while recommended High PCV and moderate GCV value were shown for
weeding practices were done throughout the growing number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant.
season. The observations were recorded on thirteen Higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficients variability
quantitative characters of plot basis and plant basis (from indicates the existence of wide genetic variation among
two central rows) viz., days to 50% flowering, grain filling the genotypes taken for this study and showed the
period, days to maturity, biological yield, hundred-seed possibility of genetic improvement through selection for
weight, grain yield, harvest index, plant height, number of these traits. Similar to the current report, high percentage
primary branches, number of secondary branches, of genotypic and moderate phenotypic coefficient of
number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and variation for number of pods per plant was also reported
number of seeds per plant by previous investigators, Zali et al. (2011).
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for Agronomic Traits at Central Ethiopia
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 712
Table 2. Mean square values and coefficient of variation from analysis of variance for 13 traits.
Traits Mean squares CV
Replication Block(rep) Genotypes Location Genotypex location Error
Harvest index, grain yield, biological yield, number of values. Traits with low coefficients of variation indicate the
secondary branches, hundred-seed weight and number of presence of narrow genetic variation on these traits.
primary branches, showed moderate PCV and GCV. Ali However, the improvement of those traits could be
and Ahsan (2012) reported similar results of moderate possible through hybridization and or induced
PCV and GCV values for the trait grain yield, biological mutagenesis followed by selection. These results agree
yield, number of primary branches and hundred-seed with those of Dev et al. (2017) who reported low PCV and
weight. Days to maturity, grain filling period, plant height GCV for days to maturity, plant height and number of
and number of seeds per pod showed low PCV and GCV seeds per pod.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for Agronomic Traits at Central Ethiopia
Fasil H 713
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for Agronomic Traits at Central Ethiopia
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 714
Biological yield showed moderate heritability and genetic Dev A, Verma P, Kumhar BL. (2017). Genetic character
advance as percent of mean, while days to flowering, variability studies in desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
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mean. This suggests that these traits are primarily under Assessment of genetic variability and yield stability in
genetic control and selection for them can be achieved chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars in River Nile
through their phenotypic performance. High heritability but State, Sudan. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop
low genetic advance as percent of mean were observed Science, 7(7): 219-225
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heritability and low genetic advance as percent of means. FAOSTAT (2016). [online] Available at
Similar result was reported by Dev et al. (2017). http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx, 2016
Hussain N, Ghaffar A, Aslam M, Hussain K. (2016).
CONCLUSION Assessment of genetic variation and mode of
inheritance of some quantitative traits in chickpea
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CSA (Central Statistical Agency) (2017). Agricultural Copyright: © 2020: Fasil H. This is an open-access article
sample survey 2017 report on area and production of distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
major crops. Private peasant holdings, Meher Season. Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
Statistical Bulletin 584. Volume 1, Addis Ababa, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
Ethiopia. original author and source are cited.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for Agronomic Traits at Central Ethiopia