References:

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/WhoAmI/FindOutMore/Yourbody/Whatiscanc

er/Whathappensincancer/Howdohealthycellsbecomecancerous

https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/cancer-oncology

http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/what-is-cancer/how-

cancer-starts/cancer-cells

http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-division-and-cancer-

14046590
Introduction:

Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-

control cell growth. There are over 100 different types of
cancer, and each is classified by the type of cell that is
initially affected. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human
body, which is made up of trillions of cells. When cancer
develops, however, this orderly process breaks down. As cells
become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when
they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed.
These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form
growths called tumors.

Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue.

Cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, generally do not form
solid tumors. Cancerous tumors are malignant, which means they
can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. In addition, as these
tumors grow, some cancer cells can break off and travel to
distant places in the body through the blood or the lymph system
and form new tumors far from the original tumor. Unlike malignant
tumors, benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby
tissues. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however.
When removed, they usually don’t grow back, whereas malignant
tumors sometimes do. Unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the
body, benign brain tumors can be life threatening.

Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the
body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die,
and new cells take their place. Normal body cells have a number
of important features. They can reproduce themselves only when
and where they are needed, they stick together in the right place
in the body, they self -destruct if they are damaged or too old.
Cancer cells are different to normal cells in various ways. One
important difference is that cancer cells are less specialized
than normal cells. That is, whereas normal cells mature into very
distinct cell types with specific functions, cancer cells do not.
This is one reason that, unlike normal cells, cancer cells
continue to divide without stopping.

In addition, cancer cells are able to ignore signals that

normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin a process
known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which the body uses
to get rid of unneeded cells.

Cancer cells may be able to influence the normal cells,

molecules, and blood vessels that surround and feed a tumor—an
area known as the microenvironment. For instance, cancer cells
can induce nearby normal cells to form blood vessels that supply
tumors with oxygen and nutrients, which they need to grow. These
blood vessels also remove waste products from tumors. Cancer
cells are also often able to evade the immune system, a network
of organs, tissues, and specialized cells that protects the body
from infections and other conditions. Although the immune system
normally removes damaged or abnormal cells from the body, some
cancer cells are able to “hide” from the immune system.
Here are some key points about cancer. More than 575,000 people
die of cancer, and more than 1.5 million people are diagnosed
with cancer per year in the US. Cancer is considered to be one of
the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The
financial costs of cancer in the US per year are an estimated
$263.8 billion in medical costs and lost productivity. African
Americans are more likely to die of cancer than people of any
other race or ethnicity. It is believed that cancer risk can be
reduced by avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol intake, limiting UV
ray exposure from the sun and tanning beds and maintaining a
healthy diet, level of fitness and seeking regular medical care.
Screening can locate cervical cancer, colorectal cancer and
breast cancer at an early, treatable stage. Vaccines such as
the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine assists in preventing some
cervical, vaginal, vulvar, and oral cancers. A vaccine for
hepatitis B can reduce liver cancer risk. According to the World
Health Organization (WHO), the numbers of new cancer cases is
expected to rise by about 70% over the next 20 years. The most
common sites of cancer among men are lung, prostate, colon,
rectum, stomach and liver. The most common sites of cancer among
women are breast, colon, rectum, lung, cervix and stomach.

Body

How do healthy cells become cancerous? A healthy cell does not

turn into a cancer cell overnight. Its behaviour gradually
changes, a result of damage to between three and seven of the
hundreds of genes that control cell growth, division and life
span. First, the cell starts to grow and multiply. Over time,
more changes may take place. The cell and its descendants may
eventually become immortal, escape destruction by the body's
defenses, develop their own blood supply and invade the rest of
body.

Cancer cells don't stop growing and dividing. Unlike normal

cells, cancer cells don't stop growing and dividing when there
are enough of them. So the cells keep doubling, forming a lump
(tumour) that grows in size. Eventually a tumour forms that is
made up of billions of copies of the original cancerous cell.

How cancer spreads? Scientists reported in Nature

Communications (October 2012 issue) that they have discovered an
important clue as to why cancer cells spread. It has something to
do with their adhesion (stickiness) properties. Certain molecular
interactions between cells and the scaffolding that holds them in
place (extracellular matrix) cause them to become unstuck at the
original tumor site, they become dislodged, move on and then
reattach themselves at a new site. The researchers say this
discovery is important because cancer mortality is mainly due to
metastatic tumors, those that grow from cells that have traveled
from their original site to another part of the body. These are
called secondary tumors. Only 10% of cancer deaths are caused by
the primary tumors. The scientists, from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, say that finding a way to stop cancer
cells from sticking to new sites could interfere with metastatic
disease, and halt the growth of secondary tumors.

Cancer cells ignore signals from other cells

Cells send chemical signals to each other all the time. Normal

cells obey signals that tell them when they have reached their
limit and will cause damage if they grow any further. But
something in cancer cells overrides the normal signalling
system. 

Cancer cells don't stick together

Cancer cells can lose the molecules on their surface that keep
normal cells in the right place. So they can become detached from
their neighbours.

Cancer cells don't specialise

Unlike healthy cells, cancer cells don't carry on maturing or

become specialised once they have been made. Cells usually mature
so that they are able to carry out their function in the body.
The process of maturing is called differentiation. In a cancer,
the cells often reproduce very quickly and don't have a chance to
mature. Because the cells are not mature, they are not able to
work properly. And because they are dividing more quickly than
usual, there's a higher chance that they will pick up more
mistakes in their genes. This can make them become even more
immature, so that they divide and grow even more quickly and
haphazardly.

Cancer cells don't repair themselves or die

Normal cells can repair themselves if their genes become damaged.

This is known as DNA repair. If the damage is too bad, they will
self destruct. This is called apoptosis. In cancer cells, the
molecules that decide whether a cell should repair itself are
faulty. For example, a protein called p53 normally checks to see
if the genes can be repaired or if the cell should die. But many
cancers have a faulty version of p53, so they don't repair
themselves properly.If cells don't repair damage to their genes
properly, this leads to more problems. New gene faults, or
mutations, can make the cancer cells grow faster, spread to other
parts of the body, or become resistant to treatment. Cancer cells
can override the signals that tell them to self destruct. So they
don't undergo apoptosis when they should. Scientists call
this making themselves immortal. 

Cancer cells look different

Under a microscope cancer cells may look very different from

normal cells. The cells are often very different sizes and some
may be larger than normal while others are smaller. Cancer cells
are often abnormally shaped and the control centre of the cell
(the nucleus) may have an abnormal appearance.
What are the causes of cancer? 1. Cancer is ultimately the result
of cells that uncontrollably grow and do not die. Normal cells in
the body follow an orderly path of growth, division, and death.
Programmed cell death is called apoptosis, and when this process
breaks down, cancer begins to form. Unlike regular cells, cancer
cells do not experience programmatic death and instead continue
to grow and divide. This leads to a mass of abnormal cells that
grows out of control.

2. Genes - the DNA type, cells can experience uncontrolled growth

if there are mutations to DNA, and therefore, alterations to the
genes involved in cell division. Four key types of gene are
responsible for the cell division process: oncogenes tell cells
when to divide, tumor suppressor genes tell cells when not to
divide, suicide genes control apoptosis and tell the cell to kill
itself if something goes wrong, and DNA-repair genes instruct a
cell to repair damaged DNA. Cancer occurs when a cell’s gene
mutations make the cell unable to correct DNA damage and unable
to commit suicide. Similarly, cancer is a result of mutations
that inhibit oncogene and tumor suppressor gene function, leading
to uncontrollable cell growth.

3. Carcinogens are a class of substances that are directly

responsible for damaging DNA, promoting or aiding cancer.
Tobacco, asbestos, arsenic, radiation such as gamma and x-rays,
the sun, and compounds in car exhaust fumes are all examples of
carcinogens. When our bodies are exposed to carcinogens, free
radicals are formed that try to steal electrons from other
molecules in the body. Theses free radicals damage cells and
affect their ability to function normally.
4. Genes – the family type. Cancer can be the result of a genetic
predisposition that is inherited from family members. It is
possible to be born with certain genetic mutations or a fault in
a gene that makes one statistically more likely to develop cancer
later in life.

5. Cancer and other medical factors- As we age, there is an increase

in the number of possible cancer-causing mutations in our DNA.
This makes age an important risk factor for cancer. Several
viruses have also been linked to cancer such as: human
papillomavirus (a cause of cervical cancer), hepatitis B and C
(causes of liver cancer), and Epstein-Barr virus (a cause of some
childhood cancers). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – and
anything else that suppresses or weakens the immune system –
inhibits the body’s ability to fight infections and increases the
chance of developing cancer.

Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 types of cancer. Types of cancer are
usually named for the organs or tissues where the cancers form.
For example, lung cancer starts in cells of the lung, and brain
cancer starts in cells of the brain. Cancers also may be
described by the type of cell that formed them, such as an
epithelial cell or a squamous cell.

You can search NCI’s website for information on specific types of

cancer based on the cancer’s location in the body or by using
our A to Z List of Cancers. We also have collections of
information on childhood cancers and cancers in adolescents and
young adults.
Here are some categories of cancers that begin in specific types
of cells:

Carcinoma

Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer. They are formed by
epithelial cells, which are the cells that cover the inside and
outside surfaces of the body. There are many types of epithelial
cells, which often have a column-like shape when viewed under a
microscope.

Carcinomas that begin in different epithelial cell types have

specific names:

Adenocarcinoma is a cancer that forms in epithelial cells that

produce fluids or mucus. Tissues with this type of epithelial
cell are sometimes called glandular tissues. Most cancers of
the breast, colon, and prostate are adenocarcinomas.

Basal cell carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the lower or

basal (base) layer of the epidermis, which is a person’s outer
layer of skin.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a cancer that forms in squamous

cells, which are epithelial cells that lie just beneath the
outer surface of the skin. Squamous cells also line many other
organs, including the stomach, intestines, lungs, bladder, and
kidneys. Squamous cells look flat, like fish scales, when
viewed under a microscope. Squamous cell carcinomas are
sometimes called epidermoid carcinomas.

Transitional cell carcinoma is a cancer that forms in a type

of epithelial tissue called transitional epithelium, or
urothelium. This tissue, which is made up of many layers of
epithelial cells that can get bigger and smaller, is found in
the linings of the bladder, ureters, and part of the kidneys
(renal pelvis), and a few other organs. Some cancers of the
bladder, ureters, and kidneys are transitional cell
carcinomas.

Sarcoma- soft tissue sarcoma forms in soft tissues of the

body, including muscle, tendons, fat, blood vessels, lymph
vessels, nerves, and tissue around joints.

Sarcomas are cancers that form in bone and soft tissues,

including muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and
fibrous tissue (such as tendons and ligaments).
Osteosarcoma is the most common cancer of bone. The most
common types of soft tissue sarcoma are leiomyosarcoma, Kaposi
sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, liposarcoma,
and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.

Leukemia- cancers that begin in the blood-forming tissue of

the bone marrow are called leukemias. These cancers do not
form solid tumors. Instead, large numbers of abnormal white
blood cells (leukemia cells and leukemic blast cells) build up
in the blood and bone marrow, crowding out normal blood cells.
The low level of normal blood cells can make it harder for the
body to get oxygen to its tissues, control bleeding, or fight
infections.  

There are four common types of leukemia, which are grouped

based on how quickly the disease gets worse (acute or chronic)
and on the type of blood cell the cancer starts in
(lymphoblastic or myeloid).
Lymphoma

Lymphoma is cancer that begins in lymphocytes (T cells or B

cells). These are disease-fighting white blood cells that are
part of the immune system. In lymphoma, abnormal lymphocytes
build up in lymph nodes and lymph vessels, as well as in other
organs of the body.

There are two main types of lymphoma:

Hodgkin lymphoma – People with this disease have abnormal

lymphocytes that are called Reed-Sternberg cells. These cells
usually form from B cells.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – This is a large group of cancers that

start in lymphocytes. The cancers can grow quickly or slowly
and can form from B cells or T cells.

Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is cancer that begins in plasma cells,

another type of immune cell. The abnormal plasma cells, called
myeloma cells, build up in the bone marrow and form tumors in
bones all through the body. Multiple myeloma is also called
plasma cell myeloma and Kahler disease.

Melanoma

Melanoma is cancer that begins in cells that become

melanocytes, which are specialized cells that make melanin
(the pigment that gives skin its color). Most melanomas form
on the skin, but melanomas can also form in other pigmented
tissues, such as the eye.
 Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors

There are different types of brain and spinal cord tumors.

These tumors are named based on the type of cell in which they
formed and where the tumor first formed in the central nervous
system. For example, an astrocytic tumor begins in star-shaped
brain cells called astrocytes, which help keep nerve
cells healthy. Brain tumors can be benign (not cancer) or
malignant (cancer).

Other Types of Tumors

Germ Cell Tumors

Germ cell tumors are a type of tumor that begins in the cells
that give rise to sperm or eggs. These tumors can occur almost
anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant.

Neuroendocrine Tumors

Neuroendocrine tumors form from cells that release hormones into

the blood in response to a signal from the nervous system. These
tumors, which may make higher-than-normal amounts of hormones,
can cause many different symptoms. Neuroendocrine tumors may be
benign or malignant.

Carcinoid Tumors

Carcinoid tumors are a type of neuroendocrine tumor. They are

slow-growing tumors that are usually found in the
gastrointestinal system (most often in the rectum and small
intestine). Carcinoid tumors may spread to the liver or other
sites in the body, and they may secrete substances such as
serotonin or prostaglandins, causing carcinoid syndrome.
Cancers are often referred to by terms that contain a prefix
related to the cell type in which the cancer originated and a
suffix such as –sarcoma, -carcinoma, or just –oma. Common
prefixes include:

 Adeno- = gland

 Chondro- = cartilage

 Erythro- = red blood cell

 Hemangio- = blood vessels

 Hepato- = liver

 Lipo- = fat

 Lympho- = white blood cell

 Melano- = pigment cell

 Myelo- = bone marrow

 Myo- = muscle

 Osteo- = bone

 Uro- = bladder

 Retino- = eye

 Neuro- = brain

Cancer diagnosis and staging

Early detection of cancer can greatly improve the odds of

successful treatment and survival. Physicians use information
from symptoms and several other procedures to diagnose cancer.
Imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, PET
scans, and ultrasound scans are used regularly in order to detect
where a tumor is located and what organs may be affected by it.
Doctors may also conduct an endoscopy, which is a procedure that
uses a thin tube with a camera and light at one end, to look for
abnormalities inside the body.

Extracting cancer cells and looking at them under a microscope is

the only absolute way to diagnose cancer. This procedure is
called a biopsy. Other types of molecular diagnostic tests are
frequently employed as well. Physicians will analyze your body’s
sugars, fats, proteins, and DNA at the molecular level. For
example, cancerous prostate cells release a higher level of a
chemical called PSA (prostate-specific antigen) into the
bloodstream that can be detected by a blood test. Molecular
diagnostics, biopsies, and imaging techniques are all used
together to diagnose cancer.

After a diagnosis is made, doctors find out how far the cancer
has spread and determine the stage of the cancer. The stage
determines which choices will be available for treatment and
informs prognoses. The most common cancer staging method is
called the TNM system. T (1-4) indicates the size and direct
extent of the primary tumor, N (0-3) indicates the degree to
which the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, and M (0-1)
indicates whether the cancer has metastasized to other organs in
the body. A small tumor that has not spread to lymph nodes or
distant organs may be staged as (T1, N0, M0), for example.

TNM descriptions then lead to a simpler categorization of stages,

from 0 to 4, where lower numbers indicate that the cancer has
spread less. While most Stage 1 tumors are curable, most Stage 4
tumors are inoperable or untreatable.
Symptoms of cancer

Cancer symptoms are quite varied and depend on where the cancer
is located, where it has spread, and how big the tumor is. Some
cancers can be felt or seen through the skin – a lump on the
breast or testicle can be an indicator of cancer in those
locations. Skin cancer (melanoma) is often noted by a change in a
wart or mole on the skin. Some oral cancers present white patches
inside the mouth or white spots on the tongue.

Other cancers have symptoms that are less physically apparent.

Some brain tumors tend to present symptoms early in the disease
as they affect important cognitive functions. Pancreas cancers
are usually too small to cause symptoms until they cause pain by
pushing against nearby nerves or interfere with liver function to
cause a yellowing of the skin and eyes called jaundice. Symptoms
also can be created as a tumor grows and pushes against organs
and blood vessels. For example, colon cancers lead to symptoms
such as constipation, diarrhea, and changes in stool size.
Bladder or prostate cancerscause changes in bladder function such
as more frequent urination or infrequent urination.

As cancer cells use the body’s energy and interfere with normal
hormone function, it is possible to present symptoms such as
fever, fatigue, excessive sweating, anemia, and unexplained
weight loss. However, these symptoms are common in several other
maladies as well. For example, coughing and hoarseness can point
to lung or throat cancer as well as several other conditions.

When cancer spreads, or metastasizes, additional symptoms can

present themselves in the newly affected area. Swollen or
enlarged lymph nodes are common and likely to be present when the
cancer starts to spread.
If cancer spreads to the brain, patients may
experience vertigo, headaches, or seizures. Spreading to the
lungs may cause coughing and shortness of breath. In addition,
the liver may become enlarged and cause jaundice and bones can
become painful, brittle, and break easily. Symptoms of metastasis
ultimately depend on the location to which the cancer has spread.

Treatments for cancer

Cancer treatment depends on the type of cancer, the stage of the

cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and
additional personal characteristics. There is no single treatment
for cancer, and patients often receive a combination of therapies
and palliative care. Treatments usually fall into one of the
following categories: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy,
immunotherapy, hormone therapy, or gene therapy.

6) Surgery

Surgery is the oldest known treatment for cancer. If a cancer has

not metastasized, it is possible to completely cure a patient by
surgically removing the cancer from the body. This is often seen
in the removal of the prostate or a breast or testicle. After the
disease has spread, however, it is nearly impossible to remove
all of the cancer cells. Surgery may also be instrumental in
helping to control symptoms such as bowel obstruction or spinal
cord compression.

Innovations continue to be developed to aid the surgical process,

such as the iKnife that “sniffs” out cancer. Currently, when a
tumor is removed surgeons also take out a “margin” of healthy
tissue to make sure no malignant cells are left behind. This
usually means keeping the patients under general anesthetic for
an extra 30 minutes while tissue samples are tested in the lab
for “clear margins”. If there are no clear margins, the surgeon
has to go back in and remove more tissue (if possible).
Scientists from Imperial College London say the iKnife may remove
the need for sending samples to the lab.
In a study carried out at Washington University School of
Medicine in 2014, researchers found a way of visualizing cancer
cells using high-tech glasses designed to make it easier for
surgeons to distinguish between cancerous and healthy tissue.
Viewed through the glasses, cancer cells appear to glow blue
under a special light, thanks to a fluorescent marker injected in
the tumor that attaches only to cancerous and not to healthy
cells. Also, the lighter the shade of blue, the more concentrated
the cancer cells are.
Promising results of an early small trial at Duke University
Medical Center in Durham, NC have suggested a new injectable
agent that makes cancer cells in a tumor fluoresce, could help
surgeons remove all of the cancerous tissue on the first attempt.
Tests continue to be carried out.

2) Radiation

Radiation treatment, also known as radiotherapy, destroys cancer

by focusing high-energy rays on the cancer cells. This causes
damage to the molecules that make up the cancer cells and leads
them to commit suicide.

Radiotherapy utilizes high-energy gamma-rays that are emitted

from metals such as radium or high-energy x-rays that are created
in a special machine. Early radiation treatments caused severe
side-effects because the energy beams would damage normal,
healthy tissue, but technologies have improved so that beams can
be more accurately targeted. Radiotherapy is used as a standalone
treatment to shrink a tumor or destroy cancer cells (including
those associated with leukemia and lymphoma), and it is also used
in combination with other cancer treatments.

3) Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy utilizes chemicals that interfere with the cell

division process – damaging proteins or DNA – so that cancer
cells will commit suicide. These treatments target any rapidly
dividing cells (not necessarily just cancer cells), but normal
cells usually can recover from any chemical-induced damage while
cancer cells cannot. Chemotherapy is generally used to treat
cancer that has spread or metastasized because the medicines
travel throughout the entire body. It is a necessary treatment
for some forms of leukemia and lymphoma. Chemotherapy treatment
occurs in cycles so the body has time to heal between doses.
However, there are still common side effects such as hair loss,
nausea, fatigue, and vomiting. Combination therapies often
include multiple types of chemotherapy or chemotherapy combined
with other treatment options.

4) Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy aims to get the body’s immune system to fight the

tumor. Local immunotherapy injects a treatment into an affected
area, for example, to cause inflammation that causes a tumor to
shrink. Systemic immunotherapy treats the whole body by
administering an agent such as the protein interferon alpha that
can shrink tumors. Immunotherapy can also be considered non-
specific if it improves cancer-fighting abilities by stimulating
the entire immune system, and it can be considered targeted if
the treatment specifically tells the immune system to destroy
cancer cells. These therapies are relatively young, but
researchers have had success with treatments that introduce
antibodies to the body that inhibit the growth of breast cancer
cells. Bone marrow transplantation (hematopoetic stem cell
transplantation) can also be considered immunotherapy because the
donor’s immune cells will often attack the tumor or cancer cells
that are present in the host.

5) Hormone therapy

Several cancers have been linked to some types of hormones, most

notably breast and prostate cancer. Hormone therapy is designed
to alter hormone production in the body so that cancer cells stop
growing or are killed completely. Breast cancer hormone therapies
often focus on reducing estrogen levels (a common drug for this
is tamoxifen) and prostate cancer hormone therapies often focus
on reducing testosterone levels. In addition, some leukemia and
lymphoma cases can be treated with the hormone cortisone.

6) Gene therapy

The goal of gene therapy is to replace damaged genes with ones

that work to address a root cause of cancer: damage to DNA. For
example, researchers are trying to replace the damaged gene that
signals cells to stop dividing (the p53 gene) with a copy of a
working gene. Other gene-based therapies focus on further
damaging cancer cell DNA to the point where the cell commits
suicide. Gene therapy is a very young field and has not yet
resulted in any successful treatments.

Conclusion

Cancer affects every age group. Nowadays, it is one of the

leading causes of death in many countries. Based on facts and
information gathered, cancer is a disease process that begins
when an abnormal cell transformed by the genetic mutation of
cellular DNA. So, cancer is not just a single disease with a
single cause; rather, it is a group of distinct diseases with
different causes, manifestations and treatments. In the
characteristics of the cancer cells, despite their individual
differences, all cancer cells share some common characteristics
in relation to the cell membrane, chromosomal abnormalities and
the rate of growth.

There are different types of cancer and there are different

terms that we can use in order to be specific. There’s a prefix
related to the cell type in which cancer originated with this we
can have an idea on what is that type of cancer. With the
diagnosis and staging, treatment options and prognosis can be
determined. Treatment options offered to cancer patients should
be based on realistic and achievable goals for each specific type
of cancer. A variety of therapies, including surgery, radiation
therapy, chemotheraphy may be used at various times throughout
treatment.

Cancer is a genetic disease so it is also important that we

know our family history about the disease in both maternal and
paternal sides. By acquiring the knowledge about cancer we can
help educate our family members and community with its risk and
prevention. We can help them identify the different carcinogens
so they can avoid those things and it is one way to reduce the
risk for cancer. We need to take good care of our body in order
to prevent cancer, we should evaluate our habits and lifestyles,
especially our diet. Indeed, an ounce of prevention is worth a
pound of cure.

Comprehensive
Research Paper on
Cancer Cells