Name: Lugue, Chari May H.

School & Year : AMA Caloocan/ 3rd Year

Lesson 2: Networking Tools and Protocols
Computer Network is define two or more computers that are connected with one
another for the purpose of communicating data electronically. They are types of
communication networks the switching networks and broadcast network. Switching
networks are data transferred from source to destination through a series of
intermediate notes. Broadcast networks all users are connected on the same
medium, no intermediate switching nodes. Communication networks have types of
area network or coverage area the LAN, MAN, WAN and PAN. Local Area Network
(LAN) expand over small geographic areas sample is within a building, home
network and campus network. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) computer network
across an entire city, small region. Wide Area Network (WAN) spread across a large
geographical area. Personal Area Network (PAN) consist of computer, mobile or
personal digital assistant.
OSI Model defines how data is transferred from one computer to another computer.
Open System Interconnection Model or OSI was introduced by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984.OSI model consist of 7 layers the
Application Layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network
Layer, Data Link Layer and Physical Layer. Each layer is a package of protocols.
Application Layer is used by network applications it means computer applications
that use internet like Google Chrome, Firefox, Skype and etc. The web browser is a
network application running in your computer, but it is use application layer protocols
HTTP, HTTPs, FTP, SNMP, DHCP and TELNET to do surfing. Presentation Layer
receives data from application layer this data is in the form of characters and
numbers presentation layer convert these characters and numbers to machine
understandable binary format. It reduces the number of bits that are used to
represent the original data. Presentation layer performs three basic functions
translation, data compression and encryption/decryption. Session Layer helps in
setting up and managing connections enabling sending and receiving of data. It has
two own helpers called API’s and NetBIOS. Session Layer keeps track of the files
that are being downloaded. Transport Layer controls the reliability of communication
through segmentation, flow control and error control. Network Layer deals with
addressing, routing, fragmentation and congestion. Data Link Layer deals with
framing, windowing, flow control, error detection and recovery. Physical Layer
transmitted over the communication media.
Protocols is a set of different network protocols that cooperate to exchange
information and enable internet connectivity across various layers. The TCP/IP
Protocols Architecture has no official model but a working one and it is the “heart” of
Internet. It has 5 layers the Application Layer, Host to Host or Transport, Internet
Layer, Network Access Layer and Physical Layer. The most common TCP/IP
Protocols are: BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol).